Skip to main content
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry logoLink to Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
. 1998 Jul;65(1):10–22. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.65.1.10

Neurology of the vasculitides and connective tissue diseases

P Moore 1, B Richardson 1
PMCID: PMC2170162  PMID: 9667555

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (178.8 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Acheson J. F., Cockerell O. C., Bentley C. R., Sanders M. D. Churg-Strauss vasculitis presenting with severe visual loss due to bilateral sequential optic neuropathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993 Feb;77(2):118–119. doi: 10.1136/bjo.77.2.118. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alexander E. L., Arnett F. C., Provost T. T., Stevens M. B. Sjögren's syndrome: association of anti-Ro(SS-A) antibodies with vasculitis, hematologic abnormalities, and serologic hyperreactivity. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Feb;98(2):155–159. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-2-155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Alhalabi M., Moore P. M. Serial angiography in isolated angiitis of the central nervous system. Neurology. 1994 Jul;44(7):1221–1226. doi: 10.1212/wnl.44.7.1221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Argenbright L. W., Barton R. W. Interactions of leukocyte integrins with intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in the production of inflammatory vascular injury in vivo. The Shwartzman reaction revisited. J Clin Invest. 1992 Jan;89(1):259–272. doi: 10.1172/JCI115570. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Arnett F. C., Edworthy S. M., Bloch D. A., McShane D. J., Fries J. F., Cooper N. S., Healey L. A., Kaplan S. R., Liang M. H., Luthra H. S. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988 Mar;31(3):315–324. doi: 10.1002/art.1780310302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bevilacqua M. P., Pober J. S., Majeau G. R., Cotran R. S., Gimbrone M. A., Jr Interleukin 1 (IL-1) induces biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells. J Exp Med. 1984 Aug 1;160(2):618–623. doi: 10.1084/jem.160.2.618. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bevilacqua M. P., Pober J. S., Majeau G. R., Fiers W., Cotran R. S., Gimbrone M. A., Jr Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jun;83(12):4533–4537. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.12.4533. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Blann A. D., Scott D. G. Activated, cytotoxic lymphocytes in systemic vasculitis. Rheumatol Int. 1991;11(2):69–72. doi: 10.1007/BF00291148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bouche P., Léger J. M., Travers M. A., Cathala H. P., Castaigne P. Peripheral neuropathy in systemic vasculitis: clinical and electrophysiologic study of 22 patients. Neurology. 1986 Dec;36(12):1598–1602. doi: 10.1212/wnl.36.12.1598. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bragoni M., Di Piero V., Priori R., Valesini G., Lenzi G. L. Sjögren's syndrome presenting as ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1994 Nov;25(11):2276–2279. doi: 10.1161/01.str.25.11.2276. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Braquet P., Hosford D., Braquet M., Bourgain R., Bussolino F. Role of cytokines and platelet-activating factor in microvascular immune injury. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1989;88(1-2):88–100. doi: 10.1159/000234755. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Brenner B. M., Troy J. L., Ballermann B. J. Endothelium-dependent vascular responses. Mediators and mechanisms. J Clin Invest. 1989 Nov;84(5):1373–1378. doi: 10.1172/JCI114309. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bullen C. L., Liesegang T. J., McDonald T. J., DeRemee R. A. Ocular complications of Wegener's granulomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1983 Mar;90(3):279–290. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(83)34574-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Burger D. R., Vetto R. M. Vascular endothelium as a major participant in T-lymphocyte immunity. Cell Immunol. 1982 Jul 1;70(2):357–361. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(82)90336-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. CHURG J., STRAUSS L. Allergic granulomatosis, allergic angiitis, and periarteritis nodosa. Am J Pathol. 1951 Mar-Apr;27(2):277–301. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. COCHRANE C. G. STUDIES ON THE LOCALIZATION OF CIRCULATING ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES AND OTHER MACROMOLECULES IN VESSELS. II. PATHOGENETIC AND PHARMACODYNAMIC STUDIES. J Exp Med. 1963 Oct 1;118:503–513. doi: 10.1084/jem.118.4.503. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. COCHRANE C. G., WEIGLE W. O. The cutaneous reaction to soluble antigen-antibody complexes; a comparison with the Arthus phenomenon. J Exp Med. 1958 Nov 1;108(5):591–604. doi: 10.1084/jem.108.5.591. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. CRAVIOTO H., FEIGIN I. Noninfectious granulomatous angiitis with a predilection for the nervous system. Neurology. 1959 Sep;9:599–609. doi: 10.1212/wnl.9.9.599. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Caselli R. J., Hunder G. G., Whisnant J. P. Neurologic disease in biopsy-proven giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Neurology. 1988 Mar;38(3):352–359. doi: 10.1212/wnl.38.3.352. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Casey A. T., Bland J. M., Crockard H. A. Development of a functional scoring system for rheumatoid arthritis patients with cervical myelopathy. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996 Dec;55(12):901–906. doi: 10.1136/ard.55.12.901. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chang Y., Kargas S. A., Goates J. J., Horoupian D. S. Intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from necrotizing vasculitis of the choroid plexus in a patient with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clin Neuropathol. 1993 Mar-Apr;12(2):84–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Chumbley L. C., Harrison E. G., Jr, DeRemee R. A. Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Report and analysis of 30 cases. Mayo Clin Proc. 1977 Aug;52(8):477–484. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cid M. C., Grau J. M., Casademont J., Campo E., Coll-Vinent B., López-Soto A., Ingelmo M., Urbano-Márquez A. Immunohistochemical characterization of inflammatory cells and immunologic activation markers in muscle and nerve biopsy specimens from patients with systemic polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum. 1994 Jul;37(7):1055–1061. doi: 10.1002/art.1780370711. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Citron B. P., Halpern M., McCarron M., Lundberg G. D., McCormick R., Pincus I. J., Tatter D., Haverback B. J. Necrotizing angiitis associated with drug abuse. N Engl J Med. 1970 Nov 5;283(19):1003–1011. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197011052831901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Clark C. R. Rheumatoid involvement of the cervical spine. An overview. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994 Oct 15;19(20):2257–2258. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199410150-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Conn D. L., McDuffie F. C., Dyck P. J. Immunopathologic study of sural nerves in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1972 Mar-Apr;15(2):135–143. doi: 10.1002/art.1780150202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Cordero Sánchez M., Calvo Arenillas J. I., Gutierrez D. A., Gutierrez Alonso J. L., de Portugal Alvarez J. Cervical radiculopathy: a rare symptom of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1983 Feb;26(2):207–209. doi: 10.1002/art.1780260214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Crane R., Kerr L. D., Spiera H. Clinical analysis of isolated angiitis of the central nervous system. A report of 11 cases. Arch Intern Med. 1991 Nov;151(11):2290–2294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Créange A., Sedel F., Brugières P., Voisin M. C., Degos J. D. Primary Sjögren's syndrome presenting as progressive parkinsonian syndrome. Mov Disord. 1997 Jan;12(1):121–123. doi: 10.1002/mds.870120124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Cupps T. R., Moore P. M., Fauci A. S. Isolated angiitis of the central nervous system. Prospective diagnostic and therapeutic experience. Am J Med. 1983 Jan;74(1):97–105. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(83)91125-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. FORD R. G., SIEKERT R. G. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS OF PERIARTERITIS NODOSA. Neurology. 1965 Feb;15:114–122. doi: 10.1212/wnl.15.2.114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Fabry Z., Waldschmidt M. M., Hendrickson D., Keiner J., Love-Homan L., Takei F., Hart M. N. Adhesion molecules on murine brain microvascular endothelial cells: expression and regulation of ICAM-1 and Lgp 55. J Neuroimmunol. 1992 Jan;36(1):1–11. doi: 10.1016/0165-5728(92)90026-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Falk R. J., Jennette J. C. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies with specificity for myeloperoxidase in patients with systemic vasculitis and idiopathic necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med. 1988 Jun 23;318(25):1651–1657. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198806233182504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Fauci A. S., Katz P., Haynes B. F., Wolff S. M. Cyclophosphamide therapy of severe systemic necrotizing vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 1979 Aug 2;301(5):235–238. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197908023010503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Feldmann M., Brennan F. M., Maini R. N. Rheumatoid arthritis. Cell. 1996 May 3;85(3):307–310. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81109-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Feldmann M., Brennan F. M., Williams R. O., Elliott M. J., Maini R. N. Cytokine expression and networks in rheumatoid arthritis: rationale for anti-TNF alpha antibody therapy and its mechanism of action. J Inflamm. 1995;47(1-2):90–96. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fox R. I. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Sjögren's syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1996 Sep;8(5):438–445. doi: 10.1097/00002281-199609000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Frei K., Malipiero U. V., Leist T. P., Zinkernagel R. M., Schwab M. E., Fontana A. On the cellular source and function of interleukin 6 produced in the central nervous system in viral diseases. Eur J Immunol. 1989 Apr;19(4):689–694. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830190418. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Frohnert P. P., Sheps S. G. Long-term follow-up study of periarteritis nodosa. Am J Med. 1967 Jul;43(1):8–14. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(67)90144-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Giang D. W. Central nervous system vasculitis secondary to infections, toxins, and neoplasms. Semin Neurol. 1994 Dec;14(4):313–319. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1041091. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Gibbons G. H., Dzau V. J. The emerging concept of vascular remodeling. N Engl J Med. 1994 May 19;330(20):1431–1438. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199405193302008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Greer J. M., Longley S., Edwards N. L., Elfenbein G. J., Panush R. S. Vasculitis associated with malignancy. Experience with 13 patients and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 1988 Jul;67(4):220–230. doi: 10.1097/00005792-198807000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Gregersen P. K., Silver J., Winchester R. J. The shared epitope hypothesis. An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1987 Nov;30(11):1205–1213. doi: 10.1002/art.1780301102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Griffin J. W., Cornblath D. R., Alexander E., Campbell J., Low P. A., Bird S., Feldman E. L. Ataxic sensory neuropathy and dorsal root ganglionitis associated with Sjögren's syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1990 Mar;27(3):304–315. doi: 10.1002/ana.410270313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Gross W. L., Csernok E., Flesch B. K. 'Classic' anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (cANCA), 'Wegener's autoantigen' and their immunopathogenic role in Wegener's granulomatosis. J Autoimmun. 1993 Apr;6(2):171–184. doi: 10.1006/jaut.1993.1015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Gross W. L., Schmitt W. H., Csernok E. ANCA and associated diseases: immunodiagnostic and pathogenetic aspects. Clin Exp Immunol. 1993 Jan;91(1):1–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03345.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Guillevin L., Le Thi Huong D. u., Godeau P., Jais P., Wechsler B. Clinical findings and prognosis of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss angiitis: a study in 165 patients. Br J Rheumatol. 1988 Aug;27(4):258–264. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/27.4.258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Hall S., Hunder G. G. Is temporal artery biopsy prudent? Mayo Clin Proc. 1984 Nov;59(11):793–796. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)65593-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Hamann G. F., del Zoppo G. J. Leukocyte involvement in vasomotor reactivity of the cerebral vasculature. Stroke. 1994 Nov;25(11):2117–2119. doi: 10.1161/01.str.25.11.2117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Hart M. N., Fabry Z., Waldschmidt M., Sandor M. Lymphocyte interacting adhesion molecules on brain microvascular cells. Mol Immunol. 1990 Dec;27(12):1355–1359. doi: 10.1016/0161-5890(90)90043-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Hawke S. H., Davies L., Pamphlett R., Guo Y. P., Pollard J. D., McLeod J. G. Vasculitic neuropathy. A clinical and pathological study. Brain. 1991 Oct;114(Pt 5):2175–2190. doi: 10.1093/brain/114.5.2175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hickey W. F. Migration of hematogenous cells through the blood-brain barrier and the initiation of CNS inflammation. Brain Pathol. 1991 Jan;1(2):97–105. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00646.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Hietaharju A., Jäntti V., Korpela M., Frey H. Nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome and scleroderma. Acta Neurol Scand. 1993 Oct;88(4):299–308. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1993.tb04241.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Hilt D. C., Buchholz D., Krumholz A., Weiss H., Wolinsky J. S. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus and delayed contralateral hemiparesis caused by cerebral angiitis: diagnosis and management approaches. Ann Neurol. 1983 Nov;14(5):543–553. doi: 10.1002/ana.410140509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hoffman G. S., Kerr G. S., Leavitt R. Y., Hallahan C. W., Lebovics R. S., Travis W. D., Rottem M., Fauci A. S. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Mar 15;116(6):488–498. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-116-6-488. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Hoffman G. S., Kerr G. S., Leavitt R. Y., Hallahan C. W., Lebovics R. S., Travis W. D., Rottem M., Fauci A. S. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Mar 15;116(6):488–498. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-116-6-488. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Hunder G. G., Bloch D. A., Michel B. A., Stevens M. B., Arend W. P., Calabrese L. H., Edworthy S. M., Fauci A. S., Leavitt R. Y., Lie J. T. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Aug;33(8):1122–1128. doi: 10.1002/art.1780330810. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Hunder G. G., Lie J. T., Goronzy J. J., Weyand C. M. Pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Jun;36(6):757–761. doi: 10.1002/art.1780360604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Hunder G. G., Sheps S. G., Allen G. L., Joyce J. W. Daily and alternate-day corticosteroid regimens in treatment of giant cell arteritis: comparison in a prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1975 May;82(5):613–618. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-82-5-613. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Huston K. A., Hunder G. G., Lie J. T., Kennedy R. H., Elveback L. R. Temporal arteritis: a 25-year epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic study. Ann Intern Med. 1978 Feb;88(2):162–167. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-88-2-162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Igarashi M., Gilmartin R. C., Gerald B., Wilburn F., Jabbour J. T. Cerebral arteritis and bacterial meningitis. Arch Neurol. 1984 May;41(5):531–535. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1984.04050170077022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Jennette J. C., Falk R. J., Andrassy K., Bacon P. A., Churg J., Gross W. L., Hagen E. C., Hoffman G. S., Hunder G. G., Kallenberg C. G. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum. 1994 Feb;37(2):187–192. doi: 10.1002/art.1780370206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Jennette J. C., Falk R. J. Clinical and pathological classification of ANCA-associated vasculitis: what are the controversies? Clin Exp Immunol. 1995 Jul;101 (Suppl 1):18–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb06156.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Johnson P. C., Rolak L. A., Hamilton R. H., Laguna J. F. Paraneoplastic vasculitis of nerve: a remote effect of cancer. Ann Neurol. 1979 May;5(5):437–444. doi: 10.1002/ana.410050505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Kallenberg C. G. Autoantibodies in vasculitis: current perspectives. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1993 Jul-Aug;11(4):355–360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Kauppi M., Sakaguchi M., Konttinen Y. T., HämäläinenM, Hakala M. Pathogenetic mechanism and prevalence of the stable atlantoaxial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1996 May;23(5):831–834. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Kent S., Bret-Dibat J. L., Kelley K. W., Dantzer R. Mechanisms of sickness-induced decreases in food-motivated behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1996;20(1):171–175. doi: 10.1016/0149-7634(95)00037-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Koeppen A. H., Lansing L. S., Peng S. K., Smith R. S. Central nervous system vasculitis in cytomegalovirus infection. J Neurol Sci. 1981 Sep;51(3):395–410. doi: 10.1016/0022-510x(81)90117-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Kok J., Bosseray A., Brion J. P., Micoud M., Besson G. Chorea in a child with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Stroke. 1993 Aug;24(8):1263–1264. doi: 10.1161/01.str.24.8.1263. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Kolodny E. H., Rebeiz J. J., Caviness V. S., Jr, Richardson E. P., Jr Granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. Arch Neurol. 1968 Nov;19(5):510–524. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1968.00480050080008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Krendel D. A., Ditter S. M., Frankel M. R., Ross W. K. Biopsy-proven cerebral vasculitis associated with cocaine abuse. Neurology. 1990 Jul;40(7):1092–1094. doi: 10.1212/wnl.40.7.1092. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Kuroe K., Kurahashi K., Nakano I., Morimatsu Y., Takemori H. A neuropathological study of a case of lupus erythematosus with chorea. J Neurol Sci. 1994 May;123(1-2):59–63. doi: 10.1016/0022-510x(94)90204-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Kyle V., Cawston T. E., Hazleman B. L. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein in the assessment of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis on presentation and during follow up. Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 Aug;48(8):667–671. doi: 10.1136/ard.48.8.667. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Lanham J. G., Elkon K. B., Pusey C. D., Hughes G. R. Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 1984 Mar;63(2):65–81. doi: 10.1097/00005792-198403000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Leavitt R. Y., Fauci A. S., Bloch D. A., Michel B. A., Hunder G. G., Arend W. P., Calabrese L. H., Fries J. F., Lie J. T., Lightfoot R. W., Jr The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Aug;33(8):1101–1107. doi: 10.1002/art.1780330807. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Leib E. S., Restivo C., Paulus H. E. Immunosuppressive and corticosteroid therapy of polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med. 1979 Dec;67(6):941–947. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(79)90634-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Leung D. Y., Geha R. S., Newburger J. W., Burns J. C., Fiers W., Lapierre L. A., Pober J. S. Two monokines, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, render cultured vascular endothelial cells susceptible to lysis by antibodies circulating during Kawasaki syndrome. J Exp Med. 1986 Dec 1;164(6):1958–1972. doi: 10.1084/jem.164.6.1958. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Lightfoot R. W., Jr, Michel B. A., Bloch D. A., Hunder G. G., Zvaifler N. J., McShane D. J., Arend W. P., Calabrese L. H., Leavitt R. Y., Lie J. T. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Aug;33(8):1088–1093. doi: 10.1002/art.1780330805. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Luscinskas F. W., Brock A. F., Arnaout M. A., Gimbrone M. A., Jr Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1-dependent and leukocyte (CD11/CD18)-dependent mechanisms contribute to polymorphonuclear leukocyte adhesion to cytokine-activated human vascular endothelium. J Immunol. 1989 Apr 1;142(7):2257–2263. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Male D., Pyrce G., Hughes C., Lantos P. Lymphocyte migration into brain modelled in vitro: control by lymphocyte activation, cytokines, and antigen. Cell Immunol. 1990 Apr 15;127(1):1–11. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(90)90109-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Malinow K., Yannakakis G. D., Glusman S. M., Edlow D. W., Griffin J., Pestronk A., Powell D. L., Ramsey-Goldman R., Eidelman B. H., Medsger T. A., Jr Subacute sensory neuronopathy secondary to dorsal root ganglionitis in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1986 Oct;20(4):535–537. doi: 10.1002/ana.410200416. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Masi A. T., Hunder G. G., Lie J. T., Michel B. A., Bloch D. A., Arend W. P., Calabrese L. H., Edworthy S. M., Fauci A. S., Leavitt R. Y. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis). Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Aug;33(8):1094–1100. doi: 10.1002/art.1780330806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. McNicholl J. M., Glynn D., Mongey A. B., Hutchinson M., Bresnihan B. A prospective study of neurophysiologic, neurologic and immunologic abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1994 Jun;21(6):1061–1066. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Mehler M. F., Rabinowich L. The clinical neuro-ophthalmologic spectrum of temporal arteritis. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):839–844. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(88)80031-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Mertens J. C., Willemsen G., Van Saase J. L., Bolk J. H., Dijkmans B. A. Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: a retrospective study of 111 patients. Clin Rheumatol. 1995 Nov;14(6):650–655. doi: 10.1007/BF02207931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Meurers B., Kohlhepp W., Gold R., Rohrbach E., Mertens H. G. Histopathological findings in the central and peripheral nervous systems in neuroborreliosis. A report of three cases. J Neurol. 1990 Apr;237(2):113–116. doi: 10.1007/BF00314674. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Miller K. S., Miller J. M. Wegener's granulomatosis presenting as a primary seizure disorder with brain lesions demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Chest. 1993 Jan;103(1):316–318. doi: 10.1378/chest.103.1.316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Moore P. M. Diagnosis and management of isolated angiitis of the central nervous system. Neurology. 1989 Feb;39(2 Pt 1):167–173. doi: 10.1212/wnl.39.2.167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Moore P. M., Fauci A. S. Neurologic manifestations of systemic vasculitis. A retrospective and prospective study of the clinicopathologic features and responses to therapy in 25 patients. Am J Med. 1981 Oct;71(4):517–524. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90194-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Moore P. M., Fauci A. S. Neurologic manifestations of systemic vasculitis. A retrospective and prospective study of the clinicopathologic features and responses to therapy in 25 patients. Am J Med. 1981 Oct;71(4):517–524. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90194-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Moore P. M., Lisak R. P. Systemic lupus erythematosus: immunopathogenesis of neurologic dysfunction. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 1995;17(1):43–60. doi: 10.1007/BF00194099. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Moore P. M. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Stress, stroke, and seizures. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 Aug 14;823:1–17. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48376.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Moreland L. W., Heck L. W., Jr, Koopman W. J. Biologic agents for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Concepts and progress. Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Mar;40(3):397–409. doi: 10.1002/art.1780400302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Mullick F. G., McAllister H. A., Jr, Wagner B. M., Fenoglio J. J., Jr Drug related vasculitis. Clinicopathologic correlations in 30 patients. Hum Pathol. 1979 May;10(3):313–325. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(79)80028-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Nishino H., Rubino F. A., DeRemee R. A., Swanson J. W., Parisi J. E. Neurological involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis: an analysis of 324 consecutive patients at the Mayo Clinic. Ann Neurol. 1993 Jan;33(1):4–9. doi: 10.1002/ana.410330103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. O'Donoghue D. J., Short C. D., Brenchley P. E., Lawler W., Ballardie F. W. Sequential development of systemic vasculitis with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies complicating anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Clin Nephrol. 1989 Dec;32(6):251–255. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Osborn L. Leukocyte adhesion to endothelium in inflammation. Cell. 1990 Jul 13;62(1):3–6. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90230-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. PALLIS C. A., SCOTT J. T. PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. Br Med J. 1965 May 1;1(5443):1141–1147. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5443.1141. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Petito C. K., Gottlieb G. J., Dougherty J. H., Petito F. A. Neoplastic angioendotheliosis: ultrastructural study and review of the literature. Ann Neurol. 1978 May;3(5):393–399. doi: 10.1002/ana.410030505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Pober J. S., Collins T., Gimbrone M. A., Jr, Libby P., Reiss C. S. Inducible expression of class II major histocompatibility complex antigens and the immunogenicity of vascular endothelium. Transplantation. 1986 Feb;41(2):141–146. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198602000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Powers J. M. Herpes zoster maxillaris with delayed occipital infarction. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1986 Jun;6(2):113–115. doi: 10.3109/01658108608997336. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Provenzale J., Bouldin T. W. Lupus-related myelopathy: report of three cases and review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992 Sep;55(9):830–835. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.55.9.830. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Rossi V., Breviario F., Ghezzi P., Dejana E., Mantovani A. Prostacyclin synthesis induced in vascular cells by interleukin-1. Science. 1985 Jul 12;229(4709):174–176. doi: 10.1126/science.2409598. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Rothlein R., Kishimoto T. K., Mainolfi E. Cross-linking of ICAM-1 induces co-signaling of an oxidative burst from mononuclear leukocytes. J Immunol. 1994 Mar 1;152(5):2488–2495. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Rumbaugh C. L., Bergeron R. T., Fang H. C., McCormick R. Cerebral angiographic changes in the drug abuse patient. Radiology. 1971 Nov;101(2):335–344. doi: 10.1148/101.2.335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Sacks T., Moldow C. F., Craddock P. R., Bowers T. K., Jacob H. S. Oxygen radicals mediate endothelial cell damage by complement-stimulated granulocytes. An in vitro model of immune vascular damage. J Clin Invest. 1978 May;61(5):1161–1167. doi: 10.1172/JCI109031. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Said G., Lacroix-Ciaudo C., Fujimura H., Blas C., Faux N. The peripheral neuropathy of necrotizing arteritis: a clinicopathological study. Ann Neurol. 1988 May;23(5):461–465. doi: 10.1002/ana.410230506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Savage C. O., Winearls C. G., Evans D. J., Rees A. J., Lockwood C. M. Microscopic polyarteritis: presentation, pathology and prognosis. Q J Med. 1985 Aug;56(220):467–483. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Scott D. G., Bacon P. A., Elliott P. J., Tribe C. R., Wallington T. B. Systemic vasculitis in a district general hospital 1972-1980: clinical and laboratory features, classification and prognosis of 80 cases. Q J Med. 1982 Summer;51(203):292–311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Smith R. W., Ellison D. W., Jenkins E. A., Gallagher P. J., Cawley M. I. Cerebellum and brainstem vasculopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: two clinico-pathological cases. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 May;53(5):327–330. doi: 10.1136/ard.53.5.327. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Springer T. A. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell. 1994 Jan 28;76(2):301–314. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90337-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Stern D. M., Bank I., Nawroth P. P., Cassimeris J., Kisiel W., Fenton J. W., 2nd, Dinarello C., Chess L., Jaffe E. A. Self-regulation of procoagulant events on the endothelial cell surface. J Exp Med. 1985 Oct 1;162(4):1223–1235. doi: 10.1084/jem.162.4.1223. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Tai P. C., Holt M. E., Denny P., Gibbs A. R., Williams B. D., Spry C. J. Deposition of eosinophil cationic protein in granulomas in allergic granulomatosis and vasculitis: the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 Aug 18;289(6442):400–402. doi: 10.1136/bmj.289.6442.400. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Tjia T. L., Yeow Y. K., Tan C. B. Cryptococcal meningitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985 Sep;48(9):853–858. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.48.9.853. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Tola M. R., Granieri E., Caniatti L., Paolino E., Monetti C., Dovigo L., Scolozzi R., De Bastiani P., Carreras M. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with neurological disorders. J Neurol. 1992 Feb;239(2):61–64. doi: 10.1007/BF00862972. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Tumiati B., Casoli P., Parmeggiani A. Hearing loss in the Sjögren syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Mar 15;126(6):450–453. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-126-6-199703150-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Walsh T. J., Hier D. B., Caplan L. R. Aspergillosis of the central nervous system: clinicopathological analysis of 17 patients. Ann Neurol. 1985 Nov;18(5):574–582. doi: 10.1002/ana.410180511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Weinstein J. M., Chui H., Lane S., Corbett J., Towfighi J. Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatous angiitis). Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983 Aug;101(8):1217–1220. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020219011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Weller R. O., Bruckner F. E., Chamberlain M. A. Rheumatoid neuropathy: a histological and electrophysiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1970 Oct;33(5):592–604. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.33.5.592. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Williams P. L., Johnson R., Pappagianis D., Einstein H., Slager U., Koster F. T., Eron J. J., Morrison J., Aguet J., River M. E. Vasculitic and encephalitic complications associated with Coccidioides immitis infection of the central nervous system in humans: report of 10 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Mar;14(3):673–682. doi: 10.1093/clinids/14.3.673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Wise C. M., Agudelo C. A., Chmelewski W. L., McKnight K. M. Temporal arteritis with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate: a review of five cases. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Dec;34(12):1571–1574. doi: 10.1002/art.1780341215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Wong G. H., Bartlett P. F., Clark-Lewis I., Battye F., Schrader J. W. Inducible expression of H-2 and Ia antigens on brain cells. Nature. 1984 Aug 23;310(5979):688–691. doi: 10.1038/310688a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Wong K. L., Woo E. K., Yu Y. L., Wong R. W. Neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study. Q J Med. 1991 Oct;81(294):857–870. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. das Neves F. C., Suassuna J., Leonelli M., Hartley B., Cameron J. S. Cell activation and the role of cell-mediated immunity in vasculitis. Contrib Nephrol. 1991;94:13–21. doi: 10.1159/000420606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. van der Woude F. J., Rasmussen N., Lobatto S., Wiik A., Permin H., van Es L. A., van der Giessen M., van der Hem G. K., The T. H. Autoantibodies against neutrophils and monocytes: tool for diagnosis and marker of disease activity in Wegener's granulomatosis. Lancet. 1985 Feb 23;1(8426):425–429. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91147-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES