Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry logoLink to Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
. 1998 Sep;65(3):291–300. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.65.3.291

Neurology and the gastrointestinal system

G Perkin 1, I Murray-Lyon 1
PMCID: PMC2170222  PMID: 9728939

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (156.5 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Achiron A., Kuritzky A. Dysphagia as the sole manifestation of adult type I Arnold-Chiari malformation. Neurology. 1990 Jan;40(1):186–187. doi: 10.1212/wnl.40.1.186-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Adams M., Rhyner P. A., Day J., DeArmond S., Smuckler E. A. Whipple's disease confined to the central nervous system. Ann Neurol. 1987 Jan;21(1):104–108. doi: 10.1002/ana.410210121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Aggestrup S., Uddman R., Sundler F., Fahrenkrug J., Håkanson R., Sørensen H. R., Hambraeus G. Lack of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide nerves in esophageal achalasia. Gastroenterology. 1983 May;84(5 Pt 1):924–927. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BADENOCH J., RICHARDS W. C., OPPENHEIMER D. R. Encephalopathy in a case of Whipple's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1963 Jun;26:203–210. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.26.3.203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Banerji N. K., Hurwitz L. J. Neurological manifestations in adult steatorrhoea (probable Gluten enteropathy). J Neurol Sci. 1971 Oct;14(2):125–141. doi: 10.1016/0022-510x(71)90082-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Barer D. H. The natural history and functional consequences of dysphagia after hemispheric stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989 Feb;52(2):236–241. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.52.2.236. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ben Hamida M., Belal S., Sirugo G., Ben Hamida C., Panayides K., Ionannou P., Beckmann J., Mandel J. L., Hentati F., Koenig M. Friedreich's ataxia phenotype not linked to chromosome 9 and associated with selective autosomal recessive vitamin E deficiency in two inbred Tunisian families. Neurology. 1993 Nov;43(11):2179–2183. doi: 10.1212/wnl.43.11.2179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bird M. R., Woodward M. C., Gibson E. M., Phyland D. J., Fonda D. Asymptomatic swallowing disorders in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease: a description of findings on clinical examination and videofluoroscopy in sixteen patients. Age Ageing. 1994 May;23(3):251–254. doi: 10.1093/ageing/23.3.251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Borda I. T., Southern R. F., Brown W. F. Cerebral venous thrombosis in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1973 Jan;64(1):116–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Boston V. E., Dale G., Riley K. W. Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease by quantitative biochemical assay of acetylcholinesterase in rectal tissue. Lancet. 1975 Nov 15;2(7942):951–953. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90362-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brunner H. G., Hamel B. C., Rieu P., Höweler C. J., Peters F. T. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction in myotonic dystrophy. J Med Genet. 1992 Nov;29(11):791–793. doi: 10.1136/jmg.29.11.791. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Buchholz D. W. Dysphagia associated with neurological disorders. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1994;48(2):143–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Burck U., Goebel H. H., Kuhlendahl H. D., Meier C., Goebel K. M. Neuromyopathy and vitamin E deficiency in man. Neuropediatrics. 1981 Aug;12(3):267–278. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1059657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bushmann M., Dobmeyer S. M., Leeker L., Perlmutter J. S. Swallowing abnormalities and their response to treatment in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1989 Oct;39(10):1309–1314. doi: 10.1212/wnl.39.10.1309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. CRAVIOTO H., KOREIN J., SILBERMAN J. Wernicke's encephalopathy. A clinical and pathological study of 28 autopsied cases. Arch Neurol. 1961 May;4:510–519. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1961.00450110040005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Camilleri M., Malagelada J. R. Abnormal intestinal motility in diabetics with the gastroparesis syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest. 1984 Dec;14(6):420–427. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1984.tb01206.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Celifarco A., Gerard G., Faegenburg D., Burakoff R. Dysphagia as the sole manifestation of bilateral strokes. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990 May;85(5):610–613. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Chapman R. W., Laidlow J. M., Colin-Jones D., Eade O. E., Smith C. L. Increased prevalence of epilepsy in coeliac disease. Br Med J. 1978 Jul 22;2(6132):250–251. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6132.250. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Chen M. Y., Peele V. N., Donati D., Ott D. J., Donofrio P. D., Gelfand D. W. Clinical and videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing in 41 patients with neurologic disease. Gastrointest Radiol. 1992 Spring;17(2):95–98. doi: 10.1007/BF01888518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Collin P., Mäki M. Associated disorders in coeliac disease: clinical aspects. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1994 Sep;29(9):769–775. doi: 10.3109/00365529409092508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Conlan M. G., Haire W. D., Burnett D. A. Prothrombotic abnormalities in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1989 Jul;34(7):1089–1093. doi: 10.1007/BF01536380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Cooke W. T., Smith W. T. Neurological disorders associated with adult coeliac disease. Brain. 1966 Dec;89(4):683–722. doi: 10.1093/brain/89.4.683. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Dickey W. Epilepsy, cerebral calcifications, and coeliac disease. Lancet. 1994 Dec 10;344(8937):1585–1586. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90400-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Dietz F., Logeman J. A., Sahgal V., Schmid F. R. Cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction in the differential diagnosis of dysphagia in polymyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1980 Apr;23(4):491–495. doi: 10.1002/art.1780230412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Dobbins W. O., 3rd The diagnosis of Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med. 1995 Feb 9;332(6):390–392. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199502093320611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Duranceau A. C., Beauchamp G., Jamieson G. G., Barbeau A. Oropharyngeal dysphagia and oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Surg Clin North Am. 1983 Aug;63(4):825–832. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)43083-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ebels E. J. How common is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? Lancet. 1978 Oct 7;2(8093):781–782. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92663-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Feldman M., Schiller L. R. Disorders of gastrointestinal motility associated with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Mar;98(3):378–384. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-3-378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Fredricks D. N., Relman D. A. Cultivation of Whipple bacillus: the irony and the ecstasy. Lancet. 1997 Nov 1;350(9087):1262–1263. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)22044-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Gautier-Smith P. C. Lhermitte's sign in subacute combined degeneration of the cord. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1973 Oct;36(5):861–863. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.36.5.861. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Geissler A., Andus T., Roth M., Kullmann F., Caesar I., Held P., Gross V., Feuerbach S., Schölmerich J. Focal white-matter lesions in brain of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet. 1995 Apr 8;345(8954):897–898. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90013-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Gibson A. A., Young D. G. Letter: Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. Lancet. 1975 Dec 6;2(7945):1149–1149. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)91040-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Gobbi G., Bouquet F., Greco L., Lambertini A., Tassinari C. A., Ventura A., Zaniboni M. G. Coeliac disease, epilepsy, and cerebral calcifications. The Italian Working Group on Coeliac Disease and Epilepsy. Lancet. 1992 Aug 22;340(8817):439–443. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91766-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Goldberg H. I., Sheft D. J. Esophageal and colon changes in myotonia dystrophica. Gastroenterology. 1972 Jul;63(1):134–139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Goldblum J. R., Whyte R. I., Orringer M. B., Appelman H. D. Achalasia. A morphologic study of 42 resected specimens. Am J Surg Pathol. 1994 Apr;18(4):327–337. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hamdy S., Aziz Q., Rothwell J. C., Crone R., Hughes D., Tallis R. C., Thompson D. G. Explaining oropharyngeal dysphagia after unilateral hemispheric stroke. Lancet. 1997 Sep 6;350(9079):686–692. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02068-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Hamdy S., Aziz Q., Rothwell J. C., Singh K. D., Barlow J., Hughes D. G., Tallis R. C., Thompson D. G. The cortical topography of human swallowing musculature in health and disease. Nat Med. 1996 Nov;2(11):1217–1224. doi: 10.1038/nm1196-1217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Handler C. E., Perkin G. D. Anorexia nervosa and Wernicke's encephalopathy: an underdiagnosed association. Lancet. 1982 Oct 2;2(8301):771–772. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90955-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Harding A. E., Muller D. P., Thomas P. K., Willison H. J. Spinocerebellar degeneration secondary to chronic intestinal malabsorption: a vitamin E deficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1982 Nov;12(5):419–424. doi: 10.1002/ana.410120503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Healton E. B., Savage D. G., Brust J. C., Garrett T. J., Lindenbaum J. Neurologic aspects of cobalamin deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore) 1991 Jul;70(4):229–245. doi: 10.1097/00005792-199107000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Horner J., Buoyer F. G., Alberts M. J., Helms M. J. Dysphagia following brain-stem stroke. Clinical correlates and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1991 Nov;48(11):1170–1173. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1991.00530230078026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Horowitz M., Maddox A., Maddern G. J., Wishart J., Collins P. J., Shearman D. J. Gastric and esophageal emptying in dystrophia myotonica. Effect of metoclopramide. Gastroenterology. 1987 Mar;92(3):570–577. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90003-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Horowitz M., McNeil J. D., Maddern G. J., Collins P. J., Shearman D. J. Abnormalities of gastric and esophageal emptying in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Gastroenterology. 1986 Feb;90(2):434–439. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90944-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Hughes D. T., Swann J. C., Gleeson J. A., Lee F. I. Abnormalities in swallowing associated with dystrophia myotonica. Brain. 1965 Dec;88(5):1037–1042. doi: 10.1093/brain/88.5.1037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Ikusaka M., Iwata M., Sasaki S., Uchiyama S. Progressive dysphagia due to adult Chiari I malformation mimicking amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996 Mar;60(3):357–358. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.60.3.357. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kayden H. J. The neurologic syndrome of vitamin E deficiency: a significant cause of ataxia. Neurology. 1993 Nov;43(11):2167–2169. doi: 10.1212/wnl.43.11.2167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Keren D. F. "Whipple's disease": the causative agent defined. Its pathogenesis remains obscure. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993 Sep;72(5):355–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Keren D. F., Weisburger W. R., Yardley J. H., Salyer W. R., Arthur R. R., Charache P. Whipple's disease: demonstration by immunofluorescence of similar bacterial antigens in macrophages from three cases. Johns Hopkins Med J. 1976 Aug;139(2):51–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Kinney H. C., Burger P. C., Hurwitz B. J., Hijmans J. C., Grant J. P. Degeneration of the central nervous system associated with celiac disease. J Neurol Sci. 1982 Jan;53(1):9–22. doi: 10.1016/0022-510x(82)90076-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Knox D. L., Green W. R., Troncoso J. C., Yardley J. H., Hsu J., Zee D. S. Cerebral ocular Whipple's disease: a 62-year odyssey from death to diagnosis. Neurology. 1995 Apr;45(4):617–625. doi: 10.1212/wnl.45.4.617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Kristoferitsch W., Pointner H. Progressive cerebellar syndrome in adult coeliac disease. J Neurol. 1987 Feb;234(2):116–118. doi: 10.1007/BF00314115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Leibowitz G., Eliakim R., Amir G., Rachmilewitz D. Dermatomyositis associated with Crohn's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1994 Jan;18(1):48–52. doi: 10.1097/00004836-199401000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Leon S. H., Schuffler M. D., Kettler M., Rohrmann C. A. Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction as a complication of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Gastroenterology. 1986 Feb;90(2):455–459. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90948-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Lindenbaum J., Healton E. B., Savage D. G., Brust J. C., Garrett T. J., Podell E. R., Marcell P. D., Stabler S. P., Allen R. H. Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis. N Engl J Med. 1988 Jun 30;318(26):1720–1728. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198806303182604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Lossos A., River Y., Eliakim A., Steiner I. Neurologic aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. Neurology. 1995 Mar;45(3 Pt 1):416–421. doi: 10.1212/wnl.45.3.416. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. MURRAY J. P. Deglutition in myasthenia gravis. Br J Radiol. 1962 Jan;35:43–52. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-35-409-43. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Metheny J. A. Dermatomyositis: a vocal and swallowing disease entity. Laryngoscope. 1978 Jan;88(1 Pt 1):147–161. doi: 10.1002/lary.1978.88.1.147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Miller R. G., Davis C. J., Illingworth D. R., Bradley W. The neuropathy of abetalipoproteinemia. Neurology. 1980 Dec;30(12):1286–1291. doi: 10.1212/wnl.30.12.1286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Muller D. P., Lloyd J. K., Wolff O. H. Vitamin E and neurological function. Lancet. 1983 Jan 29;1(8318):225–228. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92598-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Nemni R., Fazio R., Corbo M., Sessa M., Comi G., Canal N. Peripheral neuropathy associated with Crohn's disease. Neurology. 1987 Aug;37(8):1414–1417. doi: 10.1212/wnl.37.8.1414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Nowak T. V., Ionasescu V., Anuras S. Gastrointestinal manifestations of the muscular dystrophies. Gastroenterology. 1982 Apr;82(4):800–810. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. PRINEAS J. W., MASON A. S., HENSON R. A. MYOPATHY IN METABOLIC BONE DISEASE. Br Med J. 1965 Apr 17;1(5441):1034–1036. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5441.1034. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Perkin G. D., Handler C. E. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Br J Hosp Med. 1983 Nov;30(5):331, 333-4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Perkin G. D., Roche S. W., Abraham R. Delayed somatosensory evoked potentials in pernicious anaemia with intact peripheral nerves. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989 Aug;52(8):1017–1018. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.52.8.1017-a. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Pierce J. W., Creamer B., MacDermot V. Pharynx and oesophagus in dystrophia myotonica. Gut. 1965 Aug;6(4):392–395. doi: 10.1136/gut.6.4.392. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Pollack I. F., Pang D., Kocoshis S., Putnam P. Neurogenic dysphagia resulting from Chiari malformations. Neurosurgery. 1992 May;30(5):709–719. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Relman D. A., Schmidt T. M., MacDermott R. P., Falkow S. Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jul 30;327(5):293–301. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199207303270501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Riminton D. S., Chambers S. T., Parkin P. J., Pollock M., Donaldson I. M. Inclusion body myositis presenting solely as dysphagia. Neurology. 1993 Jun;43(6):1241–1243. doi: 10.1212/wnl.43.6.1241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Riski J. E., Horner J., Nashold B. S., Jr Swallowing function in patients with spasmodic torticollis. Neurology. 1990 Sep;40(9):1443–1445. doi: 10.1212/wnl.40.9.1443. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Robbins J., Levine R. L., Maser A., Rosenbek J. C., Kempster G. B. Swallowing after unilateral stroke of the cerebral cortex. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993 Dec;74(12):1295–1300. doi: 10.1016/0003-9993(93)90082-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Robbins J. Swallowing in ALS and motor neuron disorders. Neurol Clin. 1987 May;5(2):213–229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Romanul F. C., Radvany J., Rosales R. K. Whipple's disease confined to the brain: a case studied clinically and pathologically. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1977 Sep;40(9):901–909. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.40.9.901. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. SIERACKI J. C. Whipple's disease-observation on systemic involvement. I. Cytologic observations. AMA Arch Pathol. 1958 Oct;66(4):464–467. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Schnider P., Trattnig S., Kollegger H., Auff E. MR of cerebral Whipple disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995 Jun-Jul;16(6):1328–1329. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Schoedon G., Goldenberger D., Forrer R., Gunz A., Dutly F., Höchli M., Altwegg M., Schaffner A. Deactivation of macrophages with interleukin-4 is the key to the isolation of Tropheryma whippelii. J Infect Dis. 1997 Sep;176(3):672–677. doi: 10.1086/514089. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Schofield D. E., Devine W., Yunis E. J. Acetylcholinesterase-stained suction rectal biopsies in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1990 Aug;11(2):221–228. doi: 10.1097/00005176-199008000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Schuster M. M., Tow D. E., Sherbourne D. H. Anal sphincter abnormalities characteristic of myotonic dystrophy. Gastroenterology. 1965 Dec;49(6):641–648. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Serdaru M., Hausser-Hauw C., Laplane D., Buge A., Castaigne P., Goulon M., Lhermitte F., Hauw J. J. The clinical spectrum of alcoholic pellagra encephalopathy. A retrospective analysis of 22 cases studied pathologically. Brain. 1988 Aug;111(Pt 4):829–842. doi: 10.1093/brain/111.4.829. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Slot W. B., van Kasteel V., Coerkamp E. G., Seelen P. J., van der Werf S. D. Severe thrombotic complications in a postpartum patient with active Crohn's disease resulting in ischemic spinal cord injury. Dig Dis Sci. 1995 Jun;40(6):1395–1399. doi: 10.1007/BF02065558. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Smith R., Stern G. Myopathy, osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism. Brain. 1967 Sep;90(3):593–602. doi: 10.1093/brain/90.3.593. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Stambolian D., Behrens M. Optic neuropathy associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977 Apr;83(4):465–468. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(77)90549-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Strachan R. W., Henderson J. G. Psychiatric syndromes due to avitaminosis B 12 with normal blood and marrow. Q J Med. 1965 Jul;34(135):303–317. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Sumi T. Some properties of cortically-evoked swallowing and chewing in rabbits. Brain Res. 1969 Sep;15(1):107–120. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(69)90313-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Tabaqchali S., Pallis C. Reversible nicotinamide-deficiency encephalopathy in a patient with jejunal diverticulosis. Gut. 1970 Dec;11(12):1024–1028. doi: 10.1136/gut.11.12.1024. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Tefferi A., Pruthi R. K. The biochemical basis of cobalamin deficiency. Mayo Clin Proc. 1994 Feb;69(2):181–186. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)61046-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Traber M. G., Sokol R. J., Ringel S. P., Neville H. E., Thellman C. A., Kayden H. J. Lack of tocopherol in peripheral nerves of vitamin E-deficient patients with peripheral neuropathy. N Engl J Med. 1987 Jul 30;317(5):262–265. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198707303170502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. VICTOR M., HAYES R., ADAMS R. D. Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. A familial disease of late life characterized by dysphagia and progressive ptosis of the evelids. N Engl J Med. 1962 Dec 20;267:1267–1272. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196212202672501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Ward M. E., Murphy J. T., Greenberg G. R. Celiac disease and spinocerebellar degeneration with normal vitamin E status. Neurology. 1985 Aug;35(8):1199–1201. doi: 10.1212/wnl.35.8.1199. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Wills A., Hovell C. J. Neurological complications of enteric disease. Gut. 1996 Oct;39(4):501–504. doi: 10.1136/gut.39.4.501. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES