Skip to main content
British Journal of Pharmacology logoLink to British Journal of Pharmacology
. 1993 Sep;110(1):3–17. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13763.x

Thirteenth Gaddum Memorial Lecture. Neuronal and endothelium-derived mediators in the modulation of the gastric microcirculation: integrity in the balance.

B J Whittle 1
PMCID: PMC2175995  PMID: 8220892

Full text

PDF
3

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aisaka K., Gross S. S., Griffith O. W., Levi R. NG-methylarginine, an inhibitor of endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthesis, is a potent pressor agent in the guinea pig: does nitric oxide regulate blood pressure in vivo? Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Apr 28;160(2):881–886. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92517-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen A., Garner A. Mucus and bicarbonate secretion in the stomach and their possible role in mucosal protection. Gut. 1980 Mar;21(3):249–262. doi: 10.1136/gut.21.3.249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Allen J. M., Hughes J., Bloom S. R. Presence, distribution, and pharmacological effects of neuropeptide Y in mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Dig Dis Sci. 1987 May;32(5):506–512. doi: 10.1007/BF01296034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Arai H., Hori S., Aramori I., Ohkubo H., Nakanishi S. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor. Nature. 1990 Dec 20;348(6303):730–732. doi: 10.1038/348730a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barthó L., Szolcsányi J. Opiate agonists inhibit neurogenic plasma extravasation in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1981 Jul 17;73(1):101–104. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(81)90152-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bauerfeind P., Hof R., Hof A., Cucala M., Siegrist S., von Ritter C., Fischer J. A., Blum A. L. Effects of hCGRP I and II on gastric blood flow and acid secretion in anesthetized rabbits. Am J Physiol. 1989 Jan;256(1 Pt 1):G145–G149. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1989.256.1.G145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Beckman J. S., Beckman T. W., Chen J., Marshall P. A., Freeman B. A. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Feb;87(4):1620–1624. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.4.1620. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Boughton-Smith N. K., Hutcheson I. R., Deakin A. M., Whittle B. J., Moncada S. Protective effect of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine in endotoxin-induced acute intestinal damage in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Dec 4;191(3):485–488. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)94185-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Boughton-Smith N. K., Whittle B. J. Inhibition by 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage and leukotriene B4 and C4 formation. Prostaglandins. 1988 Jun;35(6):945–957. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(88)90118-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Brain S. D., Tippins J. R., Williams T. J. Endothelin induces potent microvascular constriction. Br J Pharmacol. 1988 Dec;95(4):1005–1007. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11731.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brain S. D., Williams T. J., Tippins J. R., Morris H. R., MacIntyre I. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator. Nature. 1985 Jan 3;313(5997):54–56. doi: 10.1038/313054a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bredt D. S., Hwang P. M., Snyder S. H. Localization of nitric oxide synthase indicating a neural role for nitric oxide. Nature. 1990 Oct 25;347(6295):768–770. doi: 10.1038/347768a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Brown J. F., Hanson P. J., Whittle B. J. Nitric oxide donors increase mucus gel thickness in rat stomach. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Nov 13;223(1):103–104. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90824-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Brown J. F., Tepperman B. L., Hanson P. J., Whittle B. J., Moncada S. Differential distribution of nitric oxide synthase between cell fractions isolated from the rat gastric mucosa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Apr 30;184(2):680–685. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)90643-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bruggeman T. M., Wood J. G., Davenport H. W. Local control of blood flow in the dog's stomach: vasodilatation caused by acid back-diffusion following topical application of salicylic acid. Gastroenterology. 1979 Oct;77(4 Pt 1):736–744. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. CUMMING J. D., HAIGH A. L., HARRIES E. H., NUTT M. E. A STUDY OF GASTRIC SECRETION AND BLOOD FLOW IN THE ANAESTHETIZED DOG. J Physiol. 1963 Aug;168:219–233. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1963.sp007188. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Chung S. C., Leung J. W., Leung F. W. Effect of submucosal epinephrine injection on local gastric blood flow. A study using laser Doppler flowmetry and reflectance spectrophotometry. Dig Dis Sci. 1990 Aug;35(8):1008–1011. doi: 10.1007/BF01537250. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cowley D. J., Code C. F. Effects of secretory inhibitors on mucosal blood flow in nonsecreting stomach of conscious dogs. Am J Physiol. 1970 Jan;218(1):270–274. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.218.1.270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Del Maestro R., Thaw H. H., Björk J., Planker M., Arfors K. E. Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1980;492:43–57. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Desai K. M., Sessa W. C., Vane J. R. Involvement of nitric oxide in the reflex relaxation of the stomach to accommodate food or fluid. Nature. 1991 Jun 6;351(6326):477–479. doi: 10.1038/351477a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Doni M. G., Whittle B. J., Palmer R. M., Moncada S. Actions of nitric oxide on the release of prostacyclin from bovine endothelial cells in culture. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Jun 22;151(1):19–25. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90687-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Drapier J. C., Hibbs J. B., Jr Differentiation of murine macrophages to express nonspecific cytotoxicity for tumor cells results in L-arginine-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial iron-sulfur enzymes in the macrophage effector cells. J Immunol. 1988 Apr 15;140(8):2829–2838. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Einzig S., Rao G. H., White J. G. Differential sensitivity of regional vascular beds in the dog to low-dose prostacyclin infusion. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1980 Aug;58(8):940–946. doi: 10.1139/y80-143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Ekblad E., Edvinsson L., Wahlestedt C., Uddman R., Håkanson R., Sundler F. Neuropeptide Y co-exists and co-operates with noradrenaline in perivascular nerve fibers. Regul Pept. 1984 Apr;8(3):225–235. doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(84)90064-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ekblad E., Ekelund M., Graffner H., Håkanson R., Sundler F. Peptide-containing nerve fibers in the stomach wall of rat and mouse. Gastroenterology. 1985 Jul;89(1):73–85. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90747-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. El-Salhy M., Wilander E., Juntti-Berggren L., Grimelius L. The distribution and ontogeny of polypeptide YY (PYY)- and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of rat. Histochemistry. 1983;78(1):53–60. doi: 10.1007/BF00491111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Esplugues J. V., Barrachina M. D., Calatayud S., Pique J. M., Whittle B. J. Nitric oxide mediates the inhibition by interleukin-1 beta of pentagastrin-stimulated rat gastric acid secretion. Br J Pharmacol. 1993 Jan;108(1):9–10. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13431.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Esplugues J. V., Whittle B. J. Close-arterial administration of the thromboxane mimetic U-46619 induces damage to the rat gastric mucosa. Prostaglandins. 1988 Feb;35(2):137–148. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(88)90082-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Esplugues J. V., Whittle B. J. Gastric damage following local intra-arterial administration of reactive oxygen metabolites in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1989 Aug;97(4):1085–1092. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb12565.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Esplugues J. V., Whittle B. J. Gastric mucosal damage induced by local intra-arterial administration of Paf in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1988 Jan;93(1):222–228. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11425.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Esplugues J. V., Whittle B. J. Mechanisms contributing to gastric motility changes induced by PAF-acether and endotoxin in rats. Am J Physiol. 1989 Feb;256(2 Pt 1):G275–G282. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1989.256.2.G275. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Esplugues J. V., Whittle B. J., Moncada S. Local opioid-sensitive afferent sensory neurones in the modulation of gastric damage induced by Paf. Br J Pharmacol. 1989 Jun;97(2):579–585. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11988.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Esplugues J. V., Whittle B. J., Moncada S. Modulation by opioids and by afferent sensory neurones of prostanoid protection of the rat gastric mucosa. Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Aug;106(4):846–852. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14423.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Esplugues J. V., Whittle B. J. Morphine potentiation of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in the rat. Role of local sensory afferent neurons. Gastroenterology. 1990 Jan;98(1):82–89. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)91294-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Feelisch M., Noack E. A. Correlation between nitric oxide formation during degradation of organic nitrates and activation of guanylate cyclase. Eur J Pharmacol. 1987 Jul 2;139(1):19–30. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90493-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Ferreira S. H., Nakamura M. II - Prostaglandin hyperalgesia: the peripheral analgesic activity of morphine, enkephalins and opioid antagonists. Prostaglandins. 1979 Aug;18(2):191–200. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(79)90104-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fleming I., Julou-Schaeffer G., Gray G. A., Parratt J. R., Stoclet J. C. Evidence that an L-arginine/nitric oxide dependent elevation of tissue cyclic GMP content is involved in depression of vascular reactivity by endotoxin. Br J Pharmacol. 1991 May;103(1):1047–1052. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12298.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Furchgott R. F. The role of endothelium in the responses of vascular smooth muscle to drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1984;24:175–197. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.001135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Furchgott R. F., Zawadzki J. V. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 1980 Nov 27;288(5789):373–376. doi: 10.1038/288373a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Furness J. B., Costa M., Emson P. C., Håkanson R., Moghimzadeh E., Sundler F., Taylor I. L., Chance R. E. Distribution, pathways and reactions to drug treatment of nerves with neuropeptide Y- and pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the guinea-pig digestive tract. Cell Tissue Res. 1983;234(1):71–92. doi: 10.1007/BF00217403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Gaddum J. H., Jang C. S., Kwiatkowski H. The effect on the intestine of the substance liberated by adrenergic nerves in a rabbit's ear. J Physiol. 1939 Jun 14;96(1):104–108. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1939.sp003760. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Gaddum J. H., Schild H. Depressor substances in extracts of intestine. J Physiol. 1934 Dec 14;83(1):1–14. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1934.sp003206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Gardiner S. M., Compton A. M., Bennett T., Kemp P. A., Ney U. Synergistic internal carotid vasodilator effects of human alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide and nimodipine in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol. 1990 Apr;99(4):830–834. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb13015.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Gardiner S. M., Compton A. M., Bennett T., Palmer R. M., Moncada S. Control of regional blood flow by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Hypertension. 1990 May;15(5):486–492. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.15.5.486. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Gardiner S. M., Compton A. M., Bennett T. Regional hemodynamic effects of endothelin-1 in conscious, unrestrained, Wistar rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1989;13 (Suppl 5):S202–S204. doi: 10.1097/00005344-198900135-00057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Gaskill H. V., 3rd, Sirinek K. R., Levine B. A. Prostacyclin-mediated gastric cytoprotection is dependent on mucosal blood flow. Surgery. 1982 Aug;92(2):220–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Gerber J. G., Guth P. H. Role of adenosine in the gastric blood flow response to pentagastrin in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1989 Nov;251(2):550–556. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Gerber J. G., Nies A. S. Canine gastric mucosal vasodilation with prostaglandins and histamine analogs. Dig Dis Sci. 1982 Oct;27(10):870–874. doi: 10.1007/BF01316568. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Giaid A., Gibson S. J., Ibrahim B. N., Legon S., Bloom S. R., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T., Varndell I. M., Polak J. M. Endothelin 1, an endothelium-derived peptide, is expressed in neurons of the human spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Oct;86(19):7634–7638. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.19.7634. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Green T., Dockray G. J. Characterization of the peptidergic afferent innervation of the stomach in the rat, mouse and guinea-pig. Neuroscience. 1988 Apr;25(1):181–193. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90017-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Gruetter C. A., Barry B. K., McNamara D. B., Gruetter D. Y., Kadowitz P. J., Ignarro L. Relaxation of bovine coronary artery and activation of coronary arterial guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide, nitroprusside and a carcinogenic nitrosoamine. J Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 1979;5(3):211–224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Gryglewski R. J., Palmer R. M., Moncada S. Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor. Nature. 1986 Apr 3;320(6061):454–456. doi: 10.1038/320454a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Guth P. H., Paulsen G., Nagata H. Histologic and microcirculatory changes in alcohol-induced gastric lesions in the rat: effect of prostaglandin cytoprotection. Gastroenterology. 1984 Nov;87(5):1083–1090. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Guth P. H., Smith E. Neural control of gastric mucosal blood flow in the rat. Gastroenterology. 1975 Oct;69(4):935–940. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Gyires K., Fürst S., Farczádi E., Márton A. Morphine potentiates the gastroulcerogenic effect of indometacin in rats. Pharmacology. 1985;30(1):25–31. doi: 10.1159/000138046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Harper A. A., Reed J. D., Smy J. R. Gastric blood flow in anaesthetized cats. J Physiol. 1968 Feb;194(3):795–807. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008435. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Hellström P. M. Mechanisms involved in colonic vasoconstriction and inhibition of motility induced by neuropeptide Y. Acta Physiol Scand. 1987 Apr;129(4):549–556. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1987.tb08096.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Hibbs J. B., Jr, Taintor R. R., Vavrin Z., Rachlin E. M. Nitric oxide: a cytotoxic activated macrophage effector molecule. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Nov 30;157(1):87–94. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80015-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Hibbs J. B., Jr, Vavrin Z., Taintor R. R. L-arginine is required for expression of the activated macrophage effector mechanism causing selective metabolic inhibition in target cells. J Immunol. 1987 Jan 15;138(2):550–565. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Ho M. M., Dai S., Ogle C. W. Decreased acid secretion and gastric lesion production by morphine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1984 Jun 15;102(1):117–121. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90343-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Holm-Rutili L., Berglindh T. Pentagastrin and gastric mucosal blood flow. Am J Physiol. 1986 May;250(5 Pt 1):G575–G580. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.5.G575. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Holzer P. Capsaicin: cellular targets, mechanisms of action, and selectivity for thin sensory neurons. Pharmacol Rev. 1991 Jun;43(2):143–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Holzer P., Guth P. H. Neuropeptide control of rat gastric mucosal blood flow. Increase by calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, but not substance P and neurokinin A. Circ Res. 1991 Jan;68(1):100–105. doi: 10.1161/01.res.68.1.100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Holzer P., Lippe I. T., Barthó L., Saria A. Neuropeptide Y inhibits excitatory enteric neurons supplying the circular muscle of the guinea pig small intestine. Gastroenterology. 1987 Jun;92(6):1944–1950. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90628-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Holzer P., Lippe I. T. Gastric mucosal hyperemia due to acid backdiffusion depends on splanchnic nerve activity. Am J Physiol. 1992 Mar;262(3 Pt 1):G505–G509. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1992.262.3.G505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Holzer P., Lippe I. T. Stimulation of afferent nerve endings by intragastric capsaicin protects against ethanol-induced damage of gastric mucosa. Neuroscience. 1988 Dec;27(3):981–987. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90201-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Holzer P., Livingston E. H., Guth P. H. Sensory neurons signal for an increase in rat gastric mucosal blood flow in the face of pending acid injury. Gastroenterology. 1991 Aug;101(2):416–423. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90020-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Holzer P., Livingston E. H., Saria A., Guth P. H. Sensory neurons mediate protective vasodilatation in rat gastric mucosa. Am J Physiol. 1991 Mar;260(3 Pt 1):G363–G370. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1991.260.3.G363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Holzer P., Pabst M. A., Lippe I. T., Peskar B. M., Peskar B. A., Livingston E. H., Guth P. H. Afferent nerve-mediated protection against deep mucosal damage in the rat stomach. Gastroenterology. 1990 Apr;98(4):838–848. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90005-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Holzer P., Sametz W. Gastric mucosal protection against ulcerogenic factors in the rat mediated by capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons. Gastroenterology. 1986 Oct;91(4):975–981. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90702-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Humphreys G. A., Davison J. S., Veale W. L. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y inhibits gastric acid output in rat: role of the autonomic nervous system. Am J Physiol. 1992 Nov;263(5 Pt 1):G726–G732. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1992.263.5.G726. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Hutcheson I. R., Whittle B. J., Boughton-Smith N. K. Role of nitric oxide in maintaining vascular integrity in endotoxin-induced acute intestinal damage in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1990 Dec;101(4):815–820. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14163.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Håkanson R., Wahlestedt C., Ekblad E., Edvinsson L., Sundler F. Neuropeptide Y: coexistence with noradrenaline. Functional implications. Prog Brain Res. 1986;68:279–287. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60244-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Ignarro L. J., Lippton H., Edwards J. C., Baricos W. H., Hyman A. L., Kadowitz P. J., Gruetter C. A. Mechanism of vascular smooth muscle relaxation by organic nitrates, nitrites, nitroprusside and nitric oxide: evidence for the involvement of S-nitrosothiols as active intermediates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1981 Sep;218(3):739–749. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Inoue A., Yanagisawa M., Kimura S., Kasuya Y., Miyauchi T., Goto K., Masaki T. The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(8):2863–2867. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.8.2863. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Itoh M., Guth P. H. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in hemorrhagic shock-induced gastric lesions in the rat. Gastroenterology. 1985 May;88(5 Pt 1):1162–1167. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(85)80075-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Jacobson E. D. Comparison of prostaglandin E1 and norepinephrine on the gastric mucosal circulation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1970 Feb;133(2):516–519. doi: 10.3181/00379727-133-34509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Jacobson E. D., Linford R. H., Grossman M. I. Gastric secretion in relation to mucosal blood flow studied by a clearance technic. J Clin Invest. 1966 Jan;45(1):1–13. doi: 10.1172/JCI105313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Kauffman G. L., Jr Blood flow and gastric secretion. Fed Proc. 1982 Apr;41(6):2080–2083. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Kauffman G. L., Jr, Whittle B. J., Aures D., Vane J. R., Grossman M. I. Effects of prostacyclin and a stable analogue, 6-beta-PGI1, on gastric acid secretion, mucosal blood flow, and blood pressure in conscious dogs. Gastroenterology. 1979 Dec;77(6):1301–1306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Kauffman G. L., Jr, Whittle B. J. Gastric vascular actions of prostanoids and the dual effect of arachidonic acid. Am J Physiol. 1982 Jun;242(6):G582–G587. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1982.242.6.G582. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Kelm M., Feelisch M., Spahr R., Piper H. M., Noack E., Schrader J. Quantitative and kinetic characterization of nitric oxide and EDRF released from cultured endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Jul 15;154(1):236–244. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(88)90675-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Kilbourn R. G., Jubran A., Gross S. S., Griffith O. W., Levi R., Adams J., Lodato R. F. Reversal of endotoxin-mediated shock by NG-methyl-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Nov 15;172(3):1132–1138. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91565-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Kitagawa H., Takeda F., Kohei H. Effect of endothelium-derived relaxing factor on the gastric lesion induced by HCl in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990 Jun;253(3):1133–1137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Kitagawa H., Takeda F., Kohei H. Endothelium-dependent increases in rat gastric mucosal hemodynamics induced by acetylcholine and vagal stimulation. Eur J Pharmacol. 1987 Jan 6;133(1):57–63. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90205-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Kivilaakso E., Fromm D., Silen W. Relationship between ulceration and intramural pH of gastric mucosa during hemorrhagic shock. Surgery. 1978 Jul;84(1):70–78. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Knowles R. G., Palacios M., Palmer R. M., Moncada S. Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: a transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(13):5159–5162. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5159. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Konturek S. J., Brzozowski T., Majka J., Czarnobilski K. Role of nitric oxide and prostaglandins in sucralfate-induced gastroprotection. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Feb 11;211(2):277–279. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90541-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Konturek S. J., Radecki T., Brzozowski T., Piastucki I., Zmuda A., Dembińska-Kieć A. Aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in cats. Prevention by prostacyclin. Dig Dis Sci. 1981 Nov;26(11):1003–1012. doi: 10.1007/BF01314763. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Konturek S. J., Robert A., Hanchar A. J., Nezamis J. E. Comparison of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 on gastric secretion, gastrin release, and mucosal blood flow in dogs. Dig Dis Sci. 1980 Sep;25(9):673–679. doi: 10.1007/BF01308326. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Kubes P., Granger D. N. Nitric oxide modulates microvascular permeability. Am J Physiol. 1992 Feb;262(2 Pt 2):H611–H615. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.2.H611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Kubes P., Suzuki M., Granger D. N. Modulation of PAF-induced leukocyte adherence and increased microvascular permeability. Am J Physiol. 1990 Nov;259(5 Pt 1):G859–G864. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1990.259.5.G859. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Kubes P., Suzuki M., Granger D. N. Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jun 1;88(11):4651–4655. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.11.4651. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Kurose I., Miura S., Fukumura D., Tashiro H., Imaeda H., Shiozaki H., Suematsu M., Nagata H., Sekizuka E., Tsuchiya M. Role of platelet activating factor on the fibrinolytic activation in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal damage induced by endothelin-1. Gut. 1992 Jul;33(7):868–871. doi: 10.1136/gut.33.7.868. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Kvietys P. R., Twohig B., Danzell J., Specian R. D. Ethanol-induced injury to the rat gastric mucosa. Role of neutrophils and xanthine oxidase-derived radicals. Gastroenterology. 1990 Apr;98(4):909–920. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90015-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Lee Y., Shiosaka S., Emson P. C., Powell J. F., Smith A. D., Tohyama M. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive structures in the rat stomach with special reference to the noradrenaline neuron system. Gastroenterology. 1985 Jul;89(1):118–126. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90752-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Lembeck F., Donnerer J. Opioid control of the function of primary afferent substance P fibres. Eur J Pharmacol. 1985 Aug 27;114(3):241–246. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90365-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Leone A. M., Palmer R. M., Knowles R. G., Francis P. L., Ashton D. S., Moncada S. Constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases incorporate molecular oxygen into both nitric oxide and citrulline. J Biol Chem. 1991 Dec 15;266(35):23790–23795. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Leung F. W., Guth P. H., Scremin O. U., Golanska E. M., Kauffman G. L., Jr Regional gastric mucosal blood flow measurements by hydrogen gas clearance in the anesthetized rat and rabbit. Gastroenterology. 1984 Jul;87(1):28–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Leung F. W. Modulation of autoregulatory escape by capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves in rat stomach. Am J Physiol. 1992 Feb;262(2 Pt 2):H562–H567. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.2.H562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Leung F. W., Tallos E. G., Tache Y. F., Guth P. H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits acid secretion without modifying blood flow. Am J Physiol. 1987 Feb;252(2 Pt 1):G215–G218. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1987.252.2.G215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Li C. G., Rand M. J. Nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediate non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory transmission to smooth muscle of the rat gastric fundus. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Dec 4;191(3):303–309. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)94162-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Li D. S., Raybould H. E., Quintero E., Guth P. H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide mediates the gastric hyperemic response to acid back-diffusion. Gastroenterology. 1992 Apr;102(4 Pt 1):1124–1128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Li D. S., Raybould H. E., Quintero E., Guth P. H. Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in gastric hyperemic response to intragastric capsaicin. Am J Physiol. 1991 Oct;261(4 Pt 1):G657–G661. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1991.261.4.G657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Lippe I. T., Holzer P. Participation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide but not prostacyclin in the gastric mucosal hyperaemia due to acid back-diffusion. Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Mar;105(3):708–714. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb09043.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Lippe I. T., Lorbach M., Holzer P. Close arterial infusion of calcitonin gene-related peptide into the rat stomach inhibits aspirin- and ethanol-induced hemorrhagic damage. Regul Pept. 1989 Aug;26(1):35–46. doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(89)90102-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Lippe I. T., Pabst M. A., Holzer P. Intragastric capsaicin enhances rat gastric acid elimination and mucosal blood flow by afferent nerve stimulation. Br J Pharmacol. 1989 Jan;96(1):91–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11788.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Lopez-Belmonte J., Whittle B. J., Moncada S. The actions of nitric oxide donors in the prevention or induction of injury to the rat gastric mucosa. Br J Pharmacol. 1993 Jan;108(1):73–78. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13442.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Lundberg J. M., Tatemoto K. Pancreatic polypeptide family (APP, BPP, NPY and PYY) in relation to sympathetic vasoconstriction resistant to alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. Acta Physiol Scand. 1982 Dec;116(4):393–402. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07157.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Lundberg J. M., Tatemoto K., Terenius L., Hellström P. M., Mutt V., Hökfelt T., Hamberger B. Localization of peptide YY (PYY) in gastrointestinal endocrine cells and effects on intestinal blood flow and motility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Jul;79(14):4471–4475. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.14.4471. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Lundberg J. M., Terenius L., Hökfelt T., Martling C. R., Tatemoto K., Mutt V., Polak J., Bloom S., Goldstein M. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in peripheral noradrenergic neurons and effects of NPY on sympathetic function. Acta Physiol Scand. 1982 Dec;116(4):477–480. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07171.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. MARTINSON J. THE EFFECT OF GRADED STIMULATION OF EFFERENT VAGAL NERVE FIBRES ON GASTRIC MOTILITY. Acta Physiol Scand. 1964 Nov;62:256–262. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1964.tb03972.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. MacLean M. R., Hiley C. R. Effect of neuropeptide Y on cardiac output, its distribution, regional blood flow and organ vascular resistances in the pithed rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1990 Feb;99(2):340–342. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14705.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. MacNaughton W. K., Cirino G., Wallace J. L. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide) has protective actions in the stomach. Life Sci. 1989;45(20):1869–1876. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90540-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. MacNaughton W. K., Keenan C. M., McKnight G. W., Wallace J. L. The modulation of gastric mucosal integrity by endothelin-1 and prostacyclin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1989;13 (Suppl 5):S118–S123. doi: 10.1097/00005344-198900135-00029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Maggi C. A., Evangelista S., Giuliani S., Meli A. Anti-ulcer activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide in rats. Gen Pharmacol. 1987;18(1):33–34. doi: 10.1016/0306-3623(87)90165-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Main I. H., Whittle B. J. Gastric mucosal blood flow during pentagastrin- and histamine-stimulated acid secretion in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1973 Nov;49(3):534–542. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1973.tb17264.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Main I. H., Whittle B. J. Investigation of the vasodilator and antisecretory role of prostaglandins in the rat gastric mucosa by use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Pharmacol. 1975 Feb;53(2):217–224. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1975.tb07351.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Marletta M. A., Yoon P. S., Iyengar R., Leaf C. D., Wishnok J. S. Macrophage oxidation of L-arginine to nitrite and nitrate: nitric oxide is an intermediate. Biochemistry. 1988 Nov 29;27(24):8706–8711. doi: 10.1021/bi00424a003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Martinez-Cuesta M. A., Barrachina M. D., Piqué J. M., Whittle B. J., Esplugues J. V. The role of nitric oxide and platelet-activating factor in the inhibition by endotoxin of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Aug 6;218(2-3):351–354. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90191-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Masaki T., Kimura S., Yanagisawa M., Goto K. Molecular and cellular mechanism of endothelin regulation. Implications for vascular function. Circulation. 1991 Oct;84(4):1457–1468. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.4.1457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Masuda E., Kawano S., Nagano K., Tsuji S., Ishigami Y., Tsujii M., Hayashi N., Fusamoto H., Kamada T. Effect of intravascular ethanol on modulation of gastric mucosal integrity: possible role of endothelin-1. Am J Physiol. 1992 May;262(5 Pt 1):G785–G790. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1992.262.5.G785. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Matsuda M., Aono M., Moriga M., Okuma M. Centrally administered NPY stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion by a vagally mediated mechanism. Regul Pept. 1991 Jul 23;35(1):31–41. doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(91)90251-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Matsumoto H., Suzuki N., Onda H., Fujino M. Abundance of endothelin-3 in rat intestine, pituitary gland and brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Oct 16;164(1):74–80. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91684-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. McCall T. B., Boughton-Smith N. K., Palmer R. M., Whittle B. J., Moncada S. Synthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine by neutrophils. Release and interaction with superoxide anion. Biochem J. 1989 Jul 1;261(1):293–296. doi: 10.1042/bj2610293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. McIntosh C. H., Dadgar A., Kwok Y. N. Cholinergic stimulation of neuropeptide Y secretion from the isolated perfused rat stomach. Regul Pept. 1992 Apr 29;39(1):83–94. doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(92)90010-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Moncada S., Gryglewski R., Bunting S., Vane J. R. An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation. Nature. 1976 Oct 21;263(5579):663–665. doi: 10.1038/263663a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Moncada S., Palmer R. M., Higgs E. A. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev. 1991 Jun;43(2):109–142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Moncada S., Vane J. R. Pharmacology and endogenous roles of prostaglandin endoperoxides, thromboxane A2, and prostacyclin. Pharmacol Rev. 1978 Sep;30(3):293–331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Morales R. E., Johnson B. R., Szabo S. Endothelin induces vascular and mucosal lesions, enhances the injury by HCl/ethanol, and the antibody exerts gastroprotection. FASEB J. 1992 Mar;6(6):2354–2360. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.6.6.1544545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Morley J. E., Levine A. S., Silvis S. E. Endogenous opiates and stress ulceration. Life Sci. 1982 Aug 16;31(7):693–699. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90771-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Morris M., Kapoor V., Chalmers J. Plasma neuropeptide Y concentration is increased after hemorrhage in conscious rats: relative contributions of sympathetic nerves and the adrenal medulla. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1987 May;9(5):541–545. doi: 10.1097/00005344-198705000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Mulderry P. K., Ghatei M. A., Spokes R. A., Jones P. M., Pierson A. M., Hamid Q. A., Kanse S., Amara S. G., Burrin J. M., Legon S. Differential expression of alpha-CGRP and beta-CGRP by primary sensory neurons and enteric autonomic neurons of the rat. Neuroscience. 1988 Apr;25(1):195–205. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90018-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Murakami M., Moriga M., Miyake T., Uchino H. Contact electrode method in hydrogen gas clearance technique: a new method for determination of regional gastric mucosal blood flow in animals and humans. Gastroenterology. 1982 Mar;82(3):457–467. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. NICOLOFF D. M., PETER E. T., STONE N. H., WANGENSTEEN O. H. EFFECT OF CATECHOLAMINES ON GASTRIC SECRETION AND BLOOD FLOW. Ann Surg. 1964 Jan;159:32–36. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196401000-00012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Nava E., Palmer R. M., Moncada S. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in septic shock: how much is beneficial? Lancet. 1991 Dec 21;338(8782-8783):1555–1557. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92375-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. O'Connor K. J., Moncada S. Glucocorticoids inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase and the related cell damage in adenocarcinoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Oct 21;1097(3):227–231. doi: 10.1016/0925-4439(91)90040-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Oates P. J., Hakkinen J. P. Studies on the mechanism of ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats. Gastroenterology. 1988 Jan;94(1):10–21. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90604-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Oren-Wolman N., Guth P. H. Adrenergic sensitivity of different-size gastric submucosal arterioles. Microvasc Res. 1984 Nov;28(3):345–351. doi: 10.1016/0026-2862(84)90005-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Palmer R. M., Ashton D. S., Moncada S. Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature. 1988 Jun 16;333(6174):664–666. doi: 10.1038/333664a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Palmer R. M., Bridge L., Foxwell N. A., Moncada S. The role of nitric oxide in endothelial cell damage and its inhibition by glucocorticoids. Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Jan;105(1):11–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14202.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Palmer R. M., Ferrige A. G., Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature. 1987 Jun 11;327(6122):524–526. doi: 10.1038/327524a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Palmer R. M., Moncada S. A novel citrulline-forming enzyme implicated in the formation of nitric oxide by vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jan 16;158(1):348–352. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(89)80219-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Palmer R. M., Rees D. D., Ashton D. S., Moncada S. L-arginine is the physiological precursor for the formation of nitric oxide in endothelium-dependent relaxation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Jun 30;153(3):1251–1256. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81362-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Panés J., Casadevall M., Piqué J. M., Bosch J., Whittle B. J., Terés J. Effects of acute normovolemic anemia on gastric mucosal blood flow in rats: role of nitric oxide. Gastroenterology. 1992 Aug;103(2):407–413. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)90828-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Parks D. A., Bulkley G. B., Granger D. N., Hamilton S. R., McCord J. M. Ischemic injury in the cat small intestine: role of superoxide radicals. Gastroenterology. 1982 Jan;82(1):9–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Pascaud X. B., Chovet M., Roze C., Junien J. L. Neuropeptide Y and sigma receptor agonists act through a common pathway to stimulate duodenal alkaline secretion in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993 Feb 16;231(3):389–394. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90115-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Perry M. A., Haedicke G. J., Bulkley G. B., Kvietys P. R., Granger D. N. Relationship between acid secretion and blood flow in the canine stomach: role of oxygen consumption. Gastroenterology. 1983 Sep;85(3):529–534. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Peskar B. M., Respondek M., Müller K. M., Peskar B. A. A role for nitric oxide in capsaicin-induced gastroprotection. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991 May 30;198(1):113–114. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90572-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Petros A., Bennett D., Vallance P. Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on hypotension in patients with septic shock. Lancet. 1991 Dec 21;338(8782-8783):1557–1558. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92376-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Pihan G., Majzoubi D., Haudenschild C., Trier J. S., Szabo S. Early microcirculatory stasis in acute gastric mucosal injury in the rat and prevention by 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 or sodium thiosulfate. Gastroenterology. 1986 Dec;91(6):1415–1426. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90195-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Pique J. M., Esplugues J. V., Whittle B. J. Endogenous nitric oxide as a mediator of gastric mucosal vasodilatation during acid secretion. Gastroenterology. 1992 Jan;102(1):168–174. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91797-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Pique J. M., Esplugues J. V., Whittle B. J. Influence of morphine or capsaicin pretreatment on rat gastric microcirculatory response to PAF. Am J Physiol. 1990 Mar;258(3 Pt 1):G352–G357. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1990.258.3.G352. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Pique J. M., Leung F. W., Tan H. W., Livingston E., Scremin O. U., Guth P. H. Gastric mucosal blood flow response to stimulation and inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Gastroenterology. 1988 Sep;95(3):642–650. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(88)80010-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Pique J. M., Whittle B. J., Esplugues J. V. The vasodilator role of endogenous nitric oxide in the rat gastric microcirculation. Eur J Pharmacol. 1989 Dec 19;174(2-3):293–296. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90324-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Pizcueta M. P., Piqué J. M., Bosch J., Whittle B. J., Moncada S. Effects of inhibiting nitric oxide biosynthesis on the systemic and splanchnic circulation of rats with portal hypertension. Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Jan;105(1):184–190. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14233.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Pizcueta P., Piqué J. M., Fernández M., Bosch J., Rodés J., Whittle B. J., Moncada S. Modulation of the hyperdynamic circulation of cirrhotic rats by nitric oxide inhibition. Gastroenterology. 1992 Dec;103(6):1909–1915. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91451-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Quintero E., Guth P. H. Nitric oxide-mediated gastric hyperemia decreases ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in uremic rats. Dig Dis Sci. 1992 Sep;37(9):1324–1328. doi: 10.1007/BF01295999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Quintero E., Guth P. H. Renal failure increases gastric mucosal blood flow and acid secretion in rats: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Am J Physiol. 1992 Jul;263(1 Pt 1):G75–G80. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1992.263.1.G75. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Reed J. D., Sanders D. J., Thorpe V. The effect of splanchnic nerve stimulation on gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow in the anaesthetized cat. J Physiol. 1971 Apr;214(1):1–13. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Rees D. D., Palmer R. M., Hodson H. F., Moncada S. A specific inhibitor of nitric oxide formation from L-arginine attenuates endothelium-dependent relaxation. Br J Pharmacol. 1989 Feb;96(2):418–424. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11833.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Rees D. D., Palmer R. M., Moncada S. Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(9):3375–3378. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.9.3375. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Rees D. D., Palmer R. M., Schulz R., Hodson H. F., Moncada S. Characterization of three inhibitors of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol. 1990 Nov;101(3):746–752. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14151.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Ritchie W. P., Jr Acute gastric mucosal damage induced by bile salts, acid, and ischemia. Gastroenterology. 1975 Apr;68(4 Pt 1):699–707. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Robert A., Nezamis J. E., Lancaster C., Hanchar A. J. Cytoprotection by prostaglandins in rats. Prevention of gastric necrosis produced by alcohol, HCl, NaOH, hypertonic NaCl, and thermal injury. Gastroenterology. 1979 Sep;77(3):433–443. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Rosam A. C., Wallace J. L., Whittle B. J. Potent ulcerogenic actions of platelet-activating factor on the stomach. Nature. 1986 Jan 2;319(6048):54–56. doi: 10.1038/319054a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Rubanyi G. M., Vanhoutte P. M. Superoxide anions and hyperoxia inactivate endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Am J Physiol. 1986 May;250(5 Pt 2):H822–H827. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1986.250.5.H822. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Russell N. J., Schaible H. G., Schmidt R. F. Opiates inhibit the discharges of fine afferent units from inflamed knee joint of the cat. Neurosci Lett. 1987 Apr 23;76(1):107–112. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90201-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Sakurai T., Yanagisawa M., Takuwa Y., Miyazaki H., Kimura S., Goto K., Masaki T. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non-isopeptide-selective subtype of the endothelin receptor. Nature. 1990 Dec 20;348(6303):732–735. doi: 10.1038/348732a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Salter M., Knowles R. G., Moncada S. Widespread tissue distribution, species distribution and changes in activity of Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent nitric oxide synthases. FEBS Lett. 1991 Oct 7;291(1):145–149. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81123-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Salvati P., Whittle B. J. Investigation of the vascular actions of arachidonate lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase products on the isolated perfused stomach of rat and rabbit. Prostaglandins. 1981 Jul;22(1):141–156. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(81)90061-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Saria A., Beubler E. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY) inhibit prostaglandin E2-induced intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion in the rat jejunum in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol. 1985 Dec 10;119(1-2):47–52. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90320-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Shea-Donohue P. T., Nompleggi D., Myers L., Dubois A. A comparison of the effects of prostacyclin and the 15(S), 15-methyl analogs of PGE2 and PGF2-alpha on gastric parietal and nonparietal secretion. Dig Dis Sci. 1982 Jan;27(1):17–22. doi: 10.1007/BF01308116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Sheikh S. P. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY: major modulators of gastrointestinal blood flow and function. Am J Physiol. 1991 Nov;261(5 Pt 1):G701–G715. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1991.261.5.G701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Smith S. M., Holm-Rutili L., Perry M. A., Grisham M. B., Arfors K. E., Granger D. N., Kvietys P. R. Role of neutrophils in hemorrhagic shock-induced gastric mucosal injury in the rat. Gastroenterology. 1987 Sep;93(3):466–471. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90907-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Smith T. W., Buchan P. Peripheral opioid receptors located on the rat saphenous nerve. Neuropeptides. 1984 Dec;5(1-3):217–220. doi: 10.1016/0143-4179(84)90066-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Sternini C., Reeve J. R., Jr, Brecha N. Distribution and characterization of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the digestive system of normal and capsaicin-treated rats. Gastroenterology. 1987 Oct;93(4):852–862. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90450-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Su H. C., Bishop A. E., Power R. F., Hamada Y., Polak J. M. Dual intrinsic and extrinsic origins of CGRP- and NPY-immunoreactive nerves of rat gut and pancreas. J Neurosci. 1987 Sep;7(9):2674–2687. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-09-02674.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Sundler F., Moghimzadeh E., Håkanson R., Ekelund M., Emson P. Nerve fibers in the gut and pancreas of the rat displaying neuropeptide-Y immunoreactivity. Intrinsic and extrinsic origin. Cell Tissue Res. 1983;230(3):487–493. doi: 10.1007/BF00216194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Szabo S., Trier J. S., Brown A., Schnoor J. Early vascular injury and increased vascular permeability in gastric mucosal injury caused by ethanol in the rat. Gastroenterology. 1985 Jan;88(1 Pt 2):228–236. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(85)80176-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. THOMPSON J. E., VANE J. R. Gastric secretion induced by histamine and its relationship to the rate of blood flow. J Physiol. 1953 Sep;121(3):433–444. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp004956. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Takahashi K., Jones P. M., Kanse S. M., Lam H. C., Spokes R. A., Ghatei M. A., Bloom S. R. Endothelin in the gastrointestinal tract. Presence of endothelinlike immunoreactivity, endothelin-1 messenger RNA, endothelin receptors, and pharmacological effect. Gastroenterology. 1990 Dec;99(6):1660–1667. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90472-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Tepperman B. L., Whittle B. J. Comparison of the effects of neuropeptide Y and noradrenaline on rat gastric mucosal blood flow and integrity. Br J Pharmacol. 1991 Jan;102(1):95–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12138.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Tepperman B. L., Whittle B. J. Endogenous nitric oxide and sensory neuropeptides interact in the modulation of the rat gastric microcirculation. Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Jan;105(1):171–175. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14230.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Thiemermann C., Vane J. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis reduces the hypotension induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the rat in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Jul 17;182(3):591–595. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90062-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Till M., Gáti T., Rábai K., Szombath D., Székely J. I. Effect of [D-Met2,Pro5]enkephalinamide on gastric ulceration and transmucosal potential difference. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Jun 10;150(3):325–330. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90014-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. V Euler U. S., Gaddum J. H. An unidentified depressor substance in certain tissue extracts. J Physiol. 1931 Jun 6;72(1):74–87. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1931.sp002763. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Vallance P., Collier J., Moncada S. Effects of endothelium-derived nitric oxide on peripheral arteriolar tone in man. Lancet. 1989 Oct 28;2(8670):997–1000. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91013-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Varró V., Döbrönte Z., Sági I. Interrelation between gastric blood flow and HCl secretion in dogs. The basal condition and influence of secretory stimulants and vasoactive substances. Acta Med Acad Sci Hung. 1978;35(1):1–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Wadhwa S. S., Perry M. A. Gastric injury induced by hemorrhage, local ischemia, and oxygen radical generation. Am J Physiol. 1987 Aug;253(2 Pt 1):G129–G133. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1987.253.2.G129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Wahlestedt C., Edvinsson L., Ekblad E., Håkanson R. Neuropeptide Y potentiates noradrenaline-evoked vasoconstriction: mode of action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1985 Sep;234(3):735–741. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Walder C. E., Thiemermann C., Vane J. R. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor participates in the increased blood flow in response to pentagastrin in the rat stomach mucosa. Proc Biol Sci. 1990 Sep 22;241(1302):195–200. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1990.0085. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Wallace J. L., Arfors K. E., McKnight G. W. A monoclonal antibody against the CD18 leukocyte adhesion molecule prevents indomethacin-induced gastric damage in the rabbit. Gastroenterology. 1991 Apr;100(4):878–883. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90259-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Wallace J. L., Cirino G., De Nucci G., McKnight W., MacNaughton W. K. Endothelin has potent ulcerogenic and vasoconstrictor actions in the stomach. Am J Physiol. 1989 Apr;256(4 Pt 1):G661–G666. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1989.256.4.G661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Wallace J. L., Keenan C. M., MacNaughton W. K., McKnight G. W. Comparison of the effects of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 on the rat stomach. Eur J Pharmacol. 1989 Aug 11;167(1):41–47. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90745-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Wallace J. L., Whittle B. J. Picomole doses of platelet-activating factor predispose the gastric mucosa to damage by topical irritants. Prostaglandins. 1986 May;31(5):989–998. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(86)90028-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Waluś K. M., Pawlik W., Konturek S. J. Prostacyclin-induced gastric mucosal vasodilation and inhibition of acid secretion in the dog. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1980 Feb;163(2):228–232. doi: 10.3181/00379727-163-40752. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Wang Y. N., McDonald J. K., Wyatt R. J. Immunocytochemical localization of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in adrenergic and non-adrenergic neurons of the rat gastrointestinal tract. Peptides. 1987 Jan-Feb;8(1):145–151. doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(87)90178-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Westfall T. C., Carpentier S., Chen X., Beinfeld M. C., Naes L., Meldrum M. J. Prejunctional and postjunctional effects of neuropeptide Y at the noradrenergic neuroeffector junction of the perfused mesenteric arterial bed of the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1987 Dec;10(6):716–722. doi: 10.1097/00005344-198712000-00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Whittle B. J., Boughton-Smith N. K., Moncada S. Biosynthesis and role of the endothelium-derived vasodilator, nitric oxide, in the gastric mucosa. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;664:126–139. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb39755.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Whittle B. J., Boughton-Smith N. K., Moncada S., Vane J. R. Actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its product, 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on the rat gastric mucosa in vivo and in vitro. Prostaglandins. 1978 Jun;15(6):955–967. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(78)90038-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Whittle B. J., Esplugues J. V. Induction of rat gastric damage by the endothelium-derived peptide, endothelin. Br J Pharmacol. 1988 Dec;95(4):1011–1013. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11733.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Whittle B. J., Higgs G. A., Eakins K. E., Moncada S., Vane J. R. Selective inhibition of prostaglandin production in inflammatory exudates and gastric mucosa. Nature. 1980 Mar 20;284(5753):271–273. doi: 10.1038/284271a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Whittle B. J., Kauffman G. L., Jr, Boughton-Smith N. K. Stimulation of gastric alkaline secretion by stable prostacyclin analogues in rat and dog. Eur J Pharmacol. 1984 May 4;100(3-4):277–283. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90003-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Whittle B. J., Kauffman G. L., Moncada S. Vasoconstriction with thromboxane A2 induces ulceration of the gastric mucosa. Nature. 1981 Jul 30;292(5822):472–474. doi: 10.1038/292472a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Whittle B. J., Lopez-Belmonte J. Interactions between the vascular peptide endothelin-1 and sensory neuropeptides in gastric mucosal injury. Br J Pharmacol. 1991 Apr;102(4):950–954. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12282.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Whittle B. J., Lopez-Belmonte J., Moncada S. Nitric oxide mediates rat mucosal vasodilatation induced by intragastric capsaicin. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Aug 6;218(2-3):339–341. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90188-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Whittle B. J., Lopez-Belmonte J., Moncada S. Regulation of gastric mucosal integrity by endogenous nitric oxide: interactions with prostanoids and sensory neuropeptides in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1990 Mar;99(3):607–611. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb12977.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Whittle B. J., Lopez-Belmonte J., Rees D. D. Modulation of the vasodepressor actions of acetylcholine, bradykinin, substance P and endothelin in the rat by a specific inhibitor of nitric oxide formation. Br J Pharmacol. 1989 Oct;98(2):646–652. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb12639.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Whittle B. J. Mechanisms underlying gastric mucosal damage induced by indomethacin and bile-salts, and the actions of prostaglandins. Br J Pharmacol. 1977 Jul;60(3):455–460. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1977.tb07522.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Whittle B. J., Morishita T., Ohya Y., Leung F. W., Guth P. H. Microvascular actions of platelet-activating factor on rat gastric mucosa and submucosa. Am J Physiol. 1986 Dec;251(6 Pt 1):G772–G778. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1986.251.6.G772. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Whittle B. J., Oren-Wolman N., Guth P. H. Gastric vasoconstrictor actions of leukotriene C4, PGF2 alpha, and thromboxane mimetic U-46619 on rat submucosal microcirculation in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1985 May;248(5 Pt 1):G580–G586. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1985.248.5.G580. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. Whittle B. J., Payne A. N., Esplugues J. V. Cardiopulmonary and gastric ulcerogenic actions of endothelin-1 in the guinea pig and rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1989;13 (Suppl 5):S103–S123. doi: 10.1097/00005344-198900135-00026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Whittle B. J. The potentiation of taurocholate-induced rat gastric erosions following parenteral administration of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol. 1983 Nov;80(3):545–551. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb10727.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Wood J. G., Yan Z. Y., Cheung L. Y. Relative potency of endothelin analogues on changes in gastric vascular resistance. Am J Physiol. 1992 Jun;262(6 Pt 1):G977–G982. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1992.262.6.G977. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Wright C. E., Fozard J. R. Regional vasodilation is a prominent feature of the haemodynamic response to endothelin in anaesthetized, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Oct 11;155(1-2):201–203. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90425-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Wright C. E., Rees D. D., Moncada S. Protective and pathological roles of nitric oxide in endotoxin shock. Cardiovasc Res. 1992 Jan;26(1):48–57. doi: 10.1093/cvr/26.1.48. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Yanagisawa M., Kurihara H., Kimura S., Tomobe Y., Kobayashi M., Mitsui Y., Yazaki Y., Goto K., Masaki T. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature. 1988 Mar 31;332(6163):411–415. doi: 10.1038/332411a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Yano S., Fujiwara A., Ozaki Y., Harada M. Gastric blood flow responses to autonomic nerve stimulation and related pharmacological studies in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1983 Oct;35(10):641–646. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1983.tb02857.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Yoshizawa T., Kimura S., Kanazawa I., Uchiyama Y., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T. Endothelin localizes in the dorsal horn and acts on the spinal neurones: possible involvement of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels and substance P release. Neurosci Lett. 1989 Jul 31;102(2-3):179–184. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90075-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Zinner M. J., Kerr J. C., Reynolds D. G. Hemodynamic effects of intra-arterial infusions of catecholamines on the canine gastric circulation. Surgery. 1975 Sep;78(3):381–388. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. de Nucci G., Thomas R., D'Orleans-Juste P., Antunes E., Walder C., Warner T. D., Vane J. R. Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(24):9797–9800. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.24.9797. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from British Journal of Pharmacology are provided here courtesy of The British Pharmacological Society

RESOURCES