Abstract
The inflammatory response in the lungs of mice infected with an influenza A virus consists largely of macrophages and CD3+ T cells. Most T lymphocytes recovered before day 7 after infection express mRNA for the T cell receptor alpha/beta (TCR-alpha/beta), while TCR- gamma/delta mRNA+ cells are found at much higher frequency over the next 7 d. The predominant surface phenotype for the TCR-gamma/delta mRNA+ population is CD3+4-8-TCR-alpha/beta-. Some lymphocytes expressing all the known V gamma genes are found in the inflammatory exudate, but V gamma 2+/V gamma 1+ and V gamma 4+ T cells are present at highest frequency. The response is staged, with maximal numbers of V gamma 4+ cells occurring on day 10 after infection, while the predominant phenotype on day 13 is V gamma 2/V gamma 1+. The emerging peak in numbers of V gamma 4+ lymphocytes is paralleled by increasing numbers of macrophages expressing hsp mRNA. The later maxima found for the V gamma 2+/V gamma 1+ T cells is consistent with the possibility that at least some of these lymphocytes are responding to the hsp+ cells and are functioning to resolve the inflammatory process.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (706.0 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Allan W., Tabi Z., Cleary A., Doherty P. C. Cellular events in the lymph node and lung of mice with influenza. Consequences of depleting CD4+ T cells. J Immunol. 1990 May 15;144(10):3980–3986. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Asarnow D. M., Kuziel W. A., Bonyhadi M., Tigelaar R. E., Tucker P. W., Allison J. P. Limited diversity of gamma delta antigen receptor genes of Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells. Cell. 1988 Dec 2;55(5):837–847. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90139-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bluestone J. A., Matis L. A. TCR gamma delta cells--minor redundant T cell subset or specialized immune system component? J Immunol. 1989 Mar 15;142(6):1785–1788. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carding S. R., West J., Woods A., Bottomly K. Differential activation of cytokine genes in normal CD4-bearing T cells is stimulus dependent. Eur J Immunol. 1989 Feb;19(2):231–238. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830190203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Doherty P. C., Gerhard W. Breakdown of the blood--cerebrospinal fluid barrier to immunoglobulin in mice injected intracerebrally with a neurotropic influenza A virus. Post-exposure treatment with monoclonal antibody promotes recovery. J Neuroimmunol. 1981 Sep;1(3):227–237. doi: 10.1016/0165-5728(81)90027-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Havran W. L., Poenie M., Tigelaar R. E., Tsien R. Y., Allison J. P. Phenotypic and functional analysis of gamma delta T cell receptor-positive murine dendritic epidermal clones. J Immunol. 1989 Mar 1;142(5):1422–1428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hayday A. C., Saito H., Gillies S. D., Kranz D. M., Tanigawa G., Eisen H. N., Tonegawa S. Structure, organization, and somatic rearrangement of T cell gamma genes. Cell. 1985 Feb;40(2):259–269. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90140-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heilig J. S., Tonegawa S. T-cell gamma gene is allelically but not isotypically excluded and is not required in known functional T-cell subsets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(22):8070–8074. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.22.8070. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ito K., Bonneville M., Takagaki Y., Nakanishi N., Kanagawa O., Krecko E. G., Tonegawa S. Different gamma delta T-cell receptors are expressed on thymocytes at different stages of development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jan;86(2):631–635. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.2.631. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Itohara S., Farr A. G., Lafaille J. J., Bonneville M., Takagaki Y., Haas W., Tonegawa S. Homing of a gamma delta thymocyte subset with homogeneous T-cell receptors to mucosal epithelia. Nature. 1990 Feb 22;343(6260):754–757. doi: 10.1038/343754a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koga T., Wand-Württenberger A., DeBruyn J., Munk M. E., Schoel B., Kaufmann S. H. T cells against a bacterial heat shock protein recognize stressed macrophages. Science. 1989 Sep 8;245(4922):1112–1115. doi: 10.1126/science.2788923. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kubo R. T., Born W., Kappler J. W., Marrack P., Pigeon M. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody which detects all murine alpha beta T cell receptors. J Immunol. 1989 Apr 15;142(8):2736–2742. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kyes S., Carew E., Carding S. R., Janeway C. A., Jr, Hayday A. Diversity in T-cell receptor gamma gene usage in intestinal epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(14):5527–5531. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lukacher A. E., Braciale V. L., Braciale T. J. In vivo effector function of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones is highly specific. J Exp Med. 1984 Sep 1;160(3):814–826. doi: 10.1084/jem.160.3.814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- O'Brien R. L., Happ M. P., Dallas A., Palmer E., Kubo R., Born W. K. Stimulation of a major subset of lymphocytes expressing T cell receptor gamma delta by an antigen derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell. 1989 May 19;57(4):667–674. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90135-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ohga S., Yoshikai Y., Takeda Y., Hiromatsu K., Nomoto K. Sequential appearance of gamma/delta- and alpha/beta-bearing T cells in the peritoneal cavity during an i.p. infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Eur J Immunol. 1990 Mar;20(3):533–538. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830200311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Portoles P., Rojo J., Golby A., Bonneville M., Gromkowski S., Greenbaum L., Janeway C. A., Jr, Murphy D. B., Bottomly K. Monoclonal antibodies to murine CD3 epsilon define distinct epitopes, one of which may interact with CD4 during T cell activation. J Immunol. 1989 Jun 15;142(12):4169–4175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rajasekar R., Sim G. K., Augustin A. Self heat shock and gamma delta T-cell reactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Mar;87(5):1767–1771. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.5.1767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rentrop M., Knapp B., Winter H., Schweizer J. Aminoalkylsilane-treated glass slides as support for in situ hybridization of keratin cDNAs to frozen tissue sections under varying fixation and pretreatment conditions. Histochem J. 1986 May;18(5):271–276. doi: 10.1007/BF01676237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Saito H., Kranz D. M., Takagaki Y., Hayday A. C., Eisen H. N., Tonegawa S. Complete primary structure of a heterodimeric T-cell receptor deduced from cDNA sequences. 1984 Jun 28-Jul 4Nature. 309(5971):757–762. doi: 10.1038/309757a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sarmiento M., Glasebrook A. L., Fitch F. W. IgG or IgM monoclonal antibodies reactive with different determinants on the molecular complex bearing Lyt 2 antigen block T cell-mediated cytolysis in the absence of complement. J Immunol. 1980 Dec;125(6):2665–2672. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Takagaki Y., DeCloux A., Bonneville M., Tonegawa S. Diversity of gamma delta T-cell receptors on murine intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes. Nature. 1989 Jun 29;339(6227):712–714. doi: 10.1038/339712a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Townsend A. R., Rothbard J., Gotch F. M., Bahadur G., Wraith D., McMichael A. J. The epitopes of influenza nucleoprotein recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be defined with short synthetic peptides. Cell. 1986 Mar 28;44(6):959–968. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90019-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Young R. A., Elliott T. J. Stress proteins, infection, and immune surveillance. Cell. 1989 Oct 6;59(1):5–8. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90861-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]