Skip to main content
The Journal of Experimental Medicine logoLink to The Journal of Experimental Medicine
. 1996 May 1;183(5):1953–1956. doi: 10.1084/jem.183.5.1953

Clonal anergy of B cells: a flexible, reversible, and quantitative concept

PMCID: PMC2192572  PMID: 8642304

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (449.7 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Arnold B., Dill O., Küblbeck G., Jatsch L., Simon M. M., Tucker J., Hämmerling G. J. Alloreactive immune responses of transgenic mice expressing a foreign transplantation antigen in a soluble form. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(7):2269–2273. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.7.2269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bretscher P., Cohn M. A theory of self-nonself discrimination. Science. 1970 Sep 11;169(3950):1042–1049. doi: 10.1126/science.169.3950.1042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Cyster J. G., Hartley S. B., Goodnow C. C. Competition for follicular niches excludes self-reactive cells from the recirculating B-cell repertoire. Nature. 1994 Sep 29;371(6496):389–395. doi: 10.1038/371389a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Fulcher D. A., Basten A. Reduced life span of anergic self-reactive B cells in a double-transgenic model. J Exp Med. 1994 Jan 1;179(1):125–134. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.1.125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Fulcher D. A., Basten A. Whither the anergic B-cell? Autoimmunity. 1994;19(2):135–140. doi: 10.3109/08916939409009541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Fulcher D. A., Lyons A. B., Korn S. L., Cook M. C., Koleda C., Parish C., Fazekas de St Groth B., Basten A. The fate of self-reactive B cells depends primarily on the degree of antigen receptor engagement and availability of T cell help. J Exp Med. 1996 May 1;183(5):2313–2328. doi: 10.1084/jem.183.5.2313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Goodnow C. C., Crosbie J., Adelstein S., Lavoie T. B., Smith-Gill S. J., Brink R. A., Pritchard-Briscoe H., Wotherspoon J. S., Loblay R. H., Raphael K. Altered immunoglobulin expression and functional silencing of self-reactive B lymphocytes in transgenic mice. Nature. 1988 Aug 25;334(6184):676–682. doi: 10.1038/334676a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Goodnow C. C. Transgenic mice and analysis of B-cell tolerance. Annu Rev Immunol. 1992;10:489–518. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.10.040192.002421. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gu H., Tarlinton D., Müller W., Rajewsky K., Förster I. Most peripheral B cells in mice are ligand selected. J Exp Med. 1991 Jun 1;173(6):1357–1371. doi: 10.1084/jem.173.6.1357. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Han S., Zheng B., Dal Porto J., Kelsoe G. In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. IV. Affinity-dependent, antigen-driven B cell apoptosis in germinal centers as a mechanism for maintaining self-tolerance. J Exp Med. 1995 Dec 1;182(6):1635–1644. doi: 10.1084/jem.182.6.1635. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Jenkins M. K., Pardoll D. M., Mizuguchi J., Chused T. M., Schwartz R. H. Molecular events in the induction of a nonresponsive state in interleukin 2-producing helper T-lymphocyte clones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(15):5409–5413. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.15.5409. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Kisielow P., Blüthmann H., Staerz U. D., Steinmetz M., von Boehmer H. Tolerance in T-cell-receptor transgenic mice involves deletion of nonmature CD4+8+ thymocytes. Nature. 1988 Jun 23;333(6175):742–746. doi: 10.1038/333742a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Lamb J. R., Skidmore B. J., Green N., Chiller J. M., Feldmann M. Induction of tolerance in influenza virus-immune T lymphocyte clones with synthetic peptides of influenza hemagglutinin. J Exp Med. 1983 May 1;157(5):1434–1447. doi: 10.1084/jem.157.5.1434. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Linton P. J., Rudie A., Klinman N. R. Tolerance susceptibility of newly generating memory B cells. J Immunol. 1991 Jun 15;146(12):4099–4104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Nemazee D. A., Bürki K. Clonal deletion of B lymphocytes in a transgenic mouse bearing anti-MHC class I antibody genes. Nature. 1989 Feb 9;337(6207):562–566. doi: 10.1038/337562a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Nossal G. J. Cellular mechanisms of immunologic tolerance. Annu Rev Immunol. 1983;1:33–62. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.01.040183.000341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Nossal G. J., Pike B. L. Clonal anergy: persistence in tolerant mice of antigen-binding B lymphocytes incapable of responding to antigen or mitogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Mar;77(3):1602–1606. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1602. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Nossal G. J., Pike B. L. Functional clonal deletion in immunological tolerance to major histocompatibility complex antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jun;78(6):3844–3847. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3844. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Osmond D. G., Nossal G. J. Differentiation of lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow. II. Kinetics of maturation and renewal of antiglobulin-binding cells studied by double labeling. Cell Immunol. 1974 Jul;13(1):132–145. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(74)90233-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Pulendran B., Kannourakis G., Nouri S., Smith K. G., Nossal G. J. Soluble antigen can cause enhanced apoptosis of germinal-centre B cells. Nature. 1995 May 25;375(6529):331–334. doi: 10.1038/375331a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Shokat K. M., Goodnow C. C. Antigen-induced B-cell death and elimination during germinal-centre immune responses. Nature. 1995 May 25;375(6529):334–338. doi: 10.1038/375334a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Skowronski J., Jolicoeur C., Alpert S., Hanahan D. Determinants of the B-cell response against a transgenic autoantigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7487–7491. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7487. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Journal of Experimental Medicine are provided here courtesy of The Rockefeller University Press

RESOURCES