Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Journal of Experimental Medicine logoLink to The Journal of Experimental Medicine
. 1996 Jun 1;183(6):2437–2448. doi: 10.1084/jem.183.6.2437

Molecular cloning and characterization of a human eotaxin receptor expressed selectively on eosinophils

PMCID: PMC2192612  PMID: 8676064

Abstract

The chemokine eotaxin is unusual in that it appears to be a highly specific chemoattractant for eosinophils. Ligand-binding studies with radiolabeled eotaxin demonstrated a receptor on eosinophils distinct from the known chemokine receptors CKR-1 and -2. The distinct eotaxin binding site on human eosinophils also bound RANTES (regulated on activation T expressed and secreted) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)3. We have now isolated a cDNA from eosinophils, termed CKR-3, with significant sequence similarity to other well characterized chemokine receptors. Cells transfected with CKR-3 cDNA bound radiolabeled eotaxin specifically and with high affinity, comparable to the binding affinity observed with eosinophils. This receptor also bound RANTES and MCP-3 with high affinity, but not other CC or CXC chemokines. Furthermore, receptor transfectants generated in a murine B cell lymphoma cell line migrated in transwell chemotaxis assays to eotaxin, RANTES, and MCP-3, but not to any other chemokines. A monoclonal antibody recognizing CKR-3 was used to show that eosinophils, but not other leukocyte types, expressed this receptor. This pattern of expression was confirmed by Northern blot with RNA from highly purified leukocyte subsets. The restricted expression of CKR-3 on eosinophils and the fidelity of eotaxin binding to CKR-3, provides a potential mechanism for the selective recruitment and migration of eosinophils within tissues.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (1.5 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ahuja S. K., Shetty A., Tiffany H. L., Murphy P. M. Comparison of the genomic organization and promoter function for human interleukin-8 receptors A and B. J Biol Chem. 1994 Oct 21;269(42):26381–26389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Amatruda T. T., 3rd, Gerard N. P., Gerard C., Simon M. I. Specific interactions of chemoattractant factor receptors with G-proteins. J Biol Chem. 1993 May 15;268(14):10139–10144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Baggiolini M., Dahinden C. A. CC chemokines in allergic inflammation. Immunol Today. 1994 Mar;15(3):127–133. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90156-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Baggiolini M., Dewald B., Moser B. Interleukin-8 and related chemotactic cytokines--CXC and CC chemokines. Adv Immunol. 1994;55:97–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Beckmann M. P., Munger W. E., Kozlosky C., VandenBos T., Price V., Lyman S., Gerard N. P., Gerard C., Cerretti D. P. Molecular characterization of the interleukin-8 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Sep 16;179(2):784–789. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91885-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Ben-Baruch A., Xu L., Young P. R., Bengali K., Oppenheim J. J., Wang J. M. Monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP3) interacts with multiple leukocyte receptors. C-C CKR1, a receptor for macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha/Rantes, is also a functional receptor for MCP3. J Biol Chem. 1995 Sep 22;270(38):22123–22128. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.38.22123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Benovic J. L., Gomez J. Molecular cloning and expression of GRK6. A new member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase family. J Biol Chem. 1993 Sep 15;268(26):19521–19527. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bousquet J., Chanez P., Lacoste J. Y., Barnéon G., Ghavanian N., Enander I., Venge P., Ahlstedt S., Simony-Lafontaine J., Godard P. Eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. N Engl J Med. 1990 Oct 11;323(15):1033–1039. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199010113231505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bradley B. L., Azzawi M., Jacobson M., Assoufi B., Collins J. V., Irani A. M., Schwartz L. B., Durham S. R., Jeffery P. K., Kay A. B. Eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in bronchial biopsy specimens from atopic subjects with asthma: comparison with biopsy specimens from atopic subjects without asthma and normal control subjects and relationship to bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991 Oct;88(4):661–674. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90160-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Broaddus V. C., Boylan A. M., Hoeffel J. M., Kim K. J., Sadick M., Chuntharapai A., Hébert C. A. Neutralization of IL-8 inhibits neutrophil influx in a rabbit model of endotoxin-induced pleurisy. J Immunol. 1994 Mar 15;152(6):2960–2967. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Busse W. W., Sedgwick J. B. Eosinophils in asthma. Ann Allergy. 1992 Mar;68(3):286–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cacalano G., Lee J., Kikly K., Ryan A. M., Pitts-Meek S., Hultgren B., Wood W. I., Moore M. W. Neutrophil and B cell expansion in mice that lack the murine IL-8 receptor homolog. Science. 1994 Jul 29;265(5172):682–684. doi: 10.1126/science.8036519. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Camps M., Carozzi A., Schnabel P., Scheer A., Parker P. J., Gierschik P. Isozyme-selective stimulation of phospholipase C-beta 2 by G protein beta gamma-subunits. Nature. 1992 Dec 17;360(6405):684–686. doi: 10.1038/360684a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Charo I. F., Myers S. J., Herman A., Franci C., Connolly A. J., Coughlin S. R. Molecular cloning and functional expression of two monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptors reveals alternative splicing of the carboxyl-terminal tails. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 29;91(7):2752–2756. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.7.2752. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Clark-Lewis I., Moser B., Walz A., Baggiolini M., Scott G. J., Aebersold R. Chemical synthesis, purification, and characterization of two inflammatory proteins, neutrophil activating peptide 1 (interleukin-8) and neutrophil activating peptide. Biochemistry. 1991 Mar 26;30(12):3128–3135. doi: 10.1021/bi00226a021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cocchi F., DeVico A. L., Garzino-Demo A., Arya S. K., Gallo R. C., Lusso P. Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science. 1995 Dec 15;270(5243):1811–1815. doi: 10.1126/science.270.5243.1811. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Combadiere C., Ahuja S. K., Murphy P. M. Cloning and functional expression of a human eosinophil CC chemokine receptor. J Biol Chem. 1995 Jul 14;270(28):16491–16494. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.28.16491. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cook D. N., Beck M. A., Coffman T. M., Kirby S. L., Sheridan J. F., Pragnell I. B., Smithies O. Requirement of MIP-1 alpha for an inflammatory response to viral infection. Science. 1995 Sep 15;269(5230):1583–1585. doi: 10.1126/science.7667639. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Dahinden C. A., Geiser T., Brunner T., von Tscharner V., Caput D., Ferrara P., Minty A., Baggiolini M. Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 is a most effective basophil- and eosinophil-activating chemokine. J Exp Med. 1994 Feb 1;179(2):751–756. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.2.751. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Ebisawa M., Yamada T., Bickel C., Klunk D., Schleimer R. P. Eosinophil transendothelial migration induced by cytokines. III. Effect of the chemokine RANTES. J Immunol. 1994 Sep 1;153(5):2153–2160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ernst C. A., Zhang Y. J., Hancock P. R., Rutledge B. J., Corless C. L., Rollins B. J. Biochemical and biologic characterization of murine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Identification of two functional domains. J Immunol. 1994 Apr 1;152(7):3541–3549. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Flory C. M., Jones M. L., Warren J. S. Pulmonary granuloma formation in the rat is partially dependent on monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. Lab Invest. 1993 Oct;69(4):396–404. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Ganzalo J. A., Jia G. Q., Aguirre V., Friend D., Coyle A. J., Jenkins N. A., Lin G. S., Katz H., Lichtman A., Copeland N. Mouse Eotaxin expression parallels eosinophil accumulation during lung allergic inflammation but it is not restricted to a Th2-type response. Immunity. 1996 Jan;4(1):1–14. doi: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80293-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gao J. L., Kuhns D. B., Tiffany H. L., McDermott D., Li X., Francke U., Murphy P. M. Structure and functional expression of the human macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha/RANTES receptor. J Exp Med. 1993 May 1;177(5):1421–1427. doi: 10.1084/jem.177.5.1421. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gerard C., Gerard N. P. C5A anaphylatoxin and its seven transmembrane-segment receptor. Annu Rev Immunol. 1994;12:775–808. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.004015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gerard C., Gerard N. P. The pro-inflammatory seven-transmembrane segment receptors of the leukocyte. Curr Opin Immunol. 1994 Feb;6(1):140–145. doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(94)90045-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Gerard N. P., Bao L., Xiao-Ping H., Eddy R. L., Jr, Shows T. B., Gerard C. Human chemotaxis receptor genes cluster at 19q13.3-13.4. Characterization of the human C5a receptor gene. Biochemistry. 1993 Feb 9;32(5):1243–1250. doi: 10.1021/bi00056a007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Gerard N. P., Hodges M. K., Drazen J. M., Weller P. F., Gerard C. Characterization of a receptor for C5a anaphylatoxin on human eosinophils. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jan 25;264(3):1760–1766. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gleich G. J., Adolphson C. R., Leiferman K. M. The biology of the eosinophilic leukocyte. Annu Rev Med. 1993;44:85–101. doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.44.020193.000505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Griffiths-Johnson D. A., Collins P. D., Rossi A. G., Jose P. J., Williams T. J. The chemokine, eotaxin, activates guinea-pig eosinophils in vitro and causes their accumulation into the lung in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Dec 30;197(3):1167–1172. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2599. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Haribabu B., Snyderman R. Identification of additional members of human G-protein-coupled receptor kinase multigene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Oct 15;90(20):9398–9402. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.20.9398. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Holmes W. E., Lee J., Kuang W. J., Rice G. C., Wood W. I. Structure and functional expression of a human interleukin-8 receptor. Science. 1991 Sep 13;253(5025):1278–1280. doi: 10.1126/science.1840701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Honda S., Campbell J. J., Andrew D. P., Engelhardt B., Butcher B. A., Warnock R. A., Ye R. D., Butcher E. C. Ligand-induced adhesion to activated endothelium and to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in lymphocytes transfected with the N-formyl peptide receptor. J Immunol. 1994 Apr 15;152(8):4026–4035. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Jeffery P. K., Wardlaw A. J., Nelson F. C., Collins J. V., Kay A. B. Bronchial biopsies in asthma. An ultrastructural, quantitative study and correlation with hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Dec;140(6):1745–1753. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/140.6.1745. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Jose P. J., Adcock I. M., Griffiths-Johnson D. A., Berkman N., Wells T. N., Williams T. J., Power C. A. Eotaxin: cloning of an eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine and increased mRNA expression in allergen-challenged guinea-pig lungs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Nov 30;205(1):788–794. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2734. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Jose P. J., Griffiths-Johnson D. A., Collins P. D., Walsh D. T., Moqbel R., Totty N. F., Truong O., Hsuan J. J., Williams T. J. Eotaxin: a potent eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine detected in a guinea pig model of allergic airways inflammation. J Exp Med. 1994 Mar 1;179(3):881–887. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.3.881. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kameyoshi Y., Dörschner A., Mallet A. I., Christophers E., Schröder J. M. Cytokine RANTES released by thrombin-stimulated platelets is a potent attractant for human eosinophils. J Exp Med. 1992 Aug 1;176(2):587–592. doi: 10.1084/jem.176.2.587. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Kay A. B., Corrigan C. J. Asthma. Eosinophils and neutrophils. Br Med Bull. 1992 Jan;48(1):51–64. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kelner G. S., Kennedy J., Bacon K. B., Kleyensteuber S., Largaespada D. A., Jenkins N. A., Copeland N. G., Bazan J. F., Moore K. W., Schall T. J. Lymphotactin: a cytokine that represents a new class of chemokine. Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1395–1399. doi: 10.1126/science.7973732. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kishimoto A., Nishiyama K., Nakanishi H., Uratsuji Y., Nomura H., Takeyama Y., Nishizuka Y. Studies on the phosphorylation of myelin basic protein by protein kinase C and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 1985 Oct 15;260(23):12492–12499. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Kunapuli P., Benovic J. L. Cloning and expression of GRK5: a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 15;90(12):5588–5592. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.12.5588. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Kunz D., Gerard N. P., Gerard C. The human leukocyte platelet-activating factor receptor. cDNA cloning, cell surface expression, and construction of a novel epitope-bearing analog. J Biol Chem. 1992 May 5;267(13):9101–9106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Lawson M. A., Maxfield F. R. Ca(2+)- and calcineurin-dependent recycling of an integrin to the front of migrating neutrophils. Nature. 1995 Sep 7;377(6544):75–79. doi: 10.1038/377075a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Lukacs N. W., Strieter R. M., Shaklee C. L., Chensue S. W., Kunkel S. L. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha influences eosinophil recruitment in antigen-specific airway inflammation. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Jan;25(1):245–251. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830250140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Mandeville J. T., Ghosh R. N., Maxfield F. R. Intracellular calcium levels correlate with speed and persistent forward motion in migrating neutrophils. Biophys J. 1995 Apr;68(4):1207–1217. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(95)80336-X. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Meurer R., Van Riper G., Feeney W., Cunningham P., Hora D., Jr, Springer M. S., MacIntyre D. E., Rosen H. Formation of eosinophilic and monocytic intradermal inflammatory sites in the dog by injection of human RANTES but not human monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, human macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha, or human interleukin 8. J Exp Med. 1993 Dec 1;178(6):1913–1921. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.6.1913. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Miller M. D., Krangel M. S. Biology and biochemistry of the chemokines: a family of chemotactic and inflammatory cytokines. Crit Rev Immunol. 1992;12(1-2):17–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Moser B., Schumacher C., von Tscharner V., Clark-Lewis I., Baggiolini M. Neutrophil-activating peptide 2 and gro/melanoma growth-stimulatory activity interact with neutrophil-activating peptide 1/interleukin 8 receptors on human neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 5;266(16):10666–10671. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Mulligan M. S., Jones M. L., Bolanowski M. A., Baganoff M. P., Deppeler C. L., Meyers D. M., Ryan U. S., Ward P. A. Inhibition of lung inflammatory reactions in rats by an anti-human IL-8 antibody. J Immunol. 1993 Jun 15;150(12):5585–5595. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Murphy P. M., Tiffany H. L. Cloning of complementary DNA encoding a functional human interleukin-8 receptor. Science. 1991 Sep 13;253(5025):1280–1283. doi: 10.1126/science.1891716. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Murphy P. M., Tiffany H. L., McDermott D., Ahuja S. K. Sequence and organization of the human N-formyl peptide receptor-encoding gene. Gene. 1993 Nov 15;133(2):285–290. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90653-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Myers S. J., Wong L. M., Charo I. F. Signal transduction and ligand specificity of the human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor in transfected embryonic kidney cells. J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 17;270(11):5786–5792. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.11.5786. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Neote K., DiGregorio D., Mak J. Y., Horuk R., Schall T. J. Molecular cloning, functional expression, and signaling characteristics of a C-C chemokine receptor. Cell. 1993 Feb 12;72(3):415–425. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90118-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Oppenheim J. J., Zachariae C. O., Mukaida N., Matsushima K. Properties of the novel proinflammatory supergene "intercrine" cytokine family. Annu Rev Immunol. 1991;9:617–648. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.09.040191.003153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Palermo D. P., DeGraaf M. E., Marotti K. R., Rehberg E., Post L. E. Production of analytical quantities of recombinant proteins in Chinese hamster ovary cells using sodium butyrate to elevate gene expression. J Biotechnol. 1991 Jun;19(1):35–47. doi: 10.1016/0168-1656(91)90073-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Ponath P. D., Fass D., Liou H. C., Glimcher L. H., Strominger J. L. The regulatory gene, hXBP-1, and its target, HLA-DRA, utilize both common and distinct regulatory elements and protein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1993 Aug 15;268(23):17074–17082. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Ponath P. D., Qin S., Ringler D. J., Clark-Lewis I., Wang J., Kassam N., Smith H., Shi X., Gonzalo J. A., Newman W. Cloning of the human eosinophil chemoattractant, eotaxin. Expression, receptor binding, and functional properties suggest a mechanism for the selective recruitment of eosinophils. J Clin Invest. 1996 Feb 1;97(3):604–612. doi: 10.1172/JCI118456. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Post T. W., Bozic C. R., Rothenberg M. E., Luster A. D., Gerard N., Gerard C. Molecular characterization of two murine eosinophil beta chemokine receptors. J Immunol. 1995 Dec 1;155(11):5299–5305. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Power C. A., Meyer A., Nemeth K., Bacon K. B., Hoogewerf A. J., Proudfoot A. E., Wells T. N. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel CC chemokine receptor cDNA from a human basophilic cell line. J Biol Chem. 1995 Aug 18;270(33):19495–19500. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.33.19495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Rand M. L., Warren J. S., Mansour M. K., Newman W., Ringler D. J. Inhibition of T cell recruitment and cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity-induced inflammation with antibodies to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Am J Pathol. 1996 Mar;148(3):855–864. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Rand T. H., Cruikshank W. W., Center D. M., Weller P. F. CD4-mediated stimulation of human eosinophils: lymphocyte chemoattractant factor and other CD4-binding ligands elicit eosinophil migration. J Exp Med. 1991 Jun 1;173(6):1521–1528. doi: 10.1084/jem.173.6.1521. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Rot A., Krieger M., Brunner T., Bischoff S. C., Schall T. J., Dahinden C. A. RANTES and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha induce the migration and activation of normal human eosinophil granulocytes. J Exp Med. 1992 Dec 1;176(6):1489–1495. doi: 10.1084/jem.176.6.1489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Rothenberg M. E., Luster A. D., Lilly C. M., Drazen J. M., Leder P. Constitutive and allergen-induced expression of eotaxin mRNA in the guinea pig lung. J Exp Med. 1995 Mar 1;181(3):1211–1216. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.3.1211. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Sekido N., Mukaida N., Harada A., Nakanishi I., Watanabe Y., Matsushima K. Prevention of lung reperfusion injury in rabbits by a monoclonal antibody against interleukin-8. Nature. 1993 Oct 14;365(6447):654–657. doi: 10.1038/365654a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Simon M. I., Strathmann M. P., Gautam N. Diversity of G proteins in signal transduction. Science. 1991 May 10;252(5007):802–808. doi: 10.1126/science.1902986. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Sprenger H., Lloyd A. R., Lautens L. L., Bonner T. I., Kelvin D. J. Structure, genomic organization, and expression of the human interleukin-8 receptor B gene. J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 15;269(15):11065–11072. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Sprenger H., Lloyd A. R., Meyer R. G., Johnston J. A., Kelvin D. J. Genomic structure, characterization, and identification of the promoter of the human IL-8 receptor A gene. J Immunol. 1994 Sep 15;153(6):2524–2532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Van Riper G., Siciliano S., Fischer P. A., Meurer R., Springer M. S., Rosen H. Characterization and species distribution of high affinity GTP-coupled receptors for human rantes and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. J Exp Med. 1993 Mar 1;177(3):851–856. doi: 10.1084/jem.177.3.851. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Wardlaw A. J., Dunnette S., Gleich G. J., Collins J. V., Kay A. B. Eosinophils and mast cells in bronchoalveolar lavage in subjects with mild asthma. Relationship to bronchial hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Jan;137(1):62–69. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.1.62. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Wardlaw A. J., Moqbel R., Cromwell O., Kay A. B. Platelet-activating factor. A potent chemotactic and chemokinetic factor for human eosinophils. J Clin Invest. 1986 Dec;78(6):1701–1706. doi: 10.1172/JCI112765. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Weller P. F. Roles of eosinophils in allergy. Curr Opin Immunol. 1992 Dec;4(6):782–787. doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(92)90062-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Woodgett J. R., Gould K. L., Hunter T. Substrate specificity of protein kinase C. Use of synthetic peptides corresponding to physiological sites as probes for substrate recognition requirements. Eur J Biochem. 1986 Nov 17;161(1):177–184. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb10139.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Journal of Experimental Medicine are provided here courtesy of The Rockefeller University Press

RESOURCES