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. 2001 Dec 31;42(4):453–458. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-42-453

Persistence of Ehrlichia phagocytophila Infection in Two Age Groups of Lambs

S Stuen 1,✉, K Bergström 2
PMCID: PMC2203224  PMID: 11957373

Abstract

Tick-borne fever (TBF) is caused by the rickettsiae Ehrlichia phagocytophila and is a common disease in sheep in tick (Ixodes ricinus) infested areas in Norway. Earlier investigations have shown that some sheep could remain infected for several months after the primary infection. In this study, the persistence of E. phagocytophila after experimental infection was investigated in 2 age groups of lambs. Six lambs (1–2 weeks old) and 14 lambs (6–8 months old) were inoculated intravenously with an ovine strain of E. phagocytophila and thereafter examined clinically (including daily body temperature recording) and by haematological and serological (E. equi antibodies) methods for the next 4 months. At the end of this period, the lambs were examined for a TBF infection by blood smear investigation and blood inoculation studies. The infection was demonstrated in 19 (95%) of the 20 lambs.

Keywords: granulocytic Ehrlichia, tick-borne fever, sheep, age

Introduction

Tick-borne fever (TBF) caused by Ehrlichia phagocytophila and transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus is an old and very common disease in sheep from the coast of southern Norway [16,17]. This disease is characterized by high fever, inclusions in circulating neutrophils, reduced milk yield, abortion and reduced fertility in rams [21]. However, the most serious problem associated with TBF in sheep is the immunosup-presion that may dispose to secondary infections, such as Staphylocccous aureus pyaemia and Pasteurella hemolytica septicaemia [3,15].

Earlier studies indicate that older lambs and adults may be persistently infected with E. phagocytophila for several months; one adult sheep has been found infected 25 months after the initial infection [6,17]. Experimental blood inoculation trials with E. phagocytophila have shown that 1–2-week-old lambs react with less clinical symptoms than older animals [13,14]. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether young lambs also become persistently infected with E. phagocytophila, and to compare the rate of persistence of the infection in these lambs with the rate of persistence in older lambs.

Materials and methods

Forty lambs of the Dala and Rygja breeds were used in this study. Twenty lambs were inoculated intravenously on day 0 with 1 ml of a whole blood dimethyl sulphoxide stabilate of an E. phagocytophila strain (GenBank accession number M73220) originally isolated from a sheep [13]. Six lambs were 12–14 days old, while 14 lambs were 6–8 months old at the start of the study. In addition, 20 lambs of the same age were followed simultaneously as uninfected controls. None of them had previously been on I. ricinus-infested pasture and were kept indoors during the whole experimental period of 5 months.

Rectal temperatures were measured daily at the same hour in the morning in all lambs throughout the experimental period. The incubation period was defined as the period between inoculation and the first day of fever (≥ 40.0°C). The duration of fever was recorded as the number of days with elevated body temperature (≥ 40.0°C). The magnitude of fever was calculated as the area under the temperature curve for each lamb as described by [21].

Blood samples were collected daily into EDTA during the fever period following the inoculation of infected blood, and then weekly for the first month, and finally 4 months after the inoculation. In addition, EDTA-blood samples were collected from individual lambs on days when rectal temperatures above 40.0°C were recorded. Hematological values including total and differential leucocyte counts were determined electronically (Technicon H1®, Miles Inc., USA) and blood smears were prepared and stained with May-Grünwald Giemsa. Four hundred neutrophils were examined on each smear by microscopy and the number of these cells containing Ehrlichia inclusions was recorded.

Serum samples were collected on days 0, 30 and 120 and analysed by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) to determine the antibody titre to E. equi [1]. Briefly, 2-fold dilutions of sera were added to slides precoated with E. equi antigen (Protatek International and Organon Teknika). Bound antibodies were visualised by fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated rabbit-anti-sheep immunoglobulin (Cappel, Organon Teknika) under fluorescent light. Sera were screened for antibodies at dilution 1:40. If positive, the serum was further diluted and retested. A titre of 1.6 (log10 reciprocal of 1:40) or more was regarded as positive.

After 4 months, the inoculated lambs were treated intramuscularly with 50 mg corticos-teroid (Prednisolonacetat vet®, Hoechst or Prednisolon®, Leo) daily for 4 consecutive days. On the day after the last treatment, each of the 20 susceptible control lambs was inoculated intravenously with 200–250 ml citrate-blood taken from the previously inoculated animals, each of the 20 donors providing blood to 1 control, respectively. The clinical and haematological reactions of the donor and susceptible lambs were observed during the next 3 weeks. Statistical calculations were done by Statistix®, version 4.0 (Analytical Software).

Results

All primary infected lambs reacted with fever and infected neutrophils (rickettsemia) during the first 14 days after inoculation with E. phagocytophila. No other clinical signs were recorded, besides 1 or 2 days of reduced appetite in the older lambs. Different clinical variables are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Mean and standard deviation (std) of different clinical variables in Ehrlichia phagocytophila infected lambs. The lambs were inoculated with E. phagocytophila infected blood when they were 12–14 days old and 6–8 months old, respectively.

Age N Incubation period (days) Max. temperature (°C) Duration of fever (days)** Magnitude of fever (mm2)* Infected neutrophils (109 litre-1) (day 6) Numbers of neutrophils (109 litre-1) (day 14)**
12–14 days 6 4.0 ± 0.58 41.40 ± 0.141 4.3 ± 1.11 364 ± 102 1.35 ± 0.853 0.68 ± 0.154
6–8 months 14 4.3 ± 0.60 41.62 ± 0.204 8.6 ± 2.02 702 ± 232 1.51 ± 0.590 0.31 ± 0.061
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n number of animals

* (p < 0.05, two-sample t-test)

** (p < 0.01, two-sample t-test)

After the primary fever period the infected lambs showed fever relapses of 1 to 3 days' duration. The number of relapses varied significantly between the 2 age groups (Table 2). During these fever relapses, Ehrlichia inclusions were found in the peripheral blood by blood smear examination. Temperatures above 40°C were not recorded in the control lambs.

Table 2.

Number of fever relapses and antibody immunofluorescent (IFA) titre to E. equi in twenty lambs during the first 4 months of an E. phagocytophila infection. The lambs were inoculated with E. phagocytophila infected blood when they were 12–14 days old and 6–8 months old, respectively.

Age n Number of fever relapses *** IFA-titre(log10) Number of lambs found infected with Ehrlichia after 4 months
(day 30) *** (day 120)
12–14 days 6 3.17 ± 0.898 2.25 ± 0.270 1.90 ± 0.00# 6 of 6 (100%)
6–8 months 14 1.14 ± 0.833 2.99 ± 0.335 2.20 ± 0.233 13 of 14 (93%)
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# only one lamb was found seropositive

*** (p < 0.001, two-sample t-test)

All lambs reacted with an antibody titre following inoculation with E. phagocytophila, although 2 of the 6 younger lambs had low positive titres (1:160 in both) already at the start of the study. The antibody titre to E. equi varied significantly between the 2 lamb groups at 1 month after E. phagocytophila inoculation (Table 2).

Twelve susceptible lambs inoculated with blood from the older lambs and 5 lambs inoculated with blood from the younger lambs reacted with fever and rickettsemia 2–5 days after blood transfusion. In addition, 2 donors, 1 in each group, were found Ehrlichia positive by blood smear evaluation 12–14 days later. Altogether, 13 of the 14 previously infected lambs in the older group (93%), and all of the 6 younger lambs (100%) were infected at 4 months after primary inoculation, respectively (Table 2).

Of the 20 previously infected lambs, only 3 lambs reacted with fever of 1 or 2 days' duration associated with corticosteroid treatment and blood losses.

Discussion

All lambs reacted with fever and rickettsemia as a result of an E. phagocytophila infection. The clinical response to TBF was less severe in young lambs compared with older lambs. This is in accordance with earlier observations in experimentally E. phagocytophila infected lambs [13,14].

The number of fever relapses varied significantly between the 2 age groups during the first 4 months of the infection. In an earlier study where eight 3-week-old lambs were infected with E. phagocytophila and regularly examined for 2 months, the lambs had a mean number of fever relapses of 3.62 ± 0.484 [12]. Unfortunately, the persistence of infectivity in these lambs was not investigated.

The cause of fever relapses in E. phagocytophila infected lambs is unknown, but the relapses may indicate a recurrence of blood rick-ettsemia. In a previous study [17], no direct relation was found between fever relapses and recurrence of rickettsemia, since fever was recorded in only 21% of the times where infected neutrophils was detected in the blood of E. phagocytophila infected lambs. That study also indicated that recurrence of rickettsemia did not cause an increase in the IFA-titre, as was also observed in the present work.

All infected lambs reacted with seroconversion measured 30 days following inoculation. Strong serological cross-reactions between E. equi, E. phagocytophila and the agent causing human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) have been reported [4,8,9]. The sensitivity of the present test may have been increased by use of a more proper antigen [2,20], but unfortunately homologous antigen was not available.

One month after inoculation, the antibody titre was significantly higher in the older lambs when compared with the younger lambs. Although 2 young lambs were seropositive at the start of the inoculation due to colostral antibodies, an earlier study indicates that maternal antibodies do not normally reduce the production of antibodies in experimentally E. phagocytophila infected lambs [13]. In addition, 5 of the 6 younger lambs were seronegative 4 months following inoculation. This may indicate that the immunological reaction to an E. phagocytophila infection is stronger and of longer duration in 6–8-month-old lambs compared with that of 2-week-old lambs.

Four primary inoculated lambs, which were found seronegative 4 months after the initial infection, transmitted E. phagocytophila to susceptible lambs by blood transfusion. In addition, another seronegative lamb was found infected 12 days later. This indicates that seronegative lambs may be infected, and that serology is not a good criterion for assessing recovery from a persistent state of an E. phagocytophila infection. However, antibodies may have been detected with a more sensitive test, i.e. by use of E. phagocytophila as antigen.

Four months after the inoculation, E. phagocytophila was found in the peripheral blood of all except 1 lamb. The present study therefore indicates that almost all E. phagocytophila infected lambs are persistently infected for at least 4 months, and that this persistence is age independent.

The present results indicate that clinical signs and serological response are not related to the rate of persistence. Only one strain of E. phagocytophila was used in this study, and no difference in clinical signs of TBF has earlier been observed in the Dala and Rygja breeds (Stuen personal information). However, both significant breed differences to E. phagocytophila infection and different strains of E. phagocytophila that evoke different clinical and immunological reactions have been found in sheep [11,6].

It should be mentioned that granulocytic Ehrlichia infection is found to persist in other species such as dogs [5] and red deer [19], but not in horses and cattle [7,10]. Only 3 of 19 (16%) persistently infected lambs reacted with fever associated with high doses of corticosteroids and blood losses. This indicates that stress induced by such treatments is not enough to cause fever relapses in the majority of infected lambs.

In conclusion, the present study indicates that all ages of lambs are of epidemiological importance for the maintenance of E. phagocytophila infection in I. ricinus populations. However, the mechanism on how granulocytic Ehrlichia evades the immune response in lambs and other persistently infected animals is unknown.

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