Abstract
When giant axons of squid, Sepioteuthis, were bathed in a 100 mM Ca- salt solution containing tetrodotoxin (TTX) and internally perfused with a solution of 100 mM tetraethylammonium-salt (TEA-salt) or tetramethylammonium-salt (TMA-salt), the membrane potential was found to become sensitive to anions, especially Cl-. Membrane currents recorded from those axons showed practically no time-dependent properties, but they had a strong voltage-dependent characteristic, i.e., outward rectification. Cl- had a strong effect upon the voltage- dependent membrane currents. The nonlinear property of the currents was almost completely suppressed by some disulfonic stilbene derivatives applied intracellularly, such as 4-acetoamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene- 2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) and as 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'- disulfonic acid (DIDS), which are blockers of chloride transport. On the basis of these experimental results, it is concluded that a voltage- dependent chloride-permeable channel exists in the squid axon membrane. The chloride permeability (PCl) is a function of voltage, and its value at the resting membrane (Em = -60 mV) is calculated, using the Goldman- Hodgkin-Katz equation, to be 3.0 X 10(-7) cm/s.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (900.7 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- ADELMAN W. J., TAYLOR R. E. Leakage current rectification in the squid giant axon. Nature. 1961 Jun 3;190:883–885. doi: 10.1038/190883a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BAKER P. F., HODGKIN A. L., SHAW T. I. The effects of changes in internal ionic concentrations on the electrical properties of perfused giant axons. J Physiol. 1962 Nov;164:355–374. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp007026. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BRINLEY F. J., Jr, MULLINS L. J. ION FLUXES AND TRANSFERENCE NUMBER IN SQUID AXONS. J Neurophysiol. 1965 May;28:526–544. doi: 10.1152/jn.1965.28.3.526. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barish M. E. A transient calcium-dependent chloride current in the immature Xenopus oocyte. J Physiol. 1983 Sep;342:309–325. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014852. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blatz A. L., Magleby K. L. Single voltage-dependent chloride-selective channels of large conductance in cultured rat muscle. Biophys J. 1983 Aug;43(2):237–241. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(83)84344-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CALDWELL P. C., KEYNES R. D. The permeability of the squid giant axon to radioactive potassium and chloride ions. J Physiol. 1960 Nov;154:177–189. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1960.sp006572. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cabantchik Z. I., Rothstein A. The nature of the membrane sites controlling anion permeability of human red blood cells as determined by studies with disulfonic stilbene derivatives. J Membr Biol. 1972 Dec 29;10(3):311–330. doi: 10.1007/BF01867863. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clarke S. The size and detergent binding of membrane proteins. J Biol Chem. 1975 Jul 25;250(14):5459–5469. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Conti F., Inoue I., Kukita F., Stühmer W. Pressure dependence of sodium gating currents in the squid giant axon. Eur Biophys J. 1984;11(2):137–147. doi: 10.1007/BF00276629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fairbanks G., Steck T. L., Wallach D. F. Electrophoretic analysis of the major polypeptides of the human erythrocyte membrane. Biochemistry. 1971 Jun 22;10(13):2606–2617. doi: 10.1021/bi00789a030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HILL D. K. The volume change resulting from stimulation of a giant nerve fibre. J Physiol. 1950 Oct 16;111(3-4):304–327. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1950.sp004481. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HODGKIN A. L., HOROWICZ P. The influence of potassium and chloride ions on the membrane potential of single muscle fibres. J Physiol. 1959 Oct;148:127–160. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006278. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HODGKIN A. L., HUXLEY A. F., KATZ B. Measurement of current-voltage relations in the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo. J Physiol. 1952 Apr;116(4):424–448. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004716. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hagiwara S., Takahashi K. Mechanism of anion permeation through the muscle fibre membrane of an elasmobranch fish, Taeniura lymma. J Physiol. 1974 Apr;238(1):109–127. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010513. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ho M. K., Guidotti G. A membrane protein from human erythrocytes involved in anion exchange. J Biol Chem. 1975 Jan 25;250(2):675–683. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hutter O. F., Warner A. E. The voltage dependence of the chloride conductance of frog muscle. J Physiol. 1972 Dec;227(1):275–290. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp010032. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inoue I. Activation-inactivation of potassium channels and development of the potassium-channel spike in internally perfused squid giant axons. J Gen Physiol. 1981 Jul;78(1):43–61. doi: 10.1085/jgp.78.1.43. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inoue I., Pant H. C., Tasaki I., Gainer H. Release of proteins from the inner surface of squid axon membrane labeled with tritiated N-ethylmaleimide. J Gen Physiol. 1976 Oct;68(4):385–395. doi: 10.1085/jgp.68.4.385. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inoue I. Separation of the action potential into a Na-channel spike and a K-channel spike by tetrodotoxin and by tetraethylammonium ion in squid giant axons internally perfused with dilute Na-salt solutions. J Gen Physiol. 1980 Sep;76(3):337–354. doi: 10.1085/jgp.76.3.337. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kasai M., Kometani T. Inhibition of anion permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by 4-acetoamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979 Oct 19;557(1):243–247. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90106-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kasai M., Taguchi T. Inhibition of anion permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by stilbene derivatives and the identification of an inhibitor-binding protein. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Apr 22;643(1):213–219. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(81)90234-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Knauf P. A., Rothstein A. Chemical modification of membranes. I. Effects of sulfhydryl and amino reactive reagents on anion and cation permeability of the human red blood cell. J Gen Physiol. 1971 Aug;58(2):190–210. doi: 10.1085/jgp.58.2.190. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Palade P. T., Barchi R. L. Characteristics of the chloride conductance in muscle fibers of the rat diaphragm. J Gen Physiol. 1977 Mar;69(3):325–342. doi: 10.1085/jgp.69.3.325. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rothstein A., Cabantchik Z. I., Knauf P. Mechanism of anion transport in red blood cells: role of membrane proteins. Fed Proc. 1976 Jan;35(1):3–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Russell J. M. Cation-coupled chloride influx in squid axon. Role of potassium and stoichiometry of the transport process. J Gen Physiol. 1983 Jun;81(6):909–925. doi: 10.1085/jgp.81.6.909. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Russell J. M. Chloride and sodium influx: a coupled uptake mechanism in the squid giant axon. J Gen Physiol. 1979 Jun;73(6):801–818. doi: 10.1085/jgp.73.6.801. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tasaki I., Singer I., Takenaka T. Effects of internal and external ionic environment on excitability of squid giant axon. A macromolecular approach. J Gen Physiol. 1965 Jul;48(6):1095–1123. doi: 10.1085/jgp.48.6.1095. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- White M. M., Miller C. Probes of the conduction process of a voltage-gated Cl- channel from Torpedo electroplax. J Gen Physiol. 1981 Jul;78(1):1–18. doi: 10.1085/jgp.78.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]