Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Canadian Family Physician logoLink to Canadian Family Physician
. 1988 Aug;34:1773–1780.

Oral Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Joel B Epstein, Richard G Mathias
PMCID: PMC2218927  PMID: 21253078

Abstract

The AIDS epidemic continues. All health-care workers, including physicians and dental personnel, may be instrumental in recognizing risk factors associated with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Oral signs and symptoms of HIV infection may be the first presentation of the disease or may develop during the course of the disease and require management. Knowledge of the signs, symptoms and associated infections and tumours is needed to assist in recognition, diagnosis, and treatment.

Keywords: AIDS, HIV infection, oral signs/symptoms/associated infections/tumours of AIDS/HIV infection

Full text

PDF
1773

Images in this article

1774Figure 1
on p.1774
1774Figure 2
on p.1774
1775Figure 3
on p.1775
1775Figure 4
on p.1775
1776Figure 5
on p.1776
1776Figure 6
on p.1776
1776Figure 7
on p.1776
1776Figure 8
on p.1776
1777Figure 9
on p.1777
1777Figure 10
on p.1777
1777Figure 11
on p.1777
1777Figure 12
on p.1777
1778Figure 13
on p.1778

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ammann A. J. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in infants and children. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Nov;103(5):734–737. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-5-734. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson R. E., Levy J. A. Prevalence of antibodies to AIDS-associated retrovirus in single men in San Francisco. Lancet. 1985 Jan 26;1(8422):217–217. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92047-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bowen D. L., Lane H. C., Fauci A. S. Immunopathogenesis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Nov;103(5):704–709. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-5-704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Boyko W. J., Schechter M. T., Jeffries E., Douglas B., Maynard M., O'Shaughnessy M. The Vancouver Lymphadenopathy-AIDS Study: 3. Relation of HTLV-III seropositivity, immune status and lymphadenopathy. Can Med Assoc J. 1985 Jul 1;133(1):28–32. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Oral viral lesion (hairy leukoplakia) associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1985 Sep 13;34(36):549–550. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus during invasive procedures. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1986 Apr 11;35(14):221–223. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in the workplace. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1985 Nov 15;34(45):681-6, 691-5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Recommended infection-control practices for dentistry. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1986 Apr 18;35(15):237–242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Update: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)--United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1984 Nov 30;33(47):661–664. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Chandrasekar P. H., Molinari J. A. Oral candidiasis: forerunner of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985 Nov;60(5):532–534. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(85)90243-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cohen J. I., Corey G. R. Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host. Medicine (Baltimore) 1985 Mar;64(2):100–114. doi: 10.1097/00005792-198503000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Drew W. L., Mintz L., Miner R. C., Sands M., Ketterer B. Prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in homosexual men. J Infect Dis. 1981 Feb;143(2):188–192. doi: 10.1093/infdis/143.2.188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Epstein J. B., Mathias R. G. Infection control in dental practice. Demands of the 1980's. J Can Dent Assoc. 1986 Aug;52(8):695–699. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Epstein J. B., Truelove E. L., Izutzu K. T. Oral candidiasis: pathogenesis and host defense. Rev Infect Dis. 1984 Jan-Feb;6(1):96–106. doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.1.96. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Essex M., Allan J., Kanki P., McLane M. F., Malone G., Kitchen L., Lee T. H. Antigens of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Nov;103(5):700–703. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-5-700. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Eversole L. R., Jacobsen P., Stone C. E., Freckleton V. Oral condyloma planus (hairy leukoplakia) among homosexual men: a clinicopathologic study of thirty-six cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986 Mar;61(3):249–255. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(86)90370-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Fardal O., Turnbull R. S. A review of the literature on use of chlorhexidine in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 1986 Jun;112(6):863–869. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1986.0118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Greenspan D., Greenspan J. S., Conant M., Petersen V., Silverman S., Jr, de Souza Y. Oral "hairy" leucoplakia in male homosexuals: evidence of association with both papillomavirus and a herpes-group virus. Lancet. 1984 Oct 13;2(8407):831–834. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90872-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Greenspan D., Greenspan J. S., Hearst N. G., Pan L. Z., Conant M. A., Abrams D. I., Hollander H., Levy J. A. Relation of oral hairy leukoplakia to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus and the risk of developing AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1987 Mar;155(3):475–481. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.3.475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Greenspan J. S., Gadol N., Olson J. A., Hoover C. I., Jacobsen P. L., Shillitoe E. J., Armitage G. C. Lymphocyte function in recurrent aphthous ulceration. J Oral Pathol. 1985 Sep;14(8):592–602. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1985.tb00536.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Greenspan J. S., Greenspan D., Lennette E. T., Abrams D. I., Conant M. A., Petersen V., Freese U. K. Replication of Epstein-Barr virus within the epithelial cells of oral "hairy" leukoplakia, an AIDS-associated lesion. N Engl J Med. 1985 Dec 19;313(25):1564–1571. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198512193132502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hann I. M., Prentice H. G., Corringham R., Blacklock H. A., Keaney M., Shannon M., Noone P., Gascoigne E., Fox J., Boesen E. Ketoconazole versus nystatin plus amphotericin B for fungal prophylaxis in severely immunocompromised patients. Lancet. 1982 Apr 10;1(8276):826–829. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91874-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Kiprov D. D., Anderson R. E., Morand P. R., Simpson D. M., Chermann J. C., Levy J. A., Ross A. R. Antilymphocyte antibodies and seropositivity for retroviruses in groups at high risk for AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jun 6;312(23):1517–1517. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198506063122312. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Marcusen D. C., Sooy C. D. Otolaryngologic and head and neck manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Laryngoscope. 1985 Apr;95(4):401–405. doi: 10.1288/00005537-198504000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Murray H. W., Hillman J. K., Rubin B. Y., Kelly C. D., Jacobs J. L., Tyler L. W., Donelly D. M., Carriero S. M., Godbold J. H., Roberts R. B. Patients at risk for AIDS-related opportunistic infections. Clinical manifestations and impaired gamma interferon production. N Engl J Med. 1985 Dec 12;313(24):1504–1510. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198512123132403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Phelan J. A., Saltzman B. R., Friedland G. H., Klein R. S. Oral findings in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987 Jul;64(1):50–56. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(87)90116-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Schöfer H., Ochsendorf F. R., Helm E. B., Milbradt R. Treatment of oral 'hairy' leukoplakia in AIDS patients with vitamin A acid (topically) or acyclovir (systemically) Dermatologica. 1987;174(3):150–151. doi: 10.1159/000249008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Scully C., Prime S., Maitland N. Papillomaviruses: their possible role in oral disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985 Aug;60(2):166–174. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(85)90286-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Silverman S., Jr Infectious and sexually transmitted diseases: implications for dental public health. J Public Health Dent. 1986 Winter;46(1):7–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.1986.tb03086.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Silverman S., Jr, Migliorati C. A., Lozada-Nur F., Greenspan D., Conant M. A. Oral findings in people with or at high risk for AIDS: a study of 375 homosexual males. J Am Dent Assoc. 1986 Feb;112(2):187–192. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1986.0321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Volpe F., Schwimmer A., Barr C. Oral manifestation of disseminated Mycobacterium avium intracellulare in a patient with AIDS. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985 Dec;60(6):567–570. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(85)90352-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Winkler J. R., Murray P. A. Periodontal disease. A potential intraoral expression of AIDS may be rapidly progressive periodontitis. CDA J. 1987 Jan;15(1):20–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Wong-Staal F., Gallo R. C. Human T-lymphotropic retroviruses. Nature. 1985 Oct 3;317(6036):395–403. doi: 10.1038/317395a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Canadian Family Physician are provided here courtesy of College of Family Physicians of Canada

RESOURCES