Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular Medicine logoLink to Molecular Medicine
. 1999 Sep;5(9):569–582.

Inhibition of complement as a therapeutic approach in inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disease.

S R Barnum 1
PMCID: PMC2230464  PMID: 10551898

Full text

PDF
569

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abbott N. J., Romero I. A. Transporting therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Med Today. 1996 Mar;2(3):106–113. doi: 10.1016/1357-4310(96)88720-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Armstrong R. C., Harvath L., Dubois-Dalcq M. E. Type 1 astrocytes and oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte glial progenitors migrate toward distinct molecules. J Neurosci Res. 1990 Nov;27(3):400–407. doi: 10.1002/jnr.490270319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Barkats M., Bilang-Bleuel A., Buc-Caron M. H., Castel-Barthe M. N., Corti O., Finiels F., Horellou P., Revah F., Sabate O., Mallet J. Adenovirus in the brain: recent advances of gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Neurobiol. 1998 Jul;55(4):333–341. doi: 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00028-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barker M. D., Monk P. N. Structure-function relationships of leucocyte chemoattractant receptors. Biochem Soc Trans. 1997 Aug;25(3):1027–1031. doi: 10.1042/bst0251027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barnum S. R., Jones J. L., Müller-Ladner U., Samimi A., Campbell I. L. Chronic complement C3 gene expression in the CNS of transgenic mice with astrocyte-targeted interleukin-6 expression. Glia. 1996 Oct;18(2):107–117. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199610)18:2<107::AID-GLIA3>3.0.CO;2-Y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bradt B. M., Kolb W. P., Cooper N. R. Complement-dependent proinflammatory properties of the Alzheimer's disease beta-peptide. J Exp Med. 1998 Aug 3;188(3):431–438. doi: 10.1084/jem.188.3.431. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Broadwell R. D., Sofroniew M. V. Serum proteins bypass the blood-brain fluid barriers for extracellular entry to the central nervous system. Exp Neurol. 1993 Apr;120(2):245–263. doi: 10.1006/exnr.1993.1059. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brüggemann M., Taussig M. J. Production of human antibody repertoires in transgenic mice. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1997 Aug;8(4):455–458. doi: 10.1016/s0958-1669(97)80068-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bühler L., Friedman T., Iacomini J., Cooper D. K. Xenotransplantation--state of the art--update 1999. Front Biosci. 1999 Apr 15;4:D416–D432. doi: 10.2741/A438. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Campbell I. L., Stalder A. K., Akwa Y., Pagenstecher A., Asensio V. C. Transgenic models to study the actions of cytokines in the central nervous system. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1998 May-Aug;5(3-4):126–135. doi: 10.1159/000026329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Christiansen D., Milland J., Thorley B. R., McKenzie I. F., Loveland B. E. A functional analysis of recombinant soluble CD46 in vivo and a comparison with recombinant soluble forms of CD55 and CD35 in vitro. Eur J Immunol. 1996 Mar;26(3):578–585. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830260312. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cole L. B., Kilpatrick J. M., Chu N., Babu Y. S. Structure of 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin-inhibited factor D. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1998 Sep 1;54(Pt 5):711–717. doi: 10.1107/s0907444997010457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Crass T., Ames R. S., Sarau H. M., Tornetta M. A., Foley J. J., Köhl J., Klos A., Bautsch W. Chimeric receptors of the human C3a receptor and C5a receptor (CD88). J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 26;274(13):8367–8370. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8367. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Czermak B. J., Lentsch A. B., Bless N. M., Schmal H., Friedl H. P., Ward P. A. Synergistic enhancement of chemokine generation and lung injury by C5a or the membrane attack complex of complement. Am J Pathol. 1999 May;154(5):1513–1524. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65405-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Czermak B. J., Sarma V., Bless N. M., Schmal H., Friedl H. P., Ward P. A. In vitro and in vivo dependency of chemokine generation on C5a and TNF-alpha. J Immunol. 1999 Feb 15;162(4):2321–2325. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Davoust N., Jones J., Stahel P. F., Ames R. S., Barnum S. R. Receptor for the C3a anaphylatoxin is expressed by neurons and glial cells. Glia. 1999 May;26(3):201–211. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199905)26:3<201::aid-glia2>3.0.co;2-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Discipio R. G., Jenner L., Thirup S., Sottrup-Jensen L., Nyborg J., Stura E. Crystallization of human complement component C5. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1998 Jul 1;54(Pt 4):643–646. doi: 10.1107/s0907444997015011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Drapeau G., Brochu S., Godin D., Levesque L., Rioux F., Marceau F. Synthetic C5a receptor agonists. Pharmacology, metabolism and in vivo cardiovascular and hematologic effects. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Mar 24;45(6):1289–1299. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90282-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Ernst R. L., Hay J. W. The US economic and social costs of Alzheimer's disease revisited. Am J Public Health. 1994 Aug;84(8):1261–1264. doi: 10.2105/ajph.84.8.1261. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Evans M. J., Rollins S. A., Wolff D. W., Rother R. P., Norin A. J., Therrien D. M., Grijalva G. A., Mueller J. P., Nye S. H., Squinto S. P. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of complement activity by a single-chain Fv fragment recognizing human C5. Mol Immunol. 1995 Nov;32(16):1183–1195. doi: 10.1016/0161-5890(95)00099-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fiane A. E., Mollnes T. E., Videm V., Hovig T., Høgåsen K., Mellbye O. J., Spruce L., Moore W. T., Sahu A., Lambris J. D. Prolongation of ex vivo-perfused pig xenograft survival by the complement inhibitor Compstatin. Transplant Proc. 1999 Feb-Mar;31(1-2):934–935. doi: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01844-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Flax J. D., Aurora S., Yang C., Simonin C., Wills A. M., Billinghurst L. L., Jendoubi M., Sidman R. L., Wolfe J. H., Kim S. U. Engraftable human neural stem cells respond to developmental cues, replace neurons, and express foreign genes. Nat Biotechnol. 1998 Nov;16(11):1033–1039. doi: 10.1038/3473. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Fodor W. L., Rollins S. A., Guilmette E. R., Setter E., Squinto S. P. A novel bifunctional chimeric complement inhibitor that regulates C3 convertase and formation of the membrane attack complex. J Immunol. 1995 Nov 1;155(9):4135–4138. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Foreman K. E., Vaporciyan A. A., Bonish B. K., Jones M. L., Johnson K. J., Glovsky M. M., Eddy S. M., Ward P. A. C5a-induced expression of P-selectin in endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 1994 Sep;94(3):1147–1155. doi: 10.1172/JCI117430. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gasque P., Singhrao S. K., Neal J. W., Götze O., Morgan B. P. Expression of the receptor for complement C5a (CD88) is up-regulated on reactive astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells in the inflamed human central nervous system. Am J Pathol. 1997 Jan;150(1):31–41. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gasque P., Singhrao S. K., Neal J. W., Wang P., Sayah S., Fontaine M., Morgan B. P. The receptor for complement anaphylatoxin C3a is expressed by myeloid cells and nonmyeloid cells in inflamed human central nervous system: analysis in multiple sclerosis and bacterial meningitis. J Immunol. 1998 Apr 1;160(7):3543–3554. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Glabinski A. R., Ransohoff R. M. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in CNS pathology. J Neurovirol. 1999 Feb;5(1):3–12. doi: 10.3109/13550289909029740. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hays S. J., Caprathe B. W., Gilmore J. L., Amin N., Emmerling M. R., Michael W., Nadimpalli R., Nath R., Raser K. J., Stafford D. 2-amino-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones as inhibitors of C1r serine protease. J Med Chem. 1998 Mar 26;41(7):1060–1067. doi: 10.1021/jm970394d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hays S. J. Therapeutic approaches to the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases. Curr Pharm Des. 1998 Aug;4(4):335–348. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Heller T., Hennecke M., Baumann U., Gessner J. E., zu Vilsendorf A. M., Baensch M., Boulay F., Kola A., Klos A., Bautsch W. Selection of a C5a receptor antagonist from phage libraries attenuating the inflammatory response in immune complex disease and ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Immunol. 1999 Jul 15;163(2):985–994. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Higgins P. J., Ko J. L., Lobell R., Sardonini C., Alessi M. K., Yeh C. G. A soluble chimeric complement inhibitory protein that possesses both decay-accelerating and factor I cofactor activities. J Immunol. 1997 Mar 15;158(6):2872–2881. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Huwyler J., Wu D., Pardridge W. M. Brain drug delivery of small molecules using immunoliposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 26;93(24):14164–14169. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.24.14164. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Jiang H., Burdick D., Glabe C. G., Cotman C. W., Tenner A. J. beta-Amyloid activates complement by binding to a specific region of the collagen-like domain of the C1q A chain. J Immunol. 1994 May 15;152(10):5050–5059. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Jing H., Macon K. J., Moore D., DeLucas L. J., Volanakis J. E., Narayana S. V. Structural basis of profactor D activation: from a highly flexible zymogen to a novel self-inhibited serine protease, complement factor D. EMBO J. 1999 Feb 15;18(4):804–814. doi: 10.1093/emboj/18.4.804. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Jung S., Toyka K. V., Hartung H. P. Soluble complement receptor type 1 inhibits experimental autoimmune neuritis in Lewis rats. Neurosci Lett. 1995 Nov 24;200(3):167–170. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)12115-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kalli K. R., Hsu P. H., Bartow T. J., Ahearn J. M., Matsumoto A. K., Klickstein L. B., Fearon D. T. Mapping of the C3b-binding site of CR1 and construction of a (CR1)2-F(ab')2 chimeric complement inhibitor. J Exp Med. 1991 Dec 1;174(6):1451–1460. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.6.1451. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kaneko Y., Okada N., Baranyi L., Azuma T., Okada H. Antagonistic peptides against human anaphylatoxin C5a. Immunology. 1995 Sep;86(1):149–154. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Kilgore K. S., Ward P. A., Warren J. S. Neutrophil adhesion to human endothelial cells is induced by the membrane attack complex: the roles of P-selectin and platelet activating factor. Inflammation. 1998 Dec;22(6):583–598. doi: 10.1023/a:1022362413939. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kim Y. U., Kinoshita T., Molina H., Hourcade D., Seya T., Wagner L. M., Holers V. M. Mouse complement regulatory protein Crry/p65 uses the specific mechanisms of both human decay-accelerating factor and membrane cofactor protein. J Exp Med. 1995 Jan 1;181(1):151–159. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.1.151. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kirk A. D., Burkly L. C., Batty D. S., Baumgartner R. E., Berning J. D., Buchanan K., Fechner J. H., Jr, Germond R. L., Kampen R. L., Patterson N. B. Treatment with humanized monoclonal antibody against CD154 prevents acute renal allograft rejection in nonhuman primates. Nat Med. 1999 Jun;5(6):686–693. doi: 10.1038/9536. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Klickstein L. B., Wong W. W., Smith J. A., Weis J. H., Wilson J. G., Fearon D. T. Human C3b/C4b receptor (CR1). Demonstration of long homologous repeating domains that are composed of the short consensus repeats characteristics of C3/C4 binding proteins. J Exp Med. 1987 Apr 1;165(4):1095–1112. doi: 10.1084/jem.165.4.1095. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Konteatis Z. D., Siciliano S. J., Van Riper G., Molineaux C. J., Pandya S., Fischer P., Rosen H., Mumford R. A., Springer M. S. Development of C5a receptor antagonists. Differential loss of functional responses. J Immunol. 1994 Nov 1;153(9):4200–4205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Kossmann T., Stahel P. F., Morganti-Kossmann M. C., Jones J. L., Barnum S. R. Elevated levels of the complement components C3 and factor B in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of patients with traumatic brain injury. J Neuroimmunol. 1997 Mar;73(1-2):63–69. doi: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00164-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kretzschmar T., Pohl M., Casaretto M., Przewosny M., Bautsch W., Klos A., Saunders D., Köhl J. Synthetic peptides as antagonists of the anaphylatoxin C3a. Eur J Biochem. 1992 Nov 15;210(1):185–191. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17407.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Kroll R. A., Neuwelt E. A. Outwitting the blood-brain barrier for therapeutic purposes: osmotic opening and other means. Neurosurgery. 1998 May;42(5):1083–1100. doi: 10.1097/00006123-199805000-00082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Krych M., Hourcade D., Atkinson J. P. Sites within the complement C3b/C4b receptor important for the specificity of ligand binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 15;88(10):4353–4357. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.10.4353. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Lacroix M., Rossi V., Gaboriaud C., Chevallier S., Jaquinod M., Thielens N. M., Gagnon J., Arlaud G. J. Structure and assembly of the catalytic region of human complement protease C1r: a three-dimensional model based on chemical cross-linking and homology modeling. Biochemistry. 1997 May 27;36(21):6270–6282. doi: 10.1021/bi962719i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Laske D. W., Morrison P. F., Lieberman D. M., Corthesy M. E., Reynolds J. C., Stewart-Henney P. A., Koong S. S., Cummins A., Paik C. H., Oldfield E. H. Chronic interstitial infusion of protein to primate brain: determination of drug distribution and clearance with single-photon emission computerized tomography imaging. J Neurosurg. 1997 Oct;87(4):586–594. doi: 10.3171/jns.1997.87.4.0586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Lea S., Powell R., Evans D. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a biologically active fragment of CD55. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1999 Jun;55(Pt 6):1198–1200. doi: 10.1107/s0907444999001638. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Liszewski M. K., Atkinson J. P. Novel complement inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1998 Mar;7(3):323–331. doi: 10.1517/13543784.7.3.323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Lonser R. R., Gogate N., Morrison P. F., Wood J. D., Oldfield E. H. Direct convective delivery of macromolecules to the spinal cord. J Neurosurg. 1998 Oct;89(4):616–622. doi: 10.3171/jns.1998.89.4.0616. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Low P. J., Ai R., Ogata R. T. Active sites in complement components C5 and C3 identified by proximity to indels in the C3/4/5 protein family. J Immunol. 1999 Jun 1;162(11):6580–6588. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Martiney J. A., Cuff C., Litwak M., Berman J., Brosnan C. F. Cytokine-induced inflammation in the central nervous system revisited. Neurochem Res. 1998 Mar;23(3):349–359. doi: 10.1023/a:1022457500700. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Matis L. A., Rollins S. A. Complement-specific antibodies: designing novel anti-inflammatories. Nat Med. 1995 Aug;1(8):839–842. doi: 10.1038/nm0895-839. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Matsushita M. The lectin pathway of the complement system. Microbiol Immunol. 1996;40(12):887–893. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01156.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. McCoy R., Haviland D. L., Molmenti E. P., Ziambaras T., Wetsel R. A., Perlmutter D. H. N-formylpeptide and complement C5a receptors are expressed in liver cells and mediate hepatic acute phase gene regulation. J Exp Med. 1995 Jul 1;182(1):207–217. doi: 10.1084/jem.182.1.207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. McGeer P. L., McGeer E. G. Inflammation of the brain in Alzheimer's disease: implications for therapy. J Leukoc Biol. 1999 Apr;65(4):409–415. doi: 10.1002/jlb.65.4.409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Meri S., Pangburn M. K. A mechanism of activation of the alternative complement pathway by the classical pathway: protection of C3b from inactivation by covalent attachment to C4b. Eur J Immunol. 1990 Dec;20(12):2555–2561. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830201205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Morgan B. P. Complement regulatory molecules: application to therapy and transplantation. Immunol Today. 1995 Jun;16(6):257–259. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80175-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Morgan B. P., Gasque P., Singhrao S., Piddlesden S. J. The role of complement in disorders of the nervous system. Immunopharmacology. 1997 Dec;38(1-2):43–50. doi: 10.1016/s0162-3109(97)00059-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Mulligan M. S., Schmid E., Till G. O., Hugli T. E., Friedl H. P., Roth R. A., Ward P. A. C5a-dependent up-regulation in vivo of lung vascular P-selectin. J Immunol. 1997 Feb 15;158(4):1857–1861. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Mulligan M. S., Warner R. L., Rittershaus C. W., Thomas L. J., Ryan U. S., Foreman K. E., Crouch L. D., Till G. O., Ward P. A. Endothelial targeting and enhanced antiinflammatory effects of complement inhibitors possessing sialyl Lewisx moieties. J Immunol. 1999 Apr 15;162(8):4952–4959. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Müller-Ladner U., Jones J. L., Wetsel R. A., Gay S., Raine C. S., Barnum S. R. Enhanced expression of chemotactic receptors in multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neurol Sci. 1996 Dec;144(1-2):135–141. doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(96)00217-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Narayana S. V., Carson M., el-Kabbani O., Kilpatrick J. M., Moore D., Chen X., Bugg C. E., Volanakis J. E., DeLucas L. J. Structure of human factor D. A complement system protein at 2.0 A resolution. J Mol Biol. 1994 Jan 14;235(2):695–708. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1994.1021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Nataf S., Davoust N., Ames R. S., Barnum S. R. Human T cells express the C5a receptor and are chemoattracted to C5a. J Immunol. 1999 Apr 1;162(7):4018–4023. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Nataf S., Davoust N., Barnum S. R. Kinetics of anaphylatoxin C5a receptor expression during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol. 1998 Nov 2;91(1-2):147–155. doi: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00169-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Nataf S., Stahel P. F., Davoust N., Barnum S. R. Complement anaphylatoxin receptors on neurons: new tricks for old receptors? Trends Neurosci. 1999 Sep;22(9):397–402. doi: 10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01390-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Nilsson B., Larsson R., Hong J., Elgue G., Ekdahl K. N., Sahu A., Lambris J. D. Compstatin inhibits complement and cellular activation in whole blood in two models of extracorporeal circulation. Blood. 1998 Sep 1;92(5):1661–1667. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Ottonello L., Corcione A., Tortolina G., Airoldi I., Albesiano E., Favre A., D'Agostino R., Malavasi F., Pistoia V., Dallegri F. rC5a directs the in vitro migration of human memory and naive tonsillar B lymphocytes: implications for B cell trafficking in secondary lymphoid tissues. J Immunol. 1999 Jun 1;162(11):6510–6517. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Paradisis P. M., Campbell I. L., Barnum S. R. Elevated complement C5a receptor expression on neurons and glia in astrocyte-targeted interleukin-3 transgenic mice. Glia. 1998 Nov;24(3):338–345. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199811)24:3<338::aid-glia8>3.0.co;2-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Pascual M., Duchosal M. A., Steiger G., Giostra E., Pechère A., Paccaud J. P., Danielsson C., Schifferli J. A. Circulating soluble CR1 (CD35). Serum levels in diseases and evidence for its release by human leukocytes. J Immunol. 1993 Aug 1;151(3):1702–1711. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Pascual M., French L. E. Complement in human diseases: looking towards the 21st century. Immunol Today. 1995 Feb;16(2):58–61. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80088-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Pasinetti G. M., Johnson S. A., Rozovsky I., Lampert-Etchells M., Morgan D. G., Gordon M. N., Morgan T. E., Willoughby D., Finch C. E. Complement C1qB and C4 mRNAs responses to lesioning in rat brain. Exp Neurol. 1992 Nov;118(2):117–125. doi: 10.1016/0014-4886(92)90028-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Pellas T. C., Boyar W., van Oostrum J., Wasvary J., Fryer L. R., Pastor G., Sills M., Braunwalder A., Yarwood D. R., Kramer R. Novel C5a receptor antagonists regulate neutrophil functions in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol. 1998 Jun 1;160(11):5616–5621. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Piddlesden S. J., Jiang S., Levin J. L., Vincent A., Morgan B. P. Soluble complement receptor 1 (sCR1) protects against experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol. 1996 Dec;71(1-2):173–177. doi: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00144-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Piddlesden S. J., Storch M. K., Hibbs M., Freeman A. M., Lassmann H., Morgan B. P. Soluble recombinant complement receptor 1 inhibits inflammation and demyelination in antibody-mediated demyelinating experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Immunol. 1994 Jun 1;152(11):5477–5484. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Plummer J. S., Cai C., Hays S. J., Gilmore J. L., Emmerling M. R., Michael W., Narasimhan L. S., Watson M. D., Wang K., Nath R. Benzenesulfonamide derivatives of 2-substituted 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones and benzthiazin-4-ones as inhibitors of complement C1r protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1999 Mar 22;9(6):815–820. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00095-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Pohl M., Ambrosius D., Grötzinger J., Kretzschmar T., Saunders D., Wollmer A., Brandenburg D., Bitter-Suermann D., Höcker H. Cyclic disulfide analogues of the complement component C3a. Synthesis and conformational investigations. Int J Pept Protein Res. 1993 Apr;41(4):362–375. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1993.tb00452.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Prokai-Tatrai K., Prokai L., Bodor N. Brain-targeted delivery of a leucine-enkephalin analogue by retrometabolic design. J Med Chem. 1996 Nov 22;39(24):4775–4782. doi: 10.1021/jm960356e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Quigg R. J., He C., Lim A., Berthiaume D., Alexander J. J., Kraus D., Holers V. M. Transgenic mice overexpressing the complement inhibitor crry as a soluble protein are protected from antibody-induced glomerular injury. J Exp Med. 1998 Oct 5;188(7):1321–1331. doi: 10.1084/jem.188.7.1321. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Rittershaus C. W., Thomas L. J., Miller D. P., Picard M. D., Geoghegan-Barek K. M., Scesney S. M., Henry L. D., Sen A. C., Bertino A. M., Hannig G. Recombinant glycoproteins that inhibit complement activation and also bind the selectin adhesion molecules. J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 16;274(16):11237–11244. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.16.11237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Rogers J., Cooper N. R., Webster S., Schultz J., McGeer P. L., Styren S. D., Civin W. H., Brachova L., Bradt B., Ward P. Complement activation by beta-amyloid in Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 1;89(21):10016–10020. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.21.10016. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Rollins S. A., Matis L. A., Springhorn J. P., Setter E., Wolff D. W. Monoclonal antibodies directed against human C5 and C8 block complement-mediated damage of xenogeneic cells and organs. Transplantation. 1995 Dec 15;60(11):1284–1292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Rooney I. A., Heuser J. E., Atkinson J. P. GPI-anchored complement regulatory proteins in seminal plasma. An analysis of their physical condition and the mechanisms of their binding to exogenous cells. J Clin Invest. 1996 Apr 1;97(7):1675–1686. doi: 10.1172/JCI118594. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Rossi V., Gaboriaud C., Lacroix M., Ulrich J., Fontecilla-Camps J. C., Gagnon J., Arlaud G. J. Structure of the catalytic region of human complement protease C1s: study by chemical cross-linking and three-dimensional homology modeling. Biochemistry. 1995 Jun 6;34(22):7311–7321. doi: 10.1021/bi00022a004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Sahu A., Kay B. K., Lambris J. D. Inhibition of human complement by a C3-binding peptide isolated from a phage-displayed random peptide library. J Immunol. 1996 Jul 15;157(2):884–891. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Scesney S. M., Makrides S. C., Gosselin M. L., Ford P. J., Andrews B. M., Hayman E. G., Marsh H. C., Jr A soluble deletion mutant of the human complement receptor type 1, which lacks the C4b binding site, is a selective inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway. Eur J Immunol. 1996 Aug;26(8):1729–1735. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830260810. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Scolding N. J., Morgan B. P., Compston D. A. The expression of complement regulatory proteins by adult human oligodendrocytes. J Neuroimmunol. 1998 Apr 1;84(1):69–75. doi: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00241-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Shoulson I. Experimental therapeutics of neurodegenerative disorders: unmet needs. Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1072–1074. doi: 10.1126/science.282.5391.1072. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Stahel P. F., Barnum S. R. Bacterial meningitis: complement gene expression in the central nervous system. Immunopharmacology. 1997 Dec;38(1-2):65–72. doi: 10.1016/s0162-3109(97)80150-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Stahel P. F., Frei K., Eugster H. P., Fontana A., Hummel K. M., Wetsel R. A., Ames R. S., Barnum S. R. TNF-alpha-mediated expression of the receptor for anaphylatoxin C5a on neurons in experimental Listeria meningoencephalitis. J Immunol. 1997 Jul 15;159(2):861–869. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Stahel P. F., Frei K., Fontana A., Eugster H. P., Ault B. H., Barnum S. R. Evidence for intrathecal synthesis of alternative pathway complement activation proteins in experimental meningitis. Am J Pathol. 1997 Oct;151(4):897–904. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Stahel P. F., Kossmann T., Morganti-Kossmann M. C., Hans V. H., Barnum S. R. Experimental diffuse axonal injury induces enhanced neuronal C5a receptor mRNA expression in rats. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1997 Oct 15;50(1-2):205–212. doi: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00189-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Stahel P. F., Morganti-Kossmann M. C., Kossmann T. The role of the complement system in traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1998 Aug;27(3):243–256. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00015-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Stahel P. F., Nadal D., Pfister H. W., Paradisis P. M., Barnum S. R. Complement C3 and factor B cerebrospinal fluid concentrations in bacterial and aseptic meningitis. Lancet. 1997 Jun 28;349(9069):1886–1887. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63877-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Storch M. K., Piddlesden S., Haltia M., Iivanainen M., Morgan P., Lassmann H. Multiple sclerosis: in situ evidence for antibody- and complement-mediated demyelination. Ann Neurol. 1998 Apr;43(4):465–471. doi: 10.1002/ana.410430409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Swift A. J., Collins T. S., Bugelski P., Winkelstein J. A. Soluble human complement receptor type 1 inhibits complement-mediated host defense. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1994 Sep;1(5):585–589. doi: 10.1128/cdli.1.5.585-589.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Taylor F. R., Bixler S. A., Budman J. I., Wen D., Karpusas M., Ryan S. T., Jaworski G. J., Safari-Fard A., Pollard S., Whitty A. Induced fit activation mechanism of the exceptionally specific serine protease, complement factor D. Biochemistry. 1999 Mar 2;38(9):2849–2859. doi: 10.1021/bi982140f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Thomas T. C., Rollins S. A., Rother R. P., Giannoni M. A., Hartman S. L., Elliott E. A., Nye S. H., Matis L. A., Squinto S. P., Evans M. J. Inhibition of complement activity by humanized anti-C5 antibody and single-chain Fv. Mol Immunol. 1996 Dec;33(17-18):1389–1401. doi: 10.1016/s0161-5890(96)00078-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Vakeva A. P., Agah A., Rollins S. A., Matis L. A., Li L., Stahl G. L. Myocardial infarction and apoptosis after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion: role of the terminal complement components and inhibition by anti-C5 therapy. Circulation. 1998 Jun 9;97(22):2259–2267. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.22.2259. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Velazquez P., Cribbs D. H., Poulos T. L., Tenner A. J. Aspartate residue 7 in amyloid beta-protein is critical for classical complement pathway activation: implications for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Nat Med. 1997 Jan;3(1):77–79. doi: 10.1038/nm0197-77. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Wang Y., Hu Q., Madri J. A., Rollins S. A., Chodera A., Matis L. A. Amelioration of lupus-like autoimmune disease in NZB/WF1 mice after treatment with a blocking monoclonal antibody specific for complement component C5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 6;93(16):8563–8568. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8563. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Wang Y., Rollins S. A., Madri J. A., Matis L. A. Anti-C5 monoclonal antibody therapy prevents collagen-induced arthritis and ameliorates established disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Sep 12;92(19):8955–8959. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.19.8955. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Webster S., Lue L. F., Brachova L., Tenner A. J., McGeer P. L., Terai K., Walker D. G., Bradt B., Cooper N. R., Rogers J. Molecular and cellular characterization of the membrane attack complex, C5b-9, in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 1997 Jul-Aug;18(4):415–421. doi: 10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00042-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Weisman H. F., Bartow T., Leppo M. K., Marsh H. C., Jr, Carson G. R., Concino M. F., Boyle M. P., Roux K. H., Weisfeldt M. L., Fearon D. T. Soluble human complement receptor type 1: in vivo inhibitor of complement suppressing post-ischemic myocardial inflammation and necrosis. Science. 1990 Jul 13;249(4965):146–151. doi: 10.1126/science.2371562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Wetsel R. A. Structure, function and cellular expression of complement anaphylatoxin receptors. Curr Opin Immunol. 1995 Feb;7(1):48–53. doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(95)80028-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Würzner R., Schulze M., Happe L., Franzke A., Bieber F. A., Oppermann M., Götze O. Inhibition of terminal complement complex formation and cell lysis by monoclonal antibodies. Complement Inflamm. 1991;8(5-6):328–340. doi: 10.1159/000463204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Yandava B. D., Billinghurst L. L., Snyder E. Y. "Global" cell replacement is feasible via neural stem cell transplantation: evidence from the dysmyelinated shiverer mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jun 8;96(12):7029–7034. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.12.7029. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Yao J., Harvath L., Gilbert D. L., Colton C. A. Chemotaxis by a CNS macrophage, the microglia. J Neurosci Res. 1990 Sep;27(1):36–42. doi: 10.1002/jnr.490270106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Yasojima K., Schwab C., McGeer E. G., McGeer P. L. Up-regulated production and activation of the complement system in Alzheimer's disease brain. Am J Pathol. 1999 Mar;154(3):927–936. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65340-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular Medicine are provided here courtesy of The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore LIJ

RESOURCES