Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1969 Aug;63(4):1189–1195. doi: 10.1073/pnas.63.4.1189

DEMONSTRATION OF THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE GENETIC CODE in vivo BY COMPARISON OF THE COAT PROTEINS SYNTHESIZED IN DIFFERENT PLANTS BY TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS RNA*

Yoshimi Okada 1, Yuzo Nozu 1, Takeshi Ohno 1
PMCID: PMC223448  PMID: 5260918

Abstract

The amino acid sequence of the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) synthesized in the garden zinnia (Compositae family) is compared with that synthesized in tobacco (Solanaceae family) by using the same preparation of TMV-RNA as messenger. The Compositae family is the most advanced group, and the Solanaceae family is a relatively advanced group in the plant kingdom. Both amino acid sequences are identical, including acetylserine as the N-terminal amino acid. This gives direct evidence that the RNA codon in vivo in the plant kingdom is universal between Compositae and Solanaceae families.

Full text

PDF
1189

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Arnstein H. R., Rahamimoff H. Haemoglobin initiation in protein synthesis by animal cells and the universality of the genetic code. Nature. 1968 Aug 31;219(5157):942–944. doi: 10.1038/219942a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Atherton J. G. Formation of tobacco mosaic virus in an animal cell culture. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1968;24(4):406–418. doi: 10.1007/BF01243080. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Basilio C., Bravo M., Allende J. E. Ribonucleic acid code words in wheat germ. J Biol Chem. 1966 Apr 25;241(8):1917–1919. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Berger H., Brammar W. J., Yanofsky C. Analysis of amino acid replacements resulting from frameshift and missense mutations in the tryptophan synthetase A gene of Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol. 1968 Jul 14;34(2):219–238. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(68)90248-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Brenner S., Stretton A. O., Kaplan S. Genetic code: the 'nonsense' triplets for chain termination and their suppression. Nature. 1965 Jun 5;206(988):994–998. doi: 10.1038/206994a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Capecchi M. R. Initiation of E. coli proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1966 Jun;55(6):1517–1524. doi: 10.1073/pnas.55.6.1517. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. DAVIES J., GILBERT W., GORINI L. STREPTOMYCIN, SUPPRESSION, AND THE CODE. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1964 May;51:883–890. doi: 10.1073/pnas.51.5.883. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. FRAENKEL-CONRAT H. Degradation of tobacco mosaic virus with acetic acid. Virology. 1957 Aug;4(1):1–4. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(57)90038-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. FRAENKEL-CONRAT H., SINGER B., TSUGITA A. Purification of viral RNA by means of bentonite. Virology. 1961 May;14:54–58. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(61)90131-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. FUNATSU G. SEPARATION OF TRYPTIC PEPTIDES OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS AND STRAIN PROTEINS BY AN IMPROVED METHOD OF COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY. Biochemistry. 1964 Sep;3:1351–1355. doi: 10.1021/bi00897a027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Groves W. E., Kempner E. S. Amino acid coding in Sarcina lutea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science. 1967 Apr 21;156(3773):387–390. doi: 10.1126/science.156.3773.387. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gupta N. K. Studies on polynucleotides. LXXXIX. A study of amino acid incorporation in a reticulocyte cell-free protein-synthesizing system with polyribonucleotides with repeating nucleotide sequences used as messengers. J Biol Chem. 1968 Oct 10;243(19):4959–4965. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kössel H., Morgan A. R., Khorana H. G. Studies on polynucleotides. 73. Synthesis in vitro of polypeptides containing repeating tetrapeptide sequences dependent upon DNA-like polymers containing repeating tetranucleotide sequences: direction of reading of messenger RNA. J Mol Biol. 1967 Jun 28;26(3):449–475. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90315-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. LEDER P., NIRENBERG M. RNA CODEWORDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. II. NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF A VALINE RNA CODEWORD. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1964 Aug;52:420–427. doi: 10.1073/pnas.52.2.420. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. LOWRY O. H., ROSEBROUGH N. J., FARR A. L., RANDALL R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):265–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. MARCKER K., SANGER F. N-FORMYL-METHIONYL-S-RNA. J Mol Biol. 1964 Jun;8:835–840. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(64)80164-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Marshall R. E., Caskey C. T., Nirenberg M. Fine structure of RNA codewords recognized by bacterial, amphibian, and mammalian transfer RNA. Science. 1967 Feb 17;155(3764):820–826. doi: 10.1126/science.155.3764.820. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. NARITA K. Isolation of acetylseryltyrosine from the chymotryptic digests of proteins of five strains of tobacco mosaic virus. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1958 Nov;30(2):352–359. doi: 10.1016/0006-3002(58)90060-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. NATHANS D., NOTANI G., SCHWARTZ J. H., ZINDER N. D. Biosynthesis of the coat protein of coliphage f2 by E. coli extracts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1962 Aug;48:1424–1431. doi: 10.1073/pnas.48.8.1424. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. NATHANS D., NOTANI G., SCHWARTZ J. H., ZINDER N. D. Biosynthesis of the coat protein of coliphage f2 by E. coli extracts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1962 Aug;48:1424–1431. doi: 10.1073/pnas.48.8.1424. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. NIRENBERG M., LEDER P. RNA CODEWORDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. THE EFFECT OF TRINUCLEOTIDES UPON THE BINDING OF SRNA TO RIBOSOMES. Science. 1964 Sep 25;145(3639):1399–1407. doi: 10.1126/science.145.3639.1399. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Narita K. Initiation of ovalbumin synthesis in hen's oviduct minces. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1968 Nov 8;33(3):430–435. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(68)90590-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Nathans D. Cell-free protein synthesis directed by coliphage MS2 RNA: synthesis of intact viral coat protein and other products. J Mol Biol. 1965 Sep;13(2):521–531. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80114-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Nirenberg M., Leder P., Bernfield M., Brimacombe R., Trupin J., Rottman F., O'Neal C. RNA codewords and protein synthesis, VII. On the general nature of the RNA code. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 May;53(5):1161–1168. doi: 10.1073/pnas.53.5.1161. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Nishimura S., Jones D. S., Khorana H. G. Studies on polynucleotides. 48. The in vitro synthesis of a co-polypeptide containing two amino acids in alternating sequence dependent upon a DNA-like polymer containing two nucleotides in alternating sequence. J Mol Biol. 1965 Aug;13(1):302–324. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80098-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Nozu Y., Okada Y. Amino acid sequence of a common Japanese strain of tobacco mosaic virus. J Mol Biol. 1968 Aug 14;35(3):643–646. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(68)80021-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. OCHOA M., Jr, WEINSTEIN I. B. AMINO ACID CODING IN A SUBCELLULAR SYSTEM DERIVED FROM THE L1210 MOUSE ASCITES LEUKEMIA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1964 Aug;52:470–477. doi: 10.1073/pnas.52.2.470. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. PROTASS J. J., SPEYER J. F., LENGYEL P. AMINO ACID CODE IN ALCALIGENES FAECALIS. Science. 1964 Mar 13;143(3611):1174–1176. doi: 10.1126/science.143.3611.1174. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. SAGER R., WEINSTEIN I. B., ASHKENAZI Y. Coding ambiguity in cell-free extracts of chlamydomonas. Science. 1963 Apr 19;140(3564):304–306. doi: 10.1126/science.140.3564.304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. SZER W., OCHOA S. COMPLEXING ABILITY AND CODING PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC POLYNUCLEOTIDES. J Mol Biol. 1964 Jun;8:823–834. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(64)80163-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Söll D., Ohtsuka E., Jones D. S., Lohrmann R., Hayatsu H., Nishimura S., Khorana H. G. Studies on polynucleotides, XLIX. Stimulation of the binding of aminoacyl-sRNA's to ribosomes by ribotrinucleotides and a survey of codon assignments for 20 amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 Nov;54(5):1378–1385. doi: 10.1073/pnas.54.5.1378. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. TRUPIN J. S., ROTTMAN F. M., BRIMACOMBE R. L., LEDER P., BERNFIELD M. R., NIRENBERG M. W. RNA CODEWORDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, VI. ON THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES OF DEGENERATE CODEWORD SETS FOR ISOLEUCINE, TYROSINE, ASPARAGINE, AND LYSINE. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 Apr;53:807–811. doi: 10.1073/pnas.53.4.807. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Terzaghi E., Okada Y., Streisinger G., Emrich J., Inouye M., Tsugita A. Change of a sequence of amino acids in phage T4 lysozyme by acridine-induced mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1966 Aug;56(2):500–507. doi: 10.1073/pnas.56.2.500. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. WEIGERT M. G., GAREN A. AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTIONS RESULTING FROM SUPPRESSION OF NONSENSE MUTATIONS. I. SERINE INSERTION BY THE SU-1 SUPPRESSOR GENE. J Mol Biol. 1965 Jun;12:448–455. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80267-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Webster R. E., Engelhardt D. L., Zinder N. D. In vitro protein synthesis: chain initiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1966 Jan;55(1):155–161. doi: 10.1073/pnas.55.1.155. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Weigert M. G., Gallucci E., Lanka E., Garen A. Characteristics of the genetic code in vivo. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1966;31:145–150. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1966.031.01.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES