Skip to main content
Epidemiology and Infection logoLink to Epidemiology and Infection
. 1990 Feb;104(1):1–28. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800054480

Epidemiological aspects of human cryptosporidiosis.

D P Casemore 1
PMCID: PMC2271741  PMID: 2407541

Full text

PDF
1

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alpert G., Bell L. M., Kirkpatrick C. E., Budnick L. D., Campos J. M., Friedman H. M., Plotkin S. A. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a day-care center. Pediatrics. 1986 Feb;77(2):152–157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson B. C. Effect of drying on the infectivity of cryptosporidia-laden calf feces for 3- to 7-day-old mice. Am J Vet Res. 1986 Oct;47(10):2272–2273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson B. C. Moist heat inactivation of Cryptosporidium sp. Am J Public Health. 1985 Dec;75(12):1433–1434. doi: 10.2105/ajph.75.12.1433. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Angus K. W. Cryptosporidiosis in man, domestic animals and birds: a review. J R Soc Med. 1983 Jan;76(1):62–70. doi: 10.1177/014107688307600114. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Arrowood M. J., Sterling C. R. Comparison of conventional staining methods and monoclonal antibody-based methods for Cryptosporidium oocyst detection. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jul;27(7):1490–1495. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.7.1490-1495.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Atterholm I., Castor B., Norlin K. Cryptosporidiosis in southern Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis. 1987;19(2):231–234. doi: 10.3109/00365548709032404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Baron E. J., Schenone C., Tanenbaum B. Comparison of three methods for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in a low-prevalence population. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jan;27(1):223–224. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.1.223-224.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Barrett N. J. Communicable disease associated with milk and dairy products in England and Wales: 1983-1984. J Infect. 1986 May;12(3):265–272. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(86)94320-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Baxby D., Blundell N., Hart C. A. Excretion of atypical oocysts by patients with cryptosporidiosis. Lancet. 1987 Apr 25;1(8539):974–974. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90314-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Baxby D., Blundell N., Hart C. A. The development and performance of a simple, sensitive method for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces. J Hyg (Lond) 1984 Oct;93(2):317–323. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400064858. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Baxby D., Blundell N. Recognition and laboratory characteristics of an atypical oocyst of Cryptosporidium. J Infect Dis. 1988 Nov;158(5):1038–1045. doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.5.1038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Baxby D., Hart C. A., Blundell N. Shedding of oocysts by immunocompetent individuals with cryptosporidiosis. J Hyg (Lond) 1985 Dec;95(3):703–709. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400060812. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Baxby D., Hart C. A., Taylor C. Human cryptosporidiosis: a possible case of hospital cross infection. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983 Dec 10;287(6407):1760–1761. doi: 10.1136/bmj.287.6407.1760-a. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Baxby D., Hart C. A. The incidence of cryptosporidiosis: a two-year prospective survey in a children's hospital. J Hyg (Lond) 1986 Feb;96(1):107–111. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400062598. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bell J. C., Palmer S. R. Control of zoonoses in Britain: past, present, and future. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983 Aug 27;287(6392):591–593. doi: 10.1136/bmj.287.6392.591. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Biggs B. A., Megna R., Wickremesinghe S., Dwyer B. Human infection with Cryptosporidium spp.: results of a 24-month survey. Med J Aust. 1987 Aug 17;147(4):175–177. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1987.tb133350.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bird R. G., Smith M. D. Cryptosporidiosis in man: parasite life cycle and fine structural pathology. J Pathol. 1980 Nov;132(3):217–233. doi: 10.1002/path.1711320304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bissenden J. G. Cryptosporidium and diarrhoea. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Aug 2;293(6542):287–288. doi: 10.1136/bmj.293.6542.287. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Blagburn B. L., Current W. L. Accidental infection of a researcher with human Cryptosporidium. J Infect Dis. 1983 Oct;148(4):772–773. doi: 10.1093/infdis/148.4.772. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bogaerts J., Lepage P., Rouvroy D., Vandepitte J. Cryptosporidium spp., a frequent cause of diarrhea in Central Africa. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Nov;20(5):874–876. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.5.874-876.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Brown E. A., Casemore D. P., Gerken A., Greatorex I. F. Cryptosporidiosis in Great Yarmouth--the investigation of an outbreak. Public Health. 1989 Jan;103(1):3–9. doi: 10.1016/s0033-3506(89)80095-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Campbell P. N., Current W. L. Demonstration of serum antibodies to Cryptosporidium sp. in normal and immunodeficient humans with confirmed infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Jul;18(1):165–169. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.1.165-169.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Carstensen H., Hansen H. L., Kristiansen H. O., Gomme G. The epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and other intestinal parasitoses in children in southern Guinea-Bissau. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81(5):860–864. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(87)90054-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Casemore D. P., Armstrong M., Sands R. L. Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. J Clin Pathol. 1985 Dec;38(12):1337–1341. doi: 10.1136/jcp.38.12.1337. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Casemore D. P., Blewett D. A., Wright S. E. Cleaning and disinfection of equipment for gastrointestinal flexible endoscopy: interim recommendations of a Working Party of the British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut. 1989 Aug;30(8):1156–1157. doi: 10.1136/gut.30.8.1156. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Casemore D. P., Jackson B. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis in children. Lancet. 1983 Sep 17;2(8351):679–679. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92552-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Casemore D. P., Jackson F. B. Hypothesis: cryptosporidiosis in human beings is not primarily a zoonosis. J Infect. 1984 Sep;9(2):153–156. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(84)91117-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Casemore D. P., Jessop E. G., Douce D., Jackson F. B. Cryptosporidium plus Campylobacter: an outbreak in a semi-rural population. J Hyg (Lond) 1986 Feb;96(1):95–105. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400062586. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Casemore D. P., Sands R. L., Curry A. Cryptosporidium species a "new" human pathogen. J Clin Pathol. 1985 Dec;38(12):1321–1336. doi: 10.1136/jcp.38.12.1321. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Casemore D. P. Sheep as a source of human cryptosporidiosis. J Infect. 1989 Sep;19(2):101–104. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(89)91764-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Casemore D. P. Timing of symptoms and oocyst excretion in human cryptosporidiosis. N Engl J Med. 1987 Jul 16;317(3):168–169. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198707163170312. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Casemore D. Cryptosporidiosis: another source. BMJ. 1989 Mar 18;298(6675):750–751. doi: 10.1136/bmj.298.6675.750-b. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Combee C. L., Collinge M. L., Britt E. M. Cryptosporidiosis in a hospital-associated day care center. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986 Sep-Oct;5(5):528–532. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198609000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Connolly G. M., Dryden M. S., Shanson D. C., Gazzard B. G. Cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS and its treatment. Gut. 1988 May;29(5):593–597. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.5.593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Corbett-Feeney G. Cryptosporidium among children with acute diarrhoea in the west of Ireland. J Infect. 1987 Jan;14(1):79–84. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(87)90938-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Craft J. C. Giardia and giardiasis in childhood. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1982 May-Jun;1(3):196–211. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198205000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Cruz J. R., Cano F., Càceres P., Chew F., Pareja G. Infection and diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium sp. among Guatemalan infants. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Jan;26(1):88–91. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.1.88-91.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Current W. L., Reese N. C. A comparison of endogenous development of three isolates of Cryptosporidium in suckling mice. J Protozool. 1986 Feb;33(1):98–108. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05567.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Current W. L., Reese N. C., Ernst J. V., Bailey W. S., Heyman M. B., Weinstein W. M. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons. Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission. N Engl J Med. 1983 May 26;308(21):1252–1257. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198305263082102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Current W. L., Upton S. J., Haynes T. B. The life cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens. J Protozool. 1986 May;33(2):289–296. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05608.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. D'Antonio R. G., Winn R. E., Taylor J. P., Gustafson T. L., Current W. L., Rhodes M. M., Gary G. W., Jr, Zajac R. A. A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Dec;103(6 ):886–888. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-6-886. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Dale B. A., Gordon G., Thomson R., Urquhart R. Perinatal infection with cryptosporidium. Lancet. 1987 May 2;1(8540):1042–1043. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92320-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Dryjanski J., Gold J. W., Ritchie M. T., Kurtz R. C., Lim S. L., Armstrong D. Cryptosporidiosis. Case report in a health team worker. Am J Med. 1986 Apr;80(4):751–752. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(86)90839-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. DuPont H. L. Cryptosporidiosis and the healthy host. N Engl J Med. 1985 May 16;312(20):1319–1320. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198505163122009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Ericsson C. D., DuPont H. L. Cryptosporidium and diarrhea. Lancet. 1983 Oct 15;2(8355):914–914. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90899-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Ernest J. A., Blagburn B. L., Lindsay D. S., Current W. L. Infection dynamics of Cryptosporidium parvum (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) in neonatal mice (Mus musculus). J Parasitol. 1986 Oct;72(5):796–798. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Freidank H., Kist M. Cryptosporidia in immunocompetent patients with gastroenteritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Feb;6(1):56–59. doi: 10.1007/BF02097194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Galbraith N. S., Barrett N. J., Sockett P. N. The changing pattern of foodborne disease in England and Wales. Public Health. 1987 Sep;101(5):319–328. doi: 10.1016/s0033-3506(87)80090-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Gallaher M. M., Herndon J. L., Nims L. J., Sterling C. R., Grabowski D. J., Hull H. F. Cryptosporidiosis and surface water. Am J Public Health. 1989 Jan;79(1):39–42. doi: 10.2105/ajph.79.1.39. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Garcia L. S., Brewer T. C., Bruckner D. A. Fluorescence detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human fecal specimens by using monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jan;25(1):119–121. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.119-121.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Garcia L. S., Brewer T. C., Bruckner D. A. Incidence of Cryptosporidium in all patients submitting stool specimens for ova and parasite examination: monoclonal antibody IFA method. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1988 Sep;11(1):25–27. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(88)90070-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Garcia L. S., Bruckner D. A., Brewer T. C., Shimizu R. Y. Techniques for the recovery and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Jul;18(1):185–190. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.1.185-190.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Hannah J., Riordan T. Case to case spread of cryptosporidiosis; evidence from a day nursery outbreak. Public Health. 1988 Nov;102(6):539–544. doi: 10.1016/s0033-3506(88)80023-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Hart C. A., Baxby D., Blundell N. Gastro-enteritis due to Cryptosporidium: a prospective survey in a children's hospital. J Infect. 1984 Nov;9(3):264–270. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(84)90574-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hayes E. B., Matte T. D., O'Brien T. R., McKinley T. W., Logsdon G. S., Rose J. B., Ungar B. L., Word D. M., Pinsky P. F., Cummings M. L. Large community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to contamination of a filtered public water supply. N Engl J Med. 1989 May 25;320(21):1372–1376. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198905253202103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Heijbel H., Slaine K., Seigel B., Wall P., McNabb S. J., Gibbons W., Istre G. R. Outbreak of diarrhea in a day care center with spread to household members: the role of Cryptosporidium. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987 Jun;6(6):532–535. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198706000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Holley H. P., Jr, Dover C. Cryptosporidium: a common cause of parasitic diarrhea in otherwise healthy individuals. J Infect Dis. 1986 Feb;153(2):365–368. doi: 10.1093/infdis/153.2.365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Holten-Andersen W., Gerstoft J., Henriksen S. A., Pedersen N. S. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium among patients with acute enteric infection. J Infect. 1984 Nov;9(3):277–282. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(84)90618-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Hunt D. A., Shannon R., Palmer S. R., Jephcott A. E. Cryptosporidiosis in an urban community. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 Sep 29;289(6448):814–816. doi: 10.1136/bmj.289.6448.814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Højlyng N., Holten-Andersen W., Jepsen S. Cryptosporidiosis: a case of airborne transmission. Lancet. 1987 Aug 1;2(8553):271–272. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90851-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Højlyng N., Mølbak K., Jepsen S. Cryptosporidium spp., a frequent cause of diarrhea in Liberian children. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jun;23(6):1109–1113. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.6.1109-1113.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Højlyng N., Mølbak K., Jepsen S., Hansson A. P. Cryptosporidiosis in Liberian children. Lancet. 1984 Mar 31;1(8379):734–734. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92244-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Isaac-Renton J. L., Fogel D., Stibbs H. H., Ongerth J. E. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water. Lancet. 1987 Apr 25;1(8539):973–974. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90313-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Isaacs D., Hunt G. H., Phillips A. D., Price E. H., Raafat F., Walker-Smith J. A. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent children. J Clin Pathol. 1985 Jan;38(1):76–81. doi: 10.1136/jcp.38.1.76. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Jackson B., Casemore D. P. Cryptosporidium and diarrhoea. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Sep 6;293(6547):625–626. doi: 10.1136/bmj.293.6547.625-b. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Janoff E. N., Reller L. B. Cryptosporidium species, a protean protozoan. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jun;25(6):967–975. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.6.967-975.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Jephcott A. E., Begg N. T., Baker I. A. Outbreak of giardiasis associated with mains water in the United Kingdom. Lancet. 1986 Mar 29;1(8483):730–732. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91114-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Jokipii A. M., Hemilä M., Jokipii L. Prospective study of acquisition of Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, and gastrointestinal illness. Lancet. 1985 Aug 31;2(8453):487–489. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90412-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Jokipii L., Jokipii A. M. Timing of symptoms and oocyst excretion in human cryptosporidiosis. N Engl J Med. 1986 Dec 25;315(26):1643–1647. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198612253152604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Jokipii L., Pohjola S., Jokipii A. M. Cryptosporidiosis associated with traveling and giardiasis. Gastroenterology. 1985 Oct;89(4):838–842. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90581-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Jokipii L., Pohjola S., Jokipii A. M. Cryptosporidium: a frequent finding in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Lancet. 1983 Aug 13;2(8346):358–361. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90341-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Kern W., Mayer S., Kreuzer P., Vanek E. Low prevalence of intestinal cryptosporidiosis among immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients with and without diarrhoea in southern Germany. Infection. 1987 Nov-Dec;15(6):440–443. doi: 10.1007/BF01647226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Klesius P. H., Haynes T. B., Malo L. K. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium sp isolated from wild mice for calves and mice. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986 Jul 15;189(2):192–193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Koch K. L., Phillips D. J., Aber R. C., Current W. L. Cryptosporidiosis in hospital personnel. Evidence for person-to-person transmission. Ann Intern Med. 1985 May;102(5):593–596. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-102-5-593. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Koch K. L., Shankey T. V., Weinstein G. S., Dye R. E., Abt A. B., Current W. L., Eyster M. E. Cryptosporidiosis in a patient with hemophilia, common variable hypogammaglobulinemia, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Sep;99(3):337–340. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-99-3-337. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Lazo A., Barriga O. O., Redman D. R., Bech-Nielsen S. Identification by transfer blot of antigens reactive in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in rabbits immunized and a calf infected with Cryptosporidium sp. Vet Parasitol. 1986 Aug;21(3):151–163. doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(86)90062-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Levine J. F., Levy M. G., Walker R. L., Crittenden S. Cryptosporidiosis in veterinary students. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988 Dec 1;193(11):1413–1414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Lewis I. J., Hart C. A., Baxby D. Diarrhoea due to Cryptosporidium in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Arch Dis Child. 1985 Jan;60(1):60–62. doi: 10.1136/adc.60.1.60. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Luft B. J., Payne D., Woodmansee D., Kim C. W. Characterization of the Cryptosporidium antigens from sporulated oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum. Infect Immun. 1987 Oct;55(10):2436–2441. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.10.2436-2441.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Lähdevirta J., Jokipii A. M., Sammalkorpi K., Jokipii L. Perinatal infection with cryptosporidium and failure to thrive. Lancet. 1987 Jan 3;1(8523):48–49. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90747-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Ma P., Kaufman D. L., Helmick C. G., D'Souza A. J., Navin T. R. Cryptosporidiosis in tourists returning from the Caribbean. N Engl J Med. 1985 Mar 7;312(10):647–648. doi: 10.1056/nejm198503073121011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Ma P., Soave R. Three-step stool examination for cryptosporidiosis in 10 homosexual men with protracted watery diarrhea. J Infect Dis. 1983 May;147(5):824–828. doi: 10.1093/infdis/147.5.824. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Macfarlane D. E., Horner-Bryce J. Cryptosporidiosis in well-nourished and malnourished children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1987 May;76(3):474–477. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1987.tb10502.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Madore M. S., Rose J. B., Gerba C. P., Arrowood M. J., Sterling C. R. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage effluents and selected surface waters. J Parasitol. 1987 Aug;73(4):702–705. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Mai Nguyen X. Cryptosporidial diarrhoea in children. Infection. 1987 Nov-Dec;15(6):444–446. doi: 10.1007/BF01647228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Malla N., Sehgal R., Ganguly N. K., Mahajan R. C. Cryptosporidiosis in children in Chandigarh. Indian J Med Res. 1987 Dec;86:722–725. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Mann E. D., Sekla L. H., Nayar G. P., Koschik C. Infection with Cryptosporidium spp. in humans and cattle in Manitoba. Can J Vet Res. 1986 Apr;50(2):174–178. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Marshall A. R., Al-Jumaili I. J., Fenwick G. A., Bint A. J., Record C. O. Cryptosporidiosis in patients at a large teaching hospital. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jan;25(1):172–173. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.172-173.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Mathan M. M., Venkatesan S., George R., Mathew M., Mathan V. I. Cryptosporidium and diarrhoea in southern Indian children. Lancet. 1985 Nov 23;2(8465):1172–1175. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92691-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Mayon-White R. T., Frankenberg R. A. "Boil the water". Lancet. 1989 Jul 22;2(8656):216–216. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90397-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. McLauchlin J., Casemore D. P., Harrison T. G., Gerson P. J., Samuel D., Taylor A. G. Identification of cryptosporidium oocysts by monoclonal antibody. Lancet. 1987 Jan 3;1(8523):51–51. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90753-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Mead J. R., Arrowood M. J., Current W. L., Sterling C. R. Field inversion gel electrophoretic separation of Cryptosporidium spp. chromosome-sized DNA. J Parasitol. 1988 Jun;74(3):366–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Melo Cristino J. A., Carvalho M. I., Salgado M. J. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a hospital day-care centre. Epidemiol Infect. 1988 Oct;101(2):355–359. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800054297. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Musial C. E., Arrowood M. J., Sterling C. R., Gerba C. P. Detection of Cryptosporidium in water by using polypropylene cartridge filters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987 Apr;53(4):687–692. doi: 10.1128/aem.53.4.687-692.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Nachamkin I., Jones A., Hasyn H. Routine parasitological examination for Cryptosporidium. J Infect Dis. 1986 Aug;154(2):369–370. doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.2.369. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Olson B. H. The safety of our drinking water: reason for concern but not alarm. N Engl J Med. 1989 May 25;320(21):1413–1414. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198905253202111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Ongerth J. E., Stibbs H. H. Identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in river water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987 Apr;53(4):672–676. doi: 10.1128/aem.53.4.672-676.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Oxford J. S. Biochemical techniques for the genetic and phenotypic analysis of viruses: 'molecular epidemiology'. J Hyg (Lond) 1985 Feb;94(1):1–7. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400061076. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Pape J. W., Levine E., Beaulieu M. E., Marshall F., Verdier R., Johnson W. D., Jr Cryptosporidiosis in Haitian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987 Mar;36(2):333–337. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.36.333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Pavlásek I. Ucinek dezinfekcních prostredků na infekceschopnost oocyst Cryptosporidium sp. Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 1984 Mar;33(2):97–101. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Peeters J. E., Mazás E. A., Masschelein W. J., Villacorta Martiez de Maturana I., Debacker E. Effect of disinfection of drinking water with ozone or chlorine dioxide on survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989 Jun;55(6):1519–1522. doi: 10.1128/aem.55.6.1519-1522.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Pitlik S. D., Fainstein V., Garza D., Guarda L., Bolivar R., Rios A., Hopfer R. L., Mansell P. A. Human cryptosporidiosis: spectrum of disease. Report of six cases and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1983 Dec;143(12):2269–2275. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1983.00350120059015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Pohjola S., Jokipii A. M., Jokipii L. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis in a rural population is asymptomatic and associated with contact to cattle. Acta Vet Scand. 1986;27(1):91–102. doi: 10.1186/BF03548562. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Pohjola S., Neuvonen E., Niskanen A., Rantama A. Rapid immunoassay for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Acta Vet Scand. 1986;27(1):71–79. doi: 10.1186/BF03548560. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Pohjola S., Oksanen H., Jokipii L., Jokipii A. M. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among veterinary students. Scand J Infect Dis. 1986;18(2):173–178. doi: 10.3109/00365548609032325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Rahman A. S., Sanyal S. C., Al-Mahmud K. A., Sobhan A. Cryptosporidium diarrhoea in calves & their handlers in Bangladesh. Indian J Med Res. 1985 Dec;82:510–516. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Ribeiro C. D., Palmer S. R. Family outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Feb 8;292(6517):377–377. doi: 10.1136/bmj.292.6517.377. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Rush B. A., Chapman P. A., Ineson R. W. Cryptosporidium and drinking water. Lancet. 1987 Sep 12;2(8559):632–633. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)93029-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Sallon S., Deckelbaum R. J., Schmid I. I., Harlap S., Baras M., Spira D. T. Cryptosporidium, malnutrition, and chronic diarrhea in children. Am J Dis Child. 1988 Mar;142(3):312–315. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1988.02150030086027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Scaglia M., Senaldi G., Di Perri G., Minoli L. Unusual low-grade cryptosporidial enteritis in AIDS: a case report. Infection. 1986 Mar-Apr;14(2):87–88. doi: 10.1007/BF01644451. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Schultz M. G. Emerging zoonoses. N Engl J Med. 1983 May 26;308(21):1285–1286. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198305263082109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Shepherd R. C., Reed C. L., Sinha G. P. Shedding of oocysts of Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent patients. J Clin Pathol. 1988 Oct;41(10):1104–1106. doi: 10.1136/jcp.41.10.1104. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Shepherd R. C., Sinha G. P., Reed C. L., Russell F. E. Cryptosporidiosis in the West of Scotland. Scott Med J. 1988 Dec;33(6):365–368. doi: 10.1177/003693308803300606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Sherwood D., Angus K. W., Snodgrass D. R., Tzipori S. Experimental cryptosporidiosis in laboratory mice. Infect Immun. 1982 Nov;38(2):471–475. doi: 10.1128/iai.38.2.471-475.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Skirrow M. B. A demographic survey of campylobacter, salmonella and shigella infections in England. A Public Health Laboratory Service Survey. Epidemiol Infect. 1987 Dec;99(3):647–657. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800066504. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Smith H. V., Girdwood R. W., Patterson W. J., Hardie R., Green L. A., Benton C., Tulloch W., Sharp J. C., Forbes G. I. Waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Lancet. 1988 Dec 24;2(8626-8627):1484–1484. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90951-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Soave R., Armstrong D. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. Rev Infect Dis. 1986 Nov-Dec;8(6):1012–1023. doi: 10.1093/clinids/8.6.1012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Soave R., Danner R. L., Honig C. L., Ma P., Hart C. C., Nash T., Roberts R. B. Cryptosporidiosis in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Apr;100(4):504–511. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-100-4-504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Soave R., Ma P. Cryptosporidiosis. Traveler's diarrhea in two families. Arch Intern Med. 1985 Jan;145(1):70–72. doi: 10.1001/archinte.145.1.70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Stehr-Green J. K., McCaig L., Remsen H. M., Rains C. S., Fox M., Juranek D. D. Shedding of oocysts in immunocompetent individuals infected with Cryptosporidium. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987 Mar;36(2):338–342. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.36.338. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Sterling C. R., Arrowood M. J. Detection of Cryptosporidium sp. infections using a direct immunofluorescent assay. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986 Jan-Feb;5(1 Suppl):S139–S142. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198601001-00022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Sterling C. R., Seegar K., Sinclair N. A. Cryptosporidium as a causative agent of traveler's diarrhea. J Infect Dis. 1986 Feb;153(2):380–381. doi: 10.1093/infdis/153.2.380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Stibbs H. H., Ongerth J. E. Immunofluorescence detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal smears. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Oct;24(4):517–521. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.4.517-521.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Taylor D. N., Echeverria P. When does cryptosporidium cause diarrhoea? Lancet. 1986 Feb 8;1(8476):320–320. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90848-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Taylor J. P., Perdue J. N., Dingley D., Gustafson T. L., Patterson M., Reed L. A. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in a day-care center. Am J Dis Child. 1985 Oct;139(10):1023–1025. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140120069029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Thomson M. A., Benson J. W., Wright P. A. Two year study of cryptosporidium infection. Arch Dis Child. 1987 Jun;62(6):559–563. doi: 10.1136/adc.62.6.559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Tillett H. E., Thomas M. E. Monitoring infectious diseases using routine microbiology data. I. Study of gastroenteritis in an urban area. J Hyg (Lond) 1981 Feb;86(1):49–58. doi: 10.1017/s002217240006873x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Tyzzer E. E. An extracellular Coccidium, Cryptosporidium Muris (Gen. Et Sp. Nov.), of the gastric Glands of the Common Mouse. J Med Res. 1910 Nov;23(3):487–510.3. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Tzipori S., Angus K. W., Campbell I., Gray E. W. Cryptosporidium: evidence for a single-species genus. Infect Immun. 1980 Dec;30(3):884–886. doi: 10.1128/iai.30.3.884-886.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Tzipori S., Angus K. W., Gray E. W., Campbell I. Vomiting and diarrhea associated with cryptosporidial infection. N Engl J Med. 1980 Oct 2;303(14):818–818. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Tzipori S., Campbell I. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium antibodies in 10 animal species. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Oct;14(4):455–456. doi: 10.1128/jcm.14.4.455-456.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Tzipori S. Cryptosporidiosis and routine parasitological diagnosis. J Infect Dis. 1987 Jul;156(1):248–249. doi: 10.1093/infdis/156.1.248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Tzipori S. Cryptosporidiosis in animals and humans. Microbiol Rev. 1983 Mar;47(1):84–96. doi: 10.1128/mr.47.1.84-96.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Tzipori S. Cryptosporidiosis in perspective. Adv Parasitol. 1988;27:63–129. doi: 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60353-X. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Tzipori S., Smith M., Birch C., Barnes G., Bishop R. Cryptosporidiosis in hospital patients with gastroenteritis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1983 Sep;32(5):931–934. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Ungar B. L., Gilman R. H., Lanata C. F., Perez-Schael I. Seroepidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in two Latin American populations. J Infect Dis. 1988 Mar;157(3):551–556. doi: 10.1093/infdis/157.3.551. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Ungar B. L., Mulligan M., Nutman T. B. Serologic evidence of Cryptosporidium infection in US volunteers before and during Peace Corps service in Africa. Arch Intern Med. 1989 Apr;149(4):894–897. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Ungar B. L., Nash T. E. Quantification of specific antibody response to Cryptosporidium antigens by laser densitometry. Infect Immun. 1986 Jul;53(1):124–128. doi: 10.1128/iai.53.1.124-128.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Ungar B. L., Soave R., Fayer R., Nash T. E. Enzyme immunoassay detection of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies to Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. J Infect Dis. 1986 Mar;153(3):570–578. doi: 10.1093/infdis/153.3.570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Upton S. J., Current W. L. The species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) infecting mammals. J Parasitol. 1985 Oct;71(5):625–629. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Upton S. J., Tilley M. E., Marchin G. L., Fina L. R. Efficacy of a pentaiodide resin disinfectant on Cryptosporidium parvum (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) oocysts in vitro. J Parasitol. 1988 Aug;74(4):719–721. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Weitz J. C., Tassara R., Mercado R., Santa María F., Maida M., Lorca P., Atías A. Brote de cryptosporidiosis en un centro de recuperación nutricional. Rev Chil Pediatr. 1987 Jan-Feb;58(1):50–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Wolfson J. S., Richter J. M., Waldron M. A., Weber D. J., McCarthy D. M., Hopkins C. C. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients. N Engl J Med. 1985 May 16;312(20):1278–1282. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198505163122002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Zar F., Geiseler P. J., Brown V. A. Asymptomatic carriage of cryptosporidium in the stool of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1985 Jan;151(1):195–195. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.1.195. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. van den Ende G. M. Cryptosporidiosis among black children in hospital in South Africa. J Infect. 1986 Jul;13(1):25–30. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(86)92164-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Epidemiology and Infection are provided here courtesy of Cambridge University Press

RESOURCES