Abstract
Candida albicans organisms isolated from the oral cavities of healthy carriers (26 individuals) and compromised hosts (40 human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]-seropositive patients, all showing symptomatic oral candidiasis) were compared by resolving chromosome-sized DNA molecules into electrophoretic karyotypes. Seven- to 10-band electrophoretic patterns were obtained, with significant and reproducible differences in the distributions of the DNA bands. Seven distinct classes were identified and were designated type a (8 bands), type b (8 bands), type c (7 bands), type d (9 bands), type x (10 bands), type y (10 bands), and type z (9 bands). Four of these (types a to d) were the most representative within all of the isolated strains (95.5%), and the other three (types x to z) were observed only once in three HIV-seropositive individuals (4.5%). Only types b and c were isolated from healthy carriers, with the percentage of their isolation being 61.5 and 38.5%, respectively, while all the described karyotypes were isolated from HIV-seropositive patients, with type b being the most frequent (45%); this was followed by types c (25%), a (15%), and d (7.5%). The prevalence of type b and c karyotypes in HIV-infected individuals, as well as in healthy carriers, suggests that commensal strains in the oral cavities of healthy individuals may become the prevalent agents of subsequent oral candidiasis in compromised hosts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (271.7 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Anderson J., Mihalik R., Soll D. R. Ultrastructure and antigenicity of the unique cell wall pimple of the Candida opaque phenotype. J Bacteriol. 1990 Jan;172(1):224–235. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.1.224-235.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brawner D. L., Cutler J. E. Oral Candida albicans isolates from nonhospitalized normal carriers, immunocompetent hospitalized patients, and immunocompromised patients with or without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jun;27(6):1335–1341. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.6.1335-1341.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Edwards J. E., Jr, Lehrer R. I., Stiehm E. R., Fischer T. J., Young L. S. Severe candidal infections: clinical perspective, immune defense mechanisms, and current concepts of therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1978 Jul;89(1):91–106. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-89-1-91. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Greenfield R. A. Host defense system interactions with Candida. J Med Vet Mycol. 1992;30(2):89–104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HASENCLEVER H. F., MITCHELL W. O. Antigenic studies of Candida. I. Observation of two antigenic groups in Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 1961 Oct;82:570–573. doi: 10.1128/jb.82.4.570-573.1961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Holmberg K., Meyer R. D. Fungal infections in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Scand J Infect Dis. 1986;18(3):179–192. doi: 10.3109/00365548609032326. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klein R. S., Harris C. A., Small C. B., Moll B., Lesser M., Friedland G. H. Oral candidiasis in high-risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1984 Aug 9;311(6):354–358. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198408093110602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lott T. J., Boiron P., Reiss E. An electrophoretic karyotype for Candida albicans reveals large chromosomes in multiples. Mol Gen Genet. 1987 Aug;209(1):170–174. doi: 10.1007/BF00329854. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Magee B. B., Koltin Y., Gorman J. A., Magee P. T. Assignment of cloned genes to the seven electrophoretically separated Candida albicans chromosomes. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Nov;8(11):4721–4726. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.11.4721. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Magee B. B., Magee P. T. Electrophoretic karyotypes and chromosome numbers in Candida species. J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Feb;133(2):425–430. doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-2-425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Magee P. T., Bowdin L., Staudinger J. Comparison of molecular typing methods for Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Oct;30(10):2674–2679. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.10.2674-2679.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mahrous M., Lott T. J., Meyer S. A., Sawant A. D., Ahearn D. G. Electrophoretic karyotyping of typical and atypical Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 May;28(5):876–881. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.5.876-881.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Merz W. G. Candida albicans strain delineation. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1990 Oct;3(4):321–334. doi: 10.1128/cmr.3.4.321. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Merz W. G., Connelly C., Hieter P. Variation of electrophoretic karyotypes among clinical isolates of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 May;26(5):842–845. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.5.842-845.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Monod M., Porchet S., Baudraz-Rosselet F., Frenk E. The identification of pathogenic yeast strains by electrophoretic analysis of their chromosomes. J Med Microbiol. 1990 Jun;32(2):123–129. doi: 10.1099/00222615-32-2-123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Phongpaichit S., Mackenzie D. W., Fraser C. Strain differentiation of Candida albicans by morphotyping. Epidemiol Infect. 1987 Oct;99(2):421–428. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800067911. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Polonelli L., Archibusacci C., Sestito M., Morace G. Killer system: a simple method for differentiating Candida albicans strains. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 May;17(5):774–780. doi: 10.1128/jcm.17.5.774-780.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Powderly W. G., Robinson K., Keath E. J. Molecular typing of candida albicans isolated from oral lesions of HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 1992 Jan;6(1):81–84. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199201000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Román M. C., Linares Sicilia M. J. Preliminary investigation of Candida albicans biovars. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Aug;18(2):430–431. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.2.430-431.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rustchenko-Bulgac E. P., Sherman F., Hicks J. B. Chromosomal rearrangements associated with morphological mutants provide a means for genetic variation of Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 1990 Mar;172(3):1276–1283. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.3.1276-1283.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmid J., Odds F. C., Wiselka M. J., Nicholson K. G., Soll D. R. Genetic similarity and maintenance of Candida albicans strains from a group of AIDS patients, demonstrated by DNA fingerprinting. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Apr;30(4):935–941. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.4.935-941.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmid J., Voss E., Soll D. R. Computer-assisted methods for assessing strain relatedness in Candida albicans by fingerprinting with the moderately repetitive sequence Ca3. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Jun;28(6):1236–1243. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.6.1236-1243.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Snell R. G., Hermans I. F., Wilkins R. J., Corner B. E. Chromosomal variations in Candida albicans. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Apr 24;15(8):3625–3625. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.8.3625. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Soll D. R., Galask R., Schmid J., Hanna C., Mac K., Morrow B. Genetic dissimilarity of commensal strains of Candida spp. carried in different anatomical locations of the same healthy women. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Aug;29(8):1702–1710. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.8.1702-1710.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Soll D. R. High-frequency switching in Candida albicans. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1992 Apr;5(2):183–203. doi: 10.1128/cmr.5.2.183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Soll D. R., Langtimm C. J., McDowell J., Hicks J., Galask R. High-frequency switching in Candida strains isolated from vaginitis patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Sep;25(9):1611–1622. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.9.1611-1622.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stevens D. A., Odds F. C., Scherer S. Application of DNA typing methods to Candida albicans epidemiology and correlations with phenotype. Rev Infect Dis. 1990 Mar-Apr;12(2):258–266. doi: 10.1093/clinids/12.2.258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vazquez J. A., Beckley A., Sobel J. D., Zervos M. J. Comparison of restriction enzyme analysis and pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis as typing systems for Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 May;29(5):962–967. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.5.962-967.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whelan W. L., Kirsch D. R., Kwon-Chung K. J., Wahl S. M., Smith P. D. Candida albicans in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: absence of a novel of hypervirulent strain. J Infect Dis. 1990 Aug;162(2):513–518. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.2.513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whelan W. L., Magee P. T. Natural heterozygosity in Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 1981 Feb;145(2):896–903. doi: 10.1128/jb.145.2.896-903.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wickes B., Staudinger J., Magee B. B., Kwon-Chung K. J., Magee P. T., Scherer S. Physical and genetic mapping of Candida albicans: several genes previously assigned to chromosome 1 map to chromosome R, the rDNA-containing linkage group. Infect Immun. 1991 Jul;59(7):2480–2484. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.7.2480-2484.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williamson M. I., Samaranayake L. P., MacFarlane T. W. A new simple method for biotyping Candida albicans. Microbios. 1987;51(208-209):159–167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]