Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Journal of Cell Biology logoLink to The Journal of Cell Biology
. 1991 Nov 1;115(3):577–585. doi: 10.1083/jcb.115.3.577

Mitotic motors

PMCID: PMC2289187  PMID: 1918154

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (1.1 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alexander S. P., Rieder C. L. Chromosome motion during attachment to the vertebrate spindle: initial saltatory-like behavior of chromosomes and quantitative analysis of force production by nascent kinetochore fibers. J Cell Biol. 1991 May;113(4):805–815. doi: 10.1083/jcb.113.4.805. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen R. D., Allen N. S., Travis J. L. Video-enhanced contrast, differential interference contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy: a new method capable of analyzing microtubule-related motility in the reticulopodial network of Allogromia laticollaris. Cell Motil. 1981;1(3):291–302. doi: 10.1002/cm.970010303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bajer A. S. Functional autonomy of monopolar spindle and evidence for oscillatory movement in mitosis. J Cell Biol. 1982 Apr;93(1):33–48. doi: 10.1083/jcb.93.1.33. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bajer A., Allen R. D. Role of phragmoplast filaments in cell-plate formation. J Cell Sci. 1966 Dec;1(4):455–462. doi: 10.1242/jcs.1.4.455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cande W. Z., McDonald K. Physiological and ultrastructural analysis of elongating mitotic spindles reactivated in vitro. J Cell Biol. 1986 Aug;103(2):593–604. doi: 10.1083/jcb.103.2.593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Carlier M. F., Hill T. L., Chen Y. Interference of GTP hydrolysis in the mechanism of microtubule assembly: an experimental study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Feb;81(3):771–775. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.3.771. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Carpenter A. T. Distributive segregation: motors in the polar wind? Cell. 1991 Mar 8;64(5):885–890. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90313-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Coue M., Lombillo V. A., McIntosh J. R. Microtubule depolymerization promotes particle and chromosome movement in vitro. J Cell Biol. 1991 Mar;112(6):1165–1175. doi: 10.1083/jcb.112.6.1165. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Endow S. A., Hatsumi M. A multimember kinesin gene family in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 15;88(10):4424–4427. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.10.4424. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Endow S. A., Henikoff S., Soler-Niedziela L. Mediation of meiotic and early mitotic chromosome segregation in Drosophila by a protein related to kinesin. Nature. 1990 May 3;345(6270):81–83. doi: 10.1038/345081a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Endow S. A. The emerging kinesin family of microtubule motor proteins. Trends Biochem Sci. 1991 Jun;16(6):221–225. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(91)90089-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Enos A. P., Morris N. R. Mutation of a gene that encodes a kinesin-like protein blocks nuclear division in A. nidulans. Cell. 1990 Mar 23;60(6):1019–1027. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90350-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gibbons I. R., Gibbons B. H., Mocz G., Asai D. J. Multiple nucleotide-binding sites in the sequence of dynein beta heavy chain. Nature. 1991 Aug 15;352(6336):640–643. doi: 10.1038/352640a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gorbsky G. J., Sammak P. J., Borisy G. G. Chromosomes move poleward in anaphase along stationary microtubules that coordinately disassemble from their kinetochore ends. J Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;104(1):9–18. doi: 10.1083/jcb.104.1.9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hagan I., Yanagida M. Novel potential mitotic motor protein encoded by the fission yeast cut7+ gene. Nature. 1990 Oct 11;347(6293):563–566. doi: 10.1038/347563a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hays T. S., Salmon E. D. Poleward force at the kinetochore in metaphase depends on the number of kinetochore microtubules. J Cell Biol. 1990 Feb;110(2):391–404. doi: 10.1083/jcb.110.2.391. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hays T. S., Wise D., Salmon E. D. Traction force on a kinetochore at metaphase acts as a linear function of kinetochore fiber length. J Cell Biol. 1982 May;93(2):374–389. doi: 10.1083/jcb.93.2.374. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hill T. L. Microfilament or microtubule assembly or disassembly against a force. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Sep;78(9):5613–5617. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5613. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Holzbaur E. L., Hammarback J. A., Paschal B. M., Kravit N. G., Pfister K. K., Vallee R. B. Homology of a 150K cytoplasmic dynein-associated polypeptide with the Drosophila gene Glued. Nature. 1991 Jun 13;351(6327):579–583. doi: 10.1038/351579a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hotani H., Miyamoto H. Dynamic features of microtubules as visualized by dark-field microscopy. Adv Biophys. 1990;26:135–156. doi: 10.1016/0065-227x(90)90010-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hyman A. A. Centrosome movement in the early divisions of Caenorhabditis elegans: a cortical site determining centrosome position. J Cell Biol. 1989 Sep;109(3):1185–1193. doi: 10.1083/jcb.109.3.1185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hyman A. A., Mitchison T. J. Two different microtubule-based motor activities with opposite polarities in kinetochores. Nature. 1991 May 16;351(6323):206–211. doi: 10.1038/351206a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Inoué S. Cell division and the mitotic spindle. J Cell Biol. 1981 Dec;91(3 Pt 2):131s–147s. doi: 10.1083/jcb.91.3.131s. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Inoué S., Sato H. Cell motility by labile association of molecules. The nature of mitotic spindle fibers and their role in chromosome movement. J Gen Physiol. 1967 Jul;50(6 Suppl):259–292. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Inoué S. Video image processing greatly enhances contrast, quality, and speed in polarization-based microscopy. J Cell Biol. 1981 May;89(2):346–356. doi: 10.1083/jcb.89.2.346. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Johnson K. A. Pathway of the microtubule-dynein ATPase and the structure of dynein: a comparison with actomyosin. Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem. 1985;14:161–188. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bb.14.060185.001113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Kirschner M., Mitchison T. Beyond self-assembly: from microtubules to morphogenesis. Cell. 1986 May 9;45(3):329–342. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90318-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Koshland D. E., Mitchison T. J., Kirschner M. W. Polewards chromosome movement driven by microtubule depolymerization in vitro. Nature. 1988 Feb 11;331(6156):499–504. doi: 10.1038/331499a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Leslie R. J., Hird R. B., Wilson L., McIntosh J. R., Scholey J. M. Kinesin is associated with a nonmicrotubule component of sea urchin mitotic spindles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(9):2771–2775. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.9.2771. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Leslie R. J., Pickett-Heaps J. D. Ultraviolet microbeam irradiations of mitotic diatoms: investigation of spindle elongation. J Cell Biol. 1983 Feb;96(2):548–561. doi: 10.1083/jcb.96.2.548. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Lutz D. A., Hamaguchi Y., Inoué S. Micromanipulation studies of the asymmetric positioning of the maturation spindle in Chaetopterus sp. oocytes: I. Anchorage of the spindle to the cortex and migration of a displaced spindle. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 1988;11(2):83–96. doi: 10.1002/cm.970110202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Lye R. J., Porter M. E., Scholey J. M., McIntosh J. R. Identification of a microtubule-based cytoplasmic motor in the nematode C. elegans. Cell. 1987 Oct 23;51(2):309–318. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90157-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Margolis R. L., Rauch C. T., Pirollet F., Job D. Specific association of STOP protein with microtubules in vitro and with stable microtubules in mitotic spindles of cultured cells. EMBO J. 1990 Dec;9(12):4095–4102. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07631.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Margolis R. L., Wilson L. Microtubule treadmills--possible molecular machinery. Nature. 1981 Oct 29;293(5835):705–711. doi: 10.1038/293705a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. McDonald H. B., Goldstein L. S. Identification and characterization of a gene encoding a kinesin-like protein in Drosophila. Cell. 1990 Jun 15;61(6):991–1000. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90064-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. McDonald H. B., Stewart R. J., Goldstein L. S. The kinesin-like ncd protein of Drosophila is a minus end-directed microtubule motor. Cell. 1990 Dec 21;63(6):1159–1165. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90412-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. McIntosh J. R., Hering G. E. Spindle fiber action and chromosome movement. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1991;7:403–426. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.07.110191.002155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. McIntosh J. R., Koonce M. P. Mitosis. Science. 1989 Nov 3;246(4930):622–628. doi: 10.1126/science.2683078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. McIntosh J. R., Porter M. E. Enzymes for microtubule-dependent motility. J Biol Chem. 1989 Apr 15;264(11):6001–6004. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. McNeill P. A., Berns M. W. Chromosome behavior after laser microirradiation of a single kinetochore in mitotic PtK2 cells. J Cell Biol. 1981 Mar;88(3):543–553. doi: 10.1083/jcb.88.3.543. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Meluh P. B., Rose M. D. KAR3, a kinesin-related gene required for yeast nuclear fusion. Cell. 1990 Mar 23;60(6):1029–1041. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90351-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Mitchison T. J., Kirschner M. W. Properties of the kinetochore in vitro. II. Microtubule capture and ATP-dependent translocation. J Cell Biol. 1985 Sep;101(3):766–777. doi: 10.1083/jcb.101.3.766. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Mitchison T. J. Microtubule dynamics and kinetochore function in mitosis. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1988;4:527–549. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.04.110188.002523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Mitchison T. J. Polewards microtubule flux in the mitotic spindle: evidence from photoactivation of fluorescence. J Cell Biol. 1989 Aug;109(2):637–652. doi: 10.1083/jcb.109.2.637. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Mitchison T., Evans L., Schulze E., Kirschner M. Sites of microtubule assembly and disassembly in the mitotic spindle. Cell. 1986 May 23;45(4):515–527. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90283-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Mitchison T., Kirschner M. Dynamic instability of microtubule growth. Nature. 1984 Nov 15;312(5991):237–242. doi: 10.1038/312237a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Neighbors B. W., Williams R. C., Jr, McIntosh J. R. Localization of kinesin in cultured cells. J Cell Biol. 1988 Apr;106(4):1193–1204. doi: 10.1083/jcb.106.4.1193. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Nicklas R. B., Koch C. A. Chromosome micromanipulation. IV. Polarized motions within the spindle and models for mitosis. Chromosoma. 1972;39(1):1–26. doi: 10.1007/BF00320586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Nicklas R. B. Measurements of the force produced by the mitotic spindle in anaphase. J Cell Biol. 1983 Aug;97(2):542–548. doi: 10.1083/jcb.97.2.542. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Nicklas R. B. The forces that move chromosomes in mitosis. Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem. 1988;17:431–449. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bb.17.060188.002243. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Nicklas R. B. The motor for poleward chromosome movement in anaphase is in or near the kinetochore. J Cell Biol. 1989 Nov;109(5):2245–2255. doi: 10.1083/jcb.109.5.2245. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Obar R. A., Collins C. A., Hammarback J. A., Shpetner H. S., Vallee R. B. Molecular cloning of the microtubule-associated mechanochemical enzyme dynamin reveals homology with a new family of GTP-binding proteins. Nature. 1990 Sep 20;347(6290):256–261. doi: 10.1038/347256a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Paschal B. M., Shpetner H. S., Vallee R. B. MAP 1C is a microtubule-activated ATPase which translocates microtubules in vitro and has dynein-like properties. J Cell Biol. 1987 Sep;105(3):1273–1282. doi: 10.1083/jcb.105.3.1273. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Paschal B. M., Vallee R. B. Retrograde transport by the microtubule-associated protein MAP 1C. Nature. 1987 Nov 12;330(6144):181–183. doi: 10.1038/330181a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Pfarr C. M., Coue M., Grissom P. M., Hays T. S., Porter M. E., McIntosh J. R. Cytoplasmic dynein is localized to kinetochores during mitosis. Nature. 1990 May 17;345(6272):263–265. doi: 10.1038/345263a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Pfister K. K., Wagner M. C., Stenoien D. L., Brady S. T., Bloom G. S. Monoclonal antibodies to kinesin heavy and light chains stain vesicle-like structures, but not microtubules, in cultured cells. J Cell Biol. 1989 Apr;108(4):1453–1463. doi: 10.1083/jcb.108.4.1453. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Piperno G. Monoclonal antibodies to dynein subunits reveal the existence of cytoplasmic antigens in sea urchin egg. J Cell Biol. 1984 May;98(5):1842–1850. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.5.1842. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Rebhun L. I. Polarized intracellular particle transport: saltatory movements and cytoplasmic streaming. Int Rev Cytol. 1972;32:93–137. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60339-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Rieder C. L., Alexander S. P. Kinetochores are transported poleward along a single astral microtubule during chromosome attachment to the spindle in newt lung cells. J Cell Biol. 1990 Jan;110(1):81–95. doi: 10.1083/jcb.110.1.81. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Rieder C. L., Davison E. A., Jensen L. C., Cassimeris L., Salmon E. D. Oscillatory movements of monooriented chromosomes and their position relative to the spindle pole result from the ejection properties of the aster and half-spindle. J Cell Biol. 1986 Aug;103(2):581–591. doi: 10.1083/jcb.103.2.581. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Rieder C. L. The formation, structure, and composition of the mammalian kinetochore and kinetochore fiber. Int Rev Cytol. 1982;79:1–58. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61672-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Salmon E. D., Leslie R. J., Saxton W. M., Karow M. L., McIntosh J. R. Spindle microtubule dynamics in sea urchin embryos: analysis using a fluorescein-labeled tubulin and measurements of fluorescence redistribution after laser photobleaching. J Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;99(6):2165–2174. doi: 10.1083/jcb.99.6.2165. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Sawin K. E., Mitchison T. J. Mitotic spindle assembly by two different pathways in vitro. J Cell Biol. 1991 Mar;112(5):925–940. doi: 10.1083/jcb.112.5.925. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Sawin K. E., Mitchison T. J. Poleward microtubule flux mitotic spindles assembled in vitro. J Cell Biol. 1991 Mar;112(5):941–954. doi: 10.1083/jcb.112.5.941. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Saxton W. M., Hicks J., Goldstein L. S., Raff E. C. Kinesin heavy chain is essential for viability and neuromuscular functions in Drosophila, but mutants show no defects in mitosis. Cell. 1991 Mar 22;64(6):1093–1102. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90264-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Saxton W. M., McIntosh J. R. Interzone microtubule behavior in late anaphase and telophase spindles. J Cell Biol. 1987 Aug;105(2):875–886. doi: 10.1083/jcb.105.2.875. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Saxton W. M., Porter M. E., Cohn S. A., Scholey J. M., Raff E. C., McIntosh J. R. Drosophila kinesin: characterization of microtubule motility and ATPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Feb;85(4):1109–1113. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.4.1109. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Scaife R., Margolis R. L. Biochemical and immunochemical analysis of rat brain dynamin interaction with microtubules and organelles in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Biol. 1990 Dec;111(6 Pt 2):3023–3033. doi: 10.1083/jcb.111.6.3023. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Schliwa M., Shimizu T., Vale R. D., Euteneuer U. Nucleotide specificities of anterograde and retrograde organelle transport in Reticulomyxa are indistinguishable. J Cell Biol. 1991 Mar;112(6):1199–1203. doi: 10.1083/jcb.112.6.1199. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Scholey J. M., Porter M. E., Grissom P. M., McIntosh J. R. Identification of kinesin in sea urchin eggs, and evidence for its localization in the mitotic spindle. Nature. 1985 Dec 5;318(6045):483–486. doi: 10.1038/318483a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Shpetner H. S., Vallee R. B. Identification of dynamin, a novel mechanochemical enzyme that mediates interactions between microtubules. Cell. 1989 Nov 3;59(3):421–432. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90027-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Spurck T. P., Stonington O. G., Snyder J. A., Pickett-Heaps J. D., Bajer A., Mole-Bajer J. UV microbeam irradiations of the mitotic spindle. II. Spindle fiber dynamics and force production. J Cell Biol. 1990 Oct;111(4):1505–1518. doi: 10.1083/jcb.111.4.1505. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Steuer E. R., Wordeman L., Schroer T. A., Sheetz M. P. Localization of cytoplasmic dynein to mitotic spindles and kinetochores. Nature. 1990 May 17;345(6272):266–268. doi: 10.1038/345266a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Tippit D. H., Pickett-Heaps J. D., Leslie R. Cell division in two large pennate diatoms Hantzschia and Nitzschia III. A new proposal for kinetochore function during prometaphase. J Cell Biol. 1980 Aug;86(2):402–416. doi: 10.1083/jcb.86.2.402. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Vale R. D., Goldstein L. S. One motor, many tails: an expanding repertoire of force-generating enzymes. Cell. 1990 Mar 23;60(6):883–885. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90334-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Vale R. D., Reese T. S., Sheetz M. P. Identification of a novel force-generating protein, kinesin, involved in microtubule-based motility. Cell. 1985 Aug;42(1):39–50. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80099-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Vale R. D., Schnapp B. J., Mitchison T., Steuer E., Reese T. S., Sheetz M. P. Different axoplasmic proteins generate movement in opposite directions along microtubules in vitro. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(3 Pt 2):623–632. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90234-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Vale R. D., Soll D. R., Gibbons I. R. One-dimensional diffusion of microtubules bound to flagellar dynein. Cell. 1989 Dec 1;59(5):915–925. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90614-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Vallee R. B., Shpetner H. S. Motor proteins of cytoplasmic microtubules. Annu Rev Biochem. 1990;59:909–932. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.004401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Verde F., Berrez J. M., Antony C., Karsenti E. Taxol-induced microtubule asters in mitotic extracts of Xenopus eggs: requirement for phosphorylated factors and cytoplasmic dynein. J Cell Biol. 1991 Mar;112(6):1177–1187. doi: 10.1083/jcb.112.6.1177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Walker R. A., Salmon E. D., Endow S. A. The Drosophila claret segregation protein is a minus-end directed motor molecule. Nature. 1990 Oct 25;347(6295):780–782. doi: 10.1038/347780a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Wilson P. J., Forer A. Ultraviolet microbeam irradiation of chromosomal spindle fibres shears microtubules and permits study of the new free ends in vivo. J Cell Sci. 1988 Dec;91(Pt 4):455–468. doi: 10.1242/jcs.91.4.455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Wise D., Cassimeris L., Rieder C. L., Wadsworth P., Salmon E. D. Chromosome fiber dynamics and congression oscillations in metaphase PtK2 cells at 23 degrees C. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 1991;18(2):131–142. doi: 10.1002/cm.970180208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Wright B. D., Henson J. H., Wedaman K. P., Willy P. J., Morand J. N., Scholey J. M. Subcellular localization and sequence of sea urchin kinesin heavy chain: evidence for its association with membranes in the mitotic apparatus and interphase cytoplasm. J Cell Biol. 1991 May;113(4):817–833. doi: 10.1083/jcb.113.4.817. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Yang J. T., Saxton W. M., Goldstein L. S. Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding the heavy chain of Drosophila kinesin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(6):1864–1868. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.6.1864. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Yang J. T., Saxton W. M., Stewart R. J., Raff E. C., Goldstein L. S. Evidence that the head of kinesin is sufficient for force generation and motility in vitro. Science. 1990 Jul 6;249(4964):42–47. doi: 10.1126/science.2142332. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Yeh E., Driscoll R., Coltrera M., Olins A., Bloom K. A dynamin-like protein encoded by the yeast sporulation gene SPO15. Nature. 1991 Feb 21;349(6311):713–715. doi: 10.1038/349713a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Yoshida T., Ito A., Izutsu K. Association of anti-dynein-1 cross-reactive antigen with the mitotic spindle of mammalian cells. Cell Struct Funct. 1985 Sep;10(3):245–258. doi: 10.1247/csf.10.245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Zhang P., Knowles B. A., Goldstein L. S., Hawley R. S. A kinesin-like protein required for distributive chromosome segregation in Drosophila. Cell. 1990 Sep 21;62(6):1053–1062. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90383-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Zieve G. W., NcIntosh J. R. A probe for flagellar dynein in the mammalian mitotic apparatus. J Cell Sci. 1981 Apr;48:241–257. doi: 10.1242/jcs.48.1.241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Journal of Cell Biology are provided here courtesy of The Rockefeller University Press

RESOURCES