Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Journal of Cell Biology logoLink to The Journal of Cell Biology
. 1993 Dec 2;123(6):1687–1694. doi: 10.1083/jcb.123.6.1687

GLUT2 surface expression and intracellular transport via the constitutive pathway in pancreatic beta cells and insulinoma: evidence for a block in trans-Golgi network exit by brefeldin A

PMCID: PMC2290885  PMID: 8276890

Abstract

The biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and surface expression of the beta cell glucose transporter GLUT2 was investigated in isolated islets and insulinoma cells. Using a trypsin sensitivity assay to measure cell surface expression, we determined that: (a) greater than 95% of GLUT2 was expressed on the plasma membrane; (b) GLUT2 did not recycle in intracellular vesicles; and (c) after trypsin treatment, reexpression of the intact transporter occurred with a t1/2 of approximately 7 h. Kinetics of intracellular transport of GLUT2 was investigated in pulse-labeling experiments combined with glycosidase treatment and the trypsin sensitivity assay. We determined that transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) occurred with a t1/2 of 15 min and that transport from the TGN to the plasma membrane required a similar half-time. When added at the start of a pulse-labeling experiment, brefeldin A prevented exit of GLUT2 from the endoplasmic reticulum. When the transporter was first accumulated in the TGN during a 15-min period of chase, but not following a low temperature (22 degrees C) incubation, addition of brefeldin A (BFA) prevented subsequent surface expression of the transporter. This indicated that brefeldin A prevented GLUT2 exit from the TGN by acting at a site proximal to the 22 degrees C block. Together, these data demonstrate that GLUT2 surface expression in beta cells is via the constitutive pathway, that transport can be blocked by BFA at two distinct steps and that once on the surface, GLUT2 does not recycle in intracellular vesicles.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (1.4 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Asfari M., Janjic D., Meda P., Li G., Halban P. A., Wollheim C. B. Establishment of 2-mercaptoethanol-dependent differentiated insulin-secreting cell lines. Endocrinology. 1992 Jan;130(1):167–178. doi: 10.1210/endo.130.1.1370150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bell G. I., Kayano T., Buse J. B., Burant C. F., Takeda J., Lin D., Fukumoto H., Seino S. Molecular biology of mammalian glucose transporters. Diabetes Care. 1990 Mar;13(3):198–208. doi: 10.2337/diacare.13.3.198. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Birnbaum M. J. The insulin-sensitive glucose transporter. Int Rev Cytol. 1992;137:239–297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chege N. W., Pfeffer S. R. Compartmentation of the Golgi complex: brefeldin-A distinguishes trans-Golgi cisternae from the trans-Golgi network. J Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;111(3):893–899. doi: 10.1083/jcb.111.3.893. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Doms R. W., Russ G., Yewdell J. W. Brefeldin A redistributes resident and itinerant Golgi proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Biol. 1989 Jul;109(1):61–72. doi: 10.1083/jcb.109.1.61. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Duden R., Griffiths G., Frank R., Argos P., Kreis T. E. Beta-COP, a 110 kd protein associated with non-clathrin-coated vesicles and the Golgi complex, shows homology to beta-adaptin. Cell. 1991 Feb 8;64(3):649–665. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90248-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Gotoh M., Maki T., Satomi S., Porter J., Bonner-Weir S., O'Hara C. J., Monaco A. P. Reproducible high yield of rat islets by stationary in vitro digestion following pancreatic ductal or portal venous collagenase injection. Transplantation. 1987 May;43(5):725–730. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198705000-00024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Griffiths G., Pfeiffer S., Simons K., Matlin K. Exit of newly synthesized membrane proteins from the trans cisterna of the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane. J Cell Biol. 1985 Sep;101(3):949–964. doi: 10.1083/jcb.101.3.949. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Griffiths G., Simons K. The trans Golgi network: sorting at the exit site of the Golgi complex. Science. 1986 Oct 24;234(4775):438–443. doi: 10.1126/science.2945253. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hendricks L. C., McClanahan S. L., Palade G. E., Farquhar M. G. Brefeldin A affects early events but does not affect late events along the exocytic pathway in pancreatic acinar cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):7242–7246. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.15.7242. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Johnson J. H., Newgard C. B., Milburn J. L., Lodish H. F., Thorens B. The high Km glucose transporter of islets of Langerhans is functionally similar to the low affinity transporter of liver and has an identical primary sequence. J Biol Chem. 1990 Apr 25;265(12):6548–6551. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Johnson J. H., Ogawa A., Chen L., Orci L., Newgard C. B., Alam T., Unger R. H. Underexpression of beta cell high Km glucose transporters in noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Science. 1990 Oct 26;250(4980):546–549. doi: 10.1126/science.2237405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kelly R. B. Pathways of protein secretion in eukaryotes. Science. 1985 Oct 4;230(4721):25–32. doi: 10.1126/science.2994224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Klausner R. D., Donaldson J. G., Lippincott-Schwartz J. Brefeldin A: insights into the control of membrane traffic and organelle structure. J Cell Biol. 1992 Mar;116(5):1071–1080. doi: 10.1083/jcb.116.5.1071. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Lippincott-Schwartz J., Donaldson J. G., Schweizer A., Berger E. G., Hauri H. P., Yuan L. C., Klausner R. D. Microtubule-dependent retrograde transport of proteins into the ER in the presence of brefeldin A suggests an ER recycling pathway. Cell. 1990 Mar 9;60(5):821–836. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90096-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Lippincott-Schwartz J., Yuan L. C., Bonifacino J. S., Klausner R. D. Rapid redistribution of Golgi proteins into the ER in cells treated with brefeldin A: evidence for membrane cycling from Golgi to ER. Cell. 1989 Mar 10;56(5):801–813. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90685-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lippincott-Schwartz J., Yuan L., Tipper C., Amherdt M., Orci L., Klausner R. D. Brefeldin A's effects on endosomes, lysosomes, and the TGN suggest a general mechanism for regulating organelle structure and membrane traffic. Cell. 1991 Nov 1;67(3):601–616. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90534-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Lombardi T., Montesano R., Wohlwend A., Amherdt M., Vassalli J. D., Orci L. Evidence for polarization of plasma membrane domains in pancreatic endocrine cells. Nature. 1985 Feb 21;313(6004):694–696. doi: 10.1038/313694a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Matlin K. S., Simons K. Reduced temperature prevents transfer of a membrane glycoprotein to the cell surface but does not prevent terminal glycosylation. Cell. 1983 Aug;34(1):233–243. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90154-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Misumi Y., Misumi Y., Miki K., Takatsuki A., Tamura G., Ikehara Y. Novel blockade by brefeldin A of intracellular transport of secretory proteins in cultured rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem. 1986 Aug 25;261(24):11398–11403. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Ogawa A., Johnson J. H., Ohneda M., McAllister C. T., Inman L., Alam T., Unger R. H. Roles of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in dexamethasone-induced diabetes. J Clin Invest. 1992 Aug;90(2):497–504. doi: 10.1172/JCI115886. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Orci L., Ravazzola M., Amherdt M., Madsen O., Vassalli J. D., Perrelet A. Direct identification of prohormone conversion site in insulin-secreting cells. Cell. 1985 Sep;42(2):671–681. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90124-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Orci L., Ravazzola M., Storch M. J., Anderson R. G., Vassalli J. D., Perrelet A. Proteolytic maturation of insulin is a post-Golgi event which occurs in acidifying clathrin-coated secretory vesicles. Cell. 1987 Jun 19;49(6):865–868. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90624-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Orci L., Thorens B., Ravazzola M., Lodish H. F. Localization of the pancreatic beta cell glucose transporter to specific plasma membrane domains. Science. 1989 Jul 21;245(4915):295–297. doi: 10.1126/science.2665080. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Orci L., Unger R. H., Ravazzola M., Ogawa A., Komiya I., Baetens D., Lodish H. F., Thorens B. Reduced beta-cell glucose transporter in new onset diabetic BB rats. J Clin Invest. 1990 Nov;86(5):1615–1622. doi: 10.1172/JCI114883. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Reaves B., Banting G. Perturbation of the morphology of the trans-Golgi network following Brefeldin A treatment: redistribution of a TGN-specific integral membrane protein, TGN38. J Cell Biol. 1992 Jan;116(1):85–94. doi: 10.1083/jcb.116.1.85. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Roth J., Taatjes D. J., Lucocq J. M., Weinstein J., Paulson J. C. Demonstration of an extensive trans-tubular network continuous with the Golgi apparatus stack that may function in glycosylation. Cell. 1985 Nov;43(1):287–295. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90034-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Saraste J., Kuismanen E. Pre- and post-Golgi vacuoles operate in the transport of Semliki Forest virus membrane glycoproteins to the cell surface. Cell. 1984 Sep;38(2):535–549. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90508-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Steiner D. F. The Banting Memorial Lecture 1976. Insulin today. Diabetes. 1977 Apr;26(4):322–340. doi: 10.2337/diab.26.4.322. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Thorens B. Molecular and cellular physiology of GLUT-2, a high-Km facilitated diffusion glucose transporter. Int Rev Cytol. 1992;137:209–238. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62677-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Thorens B., Sarkar H. K., Kaback H. R., Lodish H. F. Cloning and functional expression in bacteria of a novel glucose transporter present in liver, intestine, kidney, and beta-pancreatic islet cells. Cell. 1988 Oct 21;55(2):281–290. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90051-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Thorens B., Weir G. C., Leahy J. L., Lodish H. F., Bonner-Weir S. Reduced expression of the liver/beta-cell glucose transporter isoform in glucose-insensitive pancreatic beta cells of diabetic rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(17):6492–6496. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.17.6492. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Thorens B., Wu Y. J., Leahy J. L., Weir G. C. The loss of GLUT2 expression by glucose-unresponsive beta cells of db/db mice is reversible and is induced by the diabetic environment. J Clin Invest. 1992 Jul;90(1):77–85. doi: 10.1172/JCI115858. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Unger R. H. Diabetic hyperglycemia: link to impaired glucose transport in pancreatic beta cells. Science. 1991 Mar 8;251(4998):1200–1205. doi: 10.1126/science.2006409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Wood S. A., Brown W. J. The morphology but not the function of endosomes and lysosomes is altered by brefeldin A. J Cell Biol. 1992 Oct;119(2):273–285. doi: 10.1083/jcb.119.2.273. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Journal of Cell Biology are provided here courtesy of The Rockefeller University Press

RESOURCES