Abstract
The fatty acid compositions of 39 type strains and 529 clinical or reference strains of pathogenic aerobic actinomycetes were analyzed after standardized culture by using the Microbial Identification System (MIS). Library entries for each type strain were created by using the MIS Library Generation Software, and the fatty acid profiles of clinical and reference strains were compared to these library entries. The bacteria separated into two large groups based upon major amounts of branched-chain or of saturated or monounsaturated straight-chain fatty acids. Identification of isolates was possible by using only the type strains for comparison, but fatty acid heterogeneity occurred within most species.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (153.6 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Auerbach S. B., McNeil M. M., Brown J. M., Lasker B. A., Jarvis W. R. Outbreak of pseudoinfection with Tsukamurella paurometabolum traced to laboratory contamination: efficacy of joint epidemiological and laboratory investigation. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 May;14(5):1015–1022. doi: 10.1093/clinids/14.5.1015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bernard K. A., Bellefeuille M., Ewan E. P. Cellular fatty acid composition as an adjunct to the identification of asporogenous, aerobic gram-positive rods. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Jan;29(1):83–89. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.1.83-89.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boiron P., Provost F., Chevrier G., Dupont B. Review of nocardial infections in France 1987 to 1990. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992 Aug;11(8):709–714. doi: 10.1007/BF01989975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brownell G. H., Belcher K. E. DNA probes for the identification of Nocardia asteroides. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Sep;28(9):2082–2086. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.9.2082-2086.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Butler W. R., Kilburn J. O., Kubica G. P. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of mycolic acids as an aid in laboratory identification of Rhodococcus and Nocardia species. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Nov;25(11):2126–2131. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.11.2126-2131.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carson M., Hellyar A. Opacification of Middlebrook agar as an aid in distinguishing Nocardia farcinica within the Nocardia asteroides complex. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Sep;32(9):2270–2271. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.9.2270-2271.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chun J., Goodfellow M. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Nocardia with 16S rRNA gene sequences. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1995 Apr;45(2):240–245. doi: 10.1099/00207713-45-2-240. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Collins M. D., Goodfellow M., Minnikin D. E. Fatty acid composition of some mycolic acid-containing coryneform bacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 1982 Nov;128(11):2503–2509. doi: 10.1099/00221287-128-11-2503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flores M., Desmond E. Opacification of Middlebrook agar as an aid in identification of Nocardia farcinica. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Nov;31(11):3040–3041. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.11.3040-3041.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goodfellow M., Thomas E. G., Ward A. C., James A. L. Classification and identification of rhodococci. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1990 Dec;274(3):299–315. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80687-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goodfellow M., Zakrzewska-Czerwinska J., Thomas E. G., Mordarski M., Ward A. C., James A. L. Polyphasic taxonomic study of the genera Gordona and Tsukamurella including the description of Tsukamurella wratislaviensis sp. nov. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1991 Jun;275(2):162–178. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80063-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gordon R. E., Horan A. C. A piecemeal description of Streptomyces griseus (Krainsky) Waksman and Henrici. J Gen Microbiol. 1968 Feb;50(2):223–233. doi: 10.1099/00221287-50-2-223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gordon R. E., Mishra S. K., Barnett D. A. Some bits and pieces of the genus Nocardia: N. carnea, N. vaccinii, N. transvalensis, N. orientalis and N. aerocolonigenes. J Gen Microbiol. 1978 Nov;109(1):69–78. doi: 10.1099/00221287-109-1-69. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gotoh K., Mitsuyama M., Imaizumi S., Kawamura I., Yano I. Mycolic acid-containing glycolipid as a possible virulence factor of Rhodococcus equi for mice. Microbiol Immunol. 1991;35(3):175–185. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1991.tb01546.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klatte S., Rainey F. A., Kroppenstedt R. M. Transfer of Rhodococcus aichiensis Tsukamura 1982 and Nocardia amarae Lechevalier and Lechevalier 1974 to the genus Gordona as Gordona aichiensis comb. nov. and Gordona amarae comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1994 Oct;44(4):769–773. doi: 10.1099/00207713-44-4-769. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lechevalier M. P. Lipids in bacterial taxonomy - a taxonomist's view. CRC Crit Rev Microbiol. 1977;5(2):109–210. doi: 10.3109/10408417709102311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Magnuson K., Jackowski S., Rock C. O., Cronan J. E., Jr Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Rev. 1993 Sep;57(3):522–542. doi: 10.1128/mr.57.3.522-542.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McNeil M. M., Brown J. M. The medically important aerobic actinomycetes: epidemiology and microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1994 Jul;7(3):357–417. doi: 10.1128/cmr.7.3.357. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mishra S. K., Gordon R. E., Barnett D. A. Identification of nocardiae and streptomycetes of medical importance. J Clin Microbiol. 1980 Jun;11(6):728–736. doi: 10.1128/jcm.11.6.728-736.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Müller F., Schaal K. P., von Graevenitz A., von Moos L., Woolcock J. B., Wüst J., Yassin A. F. Characterization of Rhodococcus equi-like bacterium isolated from a wound infection in a noncompromised host. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Apr;26(4):618–620. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.4.618-620.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Orchard V. A., Goodfellow M. Numerical classification of some named strains of Nocardia asteroides and related isolates from soil. J Gen Microbiol. 1980 Jun;118(2):295–312. doi: 10.1099/00221287-118-2-295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ridell M. Immunodiffusion studies of some Nocardia strains. J Gen Microbiol. 1981 Mar;123(1):69–74. doi: 10.1099/00221287-123-1-69. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ruimy R., Riegel P., Carlotti A., Boiron P., Bernardin G., Monteil H., Wallace R. J., Jr, Christen R. Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis sp. nov., a new species of Nocardia which groups bacterial strains previously identified as Nocardia brasiliensis and associated with invasive diseases. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1996 Jan;46(1):259–264. doi: 10.1099/00207713-46-1-259. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schaal K. P., Lee H. J. Actinomycete infections in humans--a review. Gene. 1992 Jun 15;115(1-2):201–211. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90560-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Steingrube V. A., Brown B. A., Gibson J. L., Wilson R. W., Brown J., Blacklock Z., Jost K., Locke S., Ulrich R. F., Wallace R. J., Jr DNA amplification and restriction endonuclease analysis for differentiation of 12 species and taxa of Nocardia, including recognition of four new taxa within the Nocardia asteroides complex. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Dec;33(12):3096–3101. doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.12.3096-3101.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thibert L., Lapierre S. Routine application of high-performance liquid chromatography for identification of mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Jul;31(7):1759–1763. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.7.1759-1763.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tsukamura M. Numerical taxonomy of the genus Nocardia. J Gen Microbiol. 1969 Jun;56(3):265–287. doi: 10.1099/00221287-56-3-265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tsukamura M. Proposal of a new genus, Gordona, for slightly acid-fast organisms occurring in sputa of patients with pulmonary disease and in soil. J Gen Microbiol. 1971 Sep;68(1):15–26. doi: 10.1099/00221287-68-1-15. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Veys A., Callewaert W., Waelkens E., Van den Abbeele K. Application of gas-liquid chromatography to the routine identification of nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria in clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jul;27(7):1538–1542. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.7.1538-1542.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wallace R. J., Jr, Brown B. A., Blacklock Z., Ulrich R., Jost K., Brown J. M., McNeil M. M., Onyi G., Steingrube V. A., Gibson J. New Nocardia taxon among isolates of Nocardia brasiliensis associated with invasive disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Jun;33(6):1528–1533. doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.6.1528-1533.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wallace R. J., Jr, Brown B. A., Tsukamura M., Brown J. M., Onyi G. O. Clinical and laboratory features of Nocardia nova. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Nov;29(11):2407–2411. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.11.2407-2411.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wallace R. J., Jr, Steele L. C., Sumter G., Smith J. M. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Nocardia asteroides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Dec;32(12):1776–1779. doi: 10.1128/aac.32.12.1776. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wallace R. J., Jr, Steele L. C. Susceptibility testing of Nocardia species for the clinical laboratory. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1988 Mar;9(3):155–166. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(88)90025-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wallace R. J., Jr, Tsukamura M., Brown B. A., Brown J., Steingrube V. A., Zhang Y. S., Nash D. R. Cefotaxime-resistant Nocardia asteroides strains are isolates of the controversial species Nocardia farcinica. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Dec;28(12):2726–2732. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.12.2726-2732.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Welch D. F. Applications of cellular fatty acid analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1991 Oct;4(4):422–438. doi: 10.1128/cmr.4.4.422. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zakrzewska-Czerwińska J., Mordarski M., Goodfellow M. DNA base composition and homology values in the classification of some Rhodococcus species. J Gen Microbiol. 1988 Oct;134(10):2807–2813. doi: 10.1099/00221287-134-10-2807. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]