Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1995 May;15(5):2600–2611. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.5.2600

Cyclin D1 is dispensable for G1 control in retinoblastoma gene-deficient cells independently of cdk4 activity.

J Lukas 1, J Bartkova 1, M Rohde 1, M Strauss 1, J Bartek 1
PMCID: PMC230490  PMID: 7739541

Abstract

To elucidate the regulator-versus-target relationship in the cyclin D1/cdk4/retinoblastoma protein (pRB) pathway, we examined fibroblasts from RB-1 gene-deficient and RB-1 wild-type littermate mouse embryos (ME) and in human tumor cell lines that differed in the status of the RB-1 gene. The RB+/+ and RB-/- ME fibroblasts expressed similar protein levels of D-type cyclins, cdk4, and cdk6, showed analogous spectra and abundance of cellular proteins complexed with cdk4 and/or cyclins D1 and D2, and exhibited comparable associated kinase activities. Of the two human cell lines established from the same sarcoma biopsy, the RB-positive SKUT1B cells contained cdk4 that was mainly associated with D-type cyclins, contrary to a predominant cdk4-p16INK4 complex in the RB-deficient SKUT1A cells. Antibody-mediated neutralization of cyclin D1 arrested the RB-positive ME and SKUT1B cells in G1, whereas this cyclin appeared dispensable in the RB-deficient ME and SKUT1A cells. Lack of requirement for cyclin D1 therefore correlated with absence of functional pRB, regardless of whether active cyclin D1/cdk4 holoenzyme was present in the cells under study. Consistent with a potential role of cyclin D/cdk4 in phosphorylation of pRB, monoclonal anti-cyclin D1 antibodies supporting the associated kinase activity failed to significantly affect proliferation of RB-positive cells, whereas the antibody DCS-6, unable to coprecipitate cdk4, efficiently inhibited G1 progression and prevented pRB phosphorylation in vivo. These data provide evidence for an upstream control function of cyclin D1/cdk4, and a downstream role for pRB, in the order of events regulating transition through late G1 phase of the mammalian cell division cycle.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (573.7 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ando K., Ajchenbaum-Cymbalista F., Griffin J. D. Regulation of G1/S transition by cyclins D2 and D3 in hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Oct 15;90(20):9571–9575. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.20.9571. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baldin V., Lukas J., Marcote M. J., Pagano M., Draetta G. Cyclin D1 is a nuclear protein required for cell cycle progression in G1. Genes Dev. 1993 May;7(5):812–821. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.5.812. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bartkova J., Lukas J., Müller H., Lützhøft D., Strauss M., Bartek J. Cyclin D1 protein expression and function in human breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 1994 May 1;57(3):353–361. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910570311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bates S., Bonetta L., MacAllan D., Parry D., Holder A., Dickson C., Peters G. CDK6 (PLSTIRE) and CDK4 (PSK-J3) are a distinct subset of the cyclin-dependent kinases that associate with cyclin D1. Oncogene. 1994 Jan;9(1):71–79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bates S., Parry D., Bonetta L., Vousden K., Dickson C., Peters G. Absence of cyclin D/cdk complexes in cells lacking functional retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene. 1994 Jun;9(6):1633–1640. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bártek J., Vojtesek B., Grand R. J., Gallimore P. H., Lane D. P. Cellular localization and T antigen binding of the retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene. 1992 Jan;7(1):101–108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Clarke A. R., Maandag E. R., van Roon M., van der Lugt N. M., van der Valk M., Hooper M. L., Berns A., te Riele H. Requirement for a functional Rb-1 gene in murine development. Nature. 1992 Sep 24;359(6393):328–330. doi: 10.1038/359328a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dou Q. P., Levin A. H., Zhao S., Pardee A. B. Cyclin E and cyclin A as candidates for the restriction point protein. Cancer Res. 1993 Apr 1;53(7):1493–1497. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Dowdy S. F., Hinds P. W., Louie K., Reed S. I., Arnold A., Weinberg R. A. Physical interaction of the retinoblastoma protein with human D cyclins. Cell. 1993 May 7;73(3):499–511. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90137-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Ewen M. E., Sluss H. K., Sherr C. J., Matsushime H., Kato J., Livingston D. M. Functional interactions of the retinoblastoma protein with mammalian D-type cyclins. Cell. 1993 May 7;73(3):487–497. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90136-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Fagan R., Flint K. J., Jones N. Phosphorylation of E2F-1 modulates its interaction with the retinoblastoma gene product and the adenoviral E4 19 kDa protein. Cell. 1994 Sep 9;78(5):799–811. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(94)90522-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Fogh J., Fogh J. M., Orfeo T. One hundred and twenty-seven cultured human tumor cell lines producing tumors in nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1977 Jul;59(1):221–226. doi: 10.1093/jnci/59.1.221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Goodrich D. W., Lee W. H. Molecular characterization of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 May 25;1155(1):43–61. doi: 10.1016/0304-419x(93)90021-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hannon G. J., Beach D. p15INK4B is a potential effector of TGF-beta-induced cell cycle arrest. Nature. 1994 Sep 15;371(6494):257–261. doi: 10.1038/371257a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hatakeyama M., Brill J. A., Fink G. R., Weinberg R. A. Collaboration of G1 cyclins in the functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein. Genes Dev. 1994 Aug 1;8(15):1759–1771. doi: 10.1101/gad.8.15.1759. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Helin K., Ed H. The retinoblastoma protein as a transcriptional repressor. Trends Cell Biol. 1993 Feb;3(2):43–46. doi: 10.1016/0962-8924(93)90150-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hinds P. W., Mittnacht S., Dulic V., Arnold A., Reed S. I., Weinberg R. A. Regulation of retinoblastoma protein functions by ectopic expression of human cyclins. Cell. 1992 Sep 18;70(6):993–1006. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90249-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hunter T. Braking the cycle. Cell. 1993 Dec 3;75(5):839–841. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90528-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Inaba T., Matsushime H., Valentine M., Roussel M. F., Sherr C. J., Look A. T. Genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and independent expression of human cyclin D genes. Genomics. 1992 Jul;13(3):565–574. doi: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90126-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Jacks T., Fazeli A., Schmitt E. M., Bronson R. T., Goodell M. A., Weinberg R. A. Effects of an Rb mutation in the mouse. Nature. 1992 Sep 24;359(6393):295–300. doi: 10.1038/359295a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Jiang W., Kahn S. M., Zhou P., Zhang Y. J., Cacace A. M., Infante A. S., Doi S., Santella R. M., Weinstein I. B. Overexpression of cyclin D1 in rat fibroblasts causes abnormalities in growth control, cell cycle progression and gene expression. Oncogene. 1993 Dec;8(12):3447–3457. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Jiang W., Zhang Y. J., Kahn S. M., Hollstein M. C., Santella R. M., Lu S. H., Harris C. C., Montesano R., Weinstein I. B. Altered expression of the cyclin D1 and retinoblastoma genes in human esophageal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Oct 1;90(19):9026–9030. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.19.9026. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Kaelin W. G., Jr, Pallas D. C., DeCaprio J. A., Kaye F. J., Livingston D. M. Identification of cellular proteins that can interact specifically with the T/E1A-binding region of the retinoblastoma gene product. Cell. 1991 Feb 8;64(3):521–532. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90236-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Kato J., Matsushime H., Hiebert S. W., Ewen M. E., Sherr C. J. Direct binding of cyclin D to the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and pRb phosphorylation by the cyclin D-dependent kinase CDK4. Genes Dev. 1993 Mar;7(3):331–342. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.3.331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kiyokawa H., Busquets X., Powell C. T., Ngo L., Rifkind R. A., Marks P. A. Cloning of a D-type cyclin from murine erythroleukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 15;89(6):2444–2447. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2444. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Koff A., Cross F., Fisher A., Schumacher J., Leguellec K., Philippe M., Roberts J. M. Human cyclin E, a new cyclin that interacts with two members of the CDC2 gene family. Cell. 1991 Sep 20;66(6):1217–1228. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90044-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Koff A., Giordano A., Desai D., Yamashita K., Harper J. W., Elledge S., Nishimoto T., Morgan D. O., Franza B. R., Roberts J. M. Formation and activation of a cyclin E-cdk2 complex during the G1 phase of the human cell cycle. Science. 1992 Sep 18;257(5077):1689–1694. doi: 10.1126/science.1388288. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Lee E. Y., Chang C. Y., Hu N., Wang Y. C., Lai C. C., Herrup K., Lee W. H., Bradley A. Mice deficient for Rb are nonviable and show defects in neurogenesis and haematopoiesis. Nature. 1992 Sep 24;359(6393):288–294. doi: 10.1038/359288a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lew D. J., Dulić V., Reed S. I. Isolation of three novel human cyclins by rescue of G1 cyclin (Cln) function in yeast. Cell. 1991 Sep 20;66(6):1197–1206. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90042-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Lukas J., Bartek J., Strauss M. Efficient transfer of antibodies into mammalian cells by electroporation. J Immunol Methods. 1994 Apr 15;170(2):255–259. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90400-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Lukas J., Jadayel D., Bartkova J., Nacheva E., Dyer M. J., Strauss M., Bartek J. BCL-1/cyclin D1 oncoprotein oscillates and subverts the G1 phase control in B-cell neoplasms carrying the t(11;14) translocation. Oncogene. 1994 Aug;9(8):2159–2167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Lukas J., Müller H., Bartkova J., Spitkovsky D., Kjerulff A. A., Jansen-Dürr P., Strauss M., Bartek J. DNA tumor virus oncoproteins and retinoblastoma gene mutations share the ability to relieve the cell's requirement for cyclin D1 function in G1. J Cell Biol. 1994 May;125(3):625–638. doi: 10.1083/jcb.125.3.625. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Lukas J., Pagano M., Staskova Z., Draetta G., Bartek J. Cyclin D1 protein oscillates and is essential for cell cycle progression in human tumour cell lines. Oncogene. 1994 Mar;9(3):707–718. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Matsuoka M., Kato J. Y., Fisher R. P., Morgan D. O., Sherr C. J. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) by mouse MO15-associated kinase. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Nov;14(11):7265–7275. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.11.7265. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Matsushime H., Ewen M. E., Strom D. K., Kato J. Y., Hanks S. K., Roussel M. F., Sherr C. J. Identification and properties of an atypical catalytic subunit (p34PSK-J3/cdk4) for mammalian D type G1 cyclins. Cell. 1992 Oct 16;71(2):323–334. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90360-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Matsushime H., Quelle D. E., Shurtleff S. A., Shibuya M., Sherr C. J., Kato J. Y. D-type cyclin-dependent kinase activity in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Mar;14(3):2066–2076. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.3.2066. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Matsushime H., Roussel M. F., Ashmun R. A., Sherr C. J. Colony-stimulating factor 1 regulates novel cyclins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell. 1991 May 17;65(4):701–713. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90101-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Matsushime H., Roussel M. F., Sherr C. J. Novel mammalian cyclins (CYL genes) expressed during G1. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1991;56:69–74. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1991.056.01.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Meyerson M., Enders G. H., Wu C. L., Su L. K., Gorka C., Nelson C., Harlow E., Tsai L. H. A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases. EMBO J. 1992 Aug;11(8):2909–2917. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05360.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Meyerson M., Harlow E. Identification of G1 kinase activity for cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Mar;14(3):2077–2086. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.3.2077. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Mittnacht S., Lees J. A., Desai D., Harlow E., Morgan D. O., Weinberg R. A. Distinct sub-populations of the retinoblastoma protein show a distinct pattern of phosphorylation. EMBO J. 1994 Jan 1;13(1):118–127. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06241.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Morgan D. O. Cell cycle control in normal and neoplastic cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1992 Feb;2(1):33–37. doi: 10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80318-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Motokura T., Arnold A. Cyclins and oncogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 May 25;1155(1):63–78. doi: 10.1016/0304-419x(93)90022-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Motokura T., Bloom T., Kim H. G., Jüppner H., Ruderman J. V., Kronenberg H. M., Arnold A. A novel cyclin encoded by a bcl1-linked candidate oncogene. Nature. 1991 Apr 11;350(6318):512–515. doi: 10.1038/350512a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Motokura T., Keyomarsi K., Kronenberg H. M., Arnold A. Cloning and characterization of human cyclin D3, a cDNA closely related in sequence to the PRAD1/cyclin D1 proto-oncogene. J Biol Chem. 1992 Oct 5;267(28):20412–20415. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Musgrove E. A., Lee C. S., Buckley M. F., Sutherland R. L. Cyclin D1 induction in breast cancer cells shortens G1 and is sufficient for cells arrested in G1 to complete the cell cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Aug 16;91(17):8022–8026. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.17.8022. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Müller H., Lukas J., Schneider A., Warthoe P., Bartek J., Eilers M., Strauss M. Cyclin D1 expression is regulated by the retinoblastoma protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Apr 12;91(8):2945–2949. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.8.2945. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Nasmyth K., Hunt T. Cell cycle. Dams and sluices. Nature. 1993 Dec 16;366(6456):634–635. doi: 10.1038/366634a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Nevins J. R. E2F: a link between the Rb tumor suppressor protein and viral oncoproteins. Science. 1992 Oct 16;258(5081):424–429. doi: 10.1126/science.1411535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Norbury C., Nurse P. Animal cell cycles and their control. Annu Rev Biochem. 1992;61:441–470. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.61.070192.002301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Pagano M., Pepperkok R., Lukas J., Baldin V., Ansorge W., Bartek J., Draetta G. Regulation of the cell cycle by the cdk2 protein kinase in cultured human fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 1993 Apr;121(1):101–111. doi: 10.1083/jcb.121.1.101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Pardee A. B. G1 events and regulation of cell proliferation. Science. 1989 Nov 3;246(4930):603–608. doi: 10.1126/science.2683075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Peters G. Cell cycle. Stifled by inhibitions. Nature. 1994 Sep 15;371(6494):204–205. doi: 10.1038/371204a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Quelle D. E., Ashmun R. A., Shurtleff S. A., Kato J. Y., Bar-Sagi D., Roussel M. F., Sherr C. J. Overexpression of mouse D-type cyclins accelerates G1 phase in rodent fibroblasts. Genes Dev. 1993 Aug;7(8):1559–1571. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.8.1559. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Reed S. I. G1-specific cyclins: in search of an S-phase-promoting factor. Trends Genet. 1991 Mar;7(3):95–99. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(91)90279-Y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Resnitzky D., Gossen M., Bujard H., Reed S. I. Acceleration of the G1/S phase transition by expression of cyclins D1 and E with an inducible system. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Mar;14(3):1669–1679. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.3.1669. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Rosenblatt J., Gu Y., Morgan D. O. Human cyclin-dependent kinase 2 is activated during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle and associates with cyclin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 1;89(7):2824–2828. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.7.2824. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Serrano M., Hannon G. J., Beach D. A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4. Nature. 1993 Dec 16;366(6456):704–707. doi: 10.1038/366704a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Sherr C. J. Mammalian G1 cyclins. Cell. 1993 Jun 18;73(6):1059–1065. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90636-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Sherr C. J. The ins and outs of RB: coupling gene expression to the cell cycle clock. Trends Cell Biol. 1994 Jan;4(1):15–18. doi: 10.1016/0962-8924(94)90033-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Stratton M. R., Moss S., Warren W., Patterson H., Clark J., Fisher C., Fletcher C. D., Ball A., Thomas M., Gusterson B. A. Mutation of the p53 gene in human soft tissue sarcomas: association with abnormalities of the RB1 gene. Oncogene. 1990 Sep;5(9):1297–1301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Strauss M., Hering S., Lieber A., Herrmann G., Griffin B. E., Arnold W. Stimulation of cell division and fibroblast focus formation by antisense repression of retinoblastoma protein synthesis. Oncogene. 1992 Apr;7(4):769–773. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Tam S. W., Theodoras A. M., Shay J. W., Draetta G. F., Pagano M. Differential expression and regulation of Cyclin D1 protein in normal and tumor human cells: association with Cdk4 is required for Cyclin D1 function in G1 progression. Oncogene. 1994 Sep;9(9):2663–2674. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Tsai L. H., Lees E., Faha B., Harlow E., Riabowol K. The cdk2 kinase is required for the G1-to-S transition in mammalian cells. Oncogene. 1993 Jun;8(6):1593–1602. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Won K. A., Xiong Y., Beach D., Gilman M. Z. Growth-regulated expression of D-type cyclin genes in human diploid fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 15;89(20):9910–9914. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.20.9910. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Xiong Y., Connolly T., Futcher B., Beach D. Human D-type cyclin. Cell. 1991 May 17;65(4):691–699. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90100-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Xiong Y., Zhang H., Beach D. D type cyclins associate with multiple protein kinases and the DNA replication and repair factor PCNA. Cell. 1992 Oct 30;71(3):505–514. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90518-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Xiong Y., Zhang H., Beach D. Subunit rearrangement of the cyclin-dependent kinases is associated with cellular transformation. Genes Dev. 1993 Aug;7(8):1572–1583. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.8.1572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES