Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1996 Aug;16(8):4366–4377. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.8.4366

A soluble transcription factor, Oct-1, is also found in the insoluble nuclear matrix and possesses silencing activity in its alanine-rich domain.

M K Kim 1, L A Lesoon-Wood 1, B D Weintraub 1, J H Chung 1
PMCID: PMC231435  PMID: 8754837

Abstract

Expression of the human thyrotropin beta (hTSHbeta) gene is restricted to thyrotrophs, at least in part, by silencing. Using transient-transfection assays, we have localized a silencer element to a region between -128 and -480 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site. The silencing activity was overcome in a thyrotroph-specific manner by an unknown enhancer located in the sequences at -approximately 10000 to -1200 bp. The ubiquitous POU homeodomain protein Oct-1 recognized the A/T-rich silencer element at multiple sites in gel mobility shift assays and in vitro footprinting analyses. The silencing activity of Oct-1 was localized in its C-terminal alanine-rich domain, suggesting that Oct-1 plays a role in silencing of the hTSHbeta promoter. Further, a significant fraction of Oct-1 was shown to be associated with the nuclear matrix, and the hTSHbeta silencer region was tethered to a nuclear matrix of human cells in vivo, suggesting a possible role of the Oct-1-hTSHbeta silencer region interaction in chromatin organization.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (558.7 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adachi Y., Käs E., Laemmli U. K. Preferential, cooperative binding of DNA topoisomerase II to scaffold-associated regions. EMBO J. 1989 Dec 20;8(13):3997–4006. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08582.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baniahmad A., Leng X., Burris T. P., Tsai S. Y., Tsai M. J., O'Malley B. W. The tau 4 activation domain of the thyroid hormone receptor is required for release of a putative corepressor(s) necessary for transcriptional silencing. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Jan;15(1):76–86. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.1.76. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Baumruker T., Sturm R., Herr W. OBP100 binds remarkably degenerate octamer motifs through specific interactions with flanking sequences. Genes Dev. 1988 Nov;2(11):1400–1413. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.11.1400. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Belgrader P., Siegel A. J., Berezney R. A comprehensive study on the isolation and characterization of the HeLa S3 nuclear matrix. J Cell Sci. 1991 Mar;98(Pt 3):281–291. doi: 10.1242/jcs.98.3.281. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bendall A. J., Sturm R. A., Danoy P. A., Molloy P. L. Broad binding-site specificity and affinity properties of octamer 1 and brain octamer-binding proteins. Eur J Biochem. 1993 Nov 1;217(3):799–811. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18308.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bianchi M. E., Beltrame M., Paonessa G. Specific recognition of cruciform DNA by nuclear protein HMG1. Science. 1989 Feb 24;243(4894 Pt 1):1056–1059. doi: 10.1126/science.2922595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bode J., Kohwi Y., Dickinson L., Joh T., Klehr D., Mielke C., Kohwi-Shigematsu T. Biological significance of unwinding capability of nuclear matrix-associating DNAs. Science. 1992 Jan 10;255(5041):195–197. doi: 10.1126/science.1553545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248–254. doi: 10.1006/abio.1976.9999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Courey A. J., Tjian R. Analysis of Sp1 in vivo reveals multiple transcriptional domains, including a novel glutamine-rich activation motif. Cell. 1988 Dec 2;55(5):887–898. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90144-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Dickinson L. A., Joh T., Kohwi Y., Kohwi-Shigematsu T. A tissue-specific MAR/SAR DNA-binding protein with unusual binding site recognition. Cell. 1992 Aug 21;70(4):631–645. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90432-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Drolet D. W., Scully K. M., Simmons D. M., Wegner M., Chu K. T., Swanson L. W., Rosenfeld M. G. TEF, a transcription factor expressed specifically in the anterior pituitary during embryogenesis, defines a new class of leucine zipper proteins. Genes Dev. 1991 Oct;5(10):1739–1753. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.10.1739. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Elsholtz H. P., Albert V. R., Treacy M. N., Rosenfeld M. G. A two-base change in a POU factor-binding site switches pituitary-specific to lymphoid-specific gene expression. Genes Dev. 1990 Jan;4(1):43–51. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.1.43. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Fackelmayer F. O., Dahm K., Renz A., Ramsperger U., Richter A. Nucleic-acid-binding properties of hnRNP-U/SAF-A, a nuclear-matrix protein which binds DNA and RNA in vivo and in vitro. Eur J Biochem. 1994 Apr 15;221(2):749–757. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18788.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gasser S. M., Amati B. B., Cardenas M. E., Hofmann J. F. Studies on scaffold attachment sites and their relation to genome function. Int Rev Cytol. 1989;119:57–96. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60649-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Grosschedl R., Giese K., Pagel J. HMG domain proteins: architectural elements in the assembly of nucleoprotein structures. Trends Genet. 1994 Mar;10(3):94–100. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(94)90232-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Han K., Manley J. L. Functional domains of the Drosophila Engrailed protein. EMBO J. 1993 Jul;12(7):2723–2733. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05934.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Han K., Manley J. L. Transcriptional repression by the Drosophila even-skipped protein: definition of a minimal repression domain. Genes Dev. 1993 Mar;7(3):491–503. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.3.491. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Haugen B. R., Gordon D. F., Nelson A. R., Wood W. M., Ridgway E. C. The combination of Pit-1 and Pit-1T have a synergistic stimulatory effect on the thyrotropin beta-subunit promoter but not the growth hormone or prolactin promoters. Mol Endocrinol. 1994 Nov;8(11):1574–1582. doi: 10.1210/mend.8.11.7877626. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. He D. C., Nickerson J. A., Penman S. Core filaments of the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biol. 1990 Mar;110(3):569–580. doi: 10.1083/jcb.110.3.569. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. He X., Treacy M. N., Simmons D. M., Ingraham H. A., Swanson L. W., Rosenfeld M. G. Expression of a large family of POU-domain regulatory genes in mammalian brain development. Nature. 1989 Jul 6;340(6228):35–41. doi: 10.1038/340035a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Homberger H. P. Bent DNA is a structural feature of scaffold-attached regions in Drosophila melanogaster interphase nuclei. Chromosoma. 1989 Aug;98(2):99–104. doi: 10.1007/BF00291044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Izaurralde E., Käs E., Laemmli U. K. Highly preferential nucleation of histone H1 assembly on scaffold-associated regions. J Mol Biol. 1989 Dec 5;210(3):573–585. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90133-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Izaurralde E., Mirkovitch J., Laemmli U. K. Interaction of DNA with nuclear scaffolds in vitro. J Mol Biol. 1988 Mar 5;200(1):111–125. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90337-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Jones K. A., Yamamoto K. R., Tjian R. Two distinct transcription factors bind to the HSV thymidine kinase promoter in vitro. Cell. 1985 Sep;42(2):559–572. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90113-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kilwinski J., Baack M., Heiland S., Knippers R. Transcription factor Oct1 binds to the AT-rich segment of the simian virus 40 replication origin. J Virol. 1995 Jan;69(1):575–578. doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.1.575-578.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Kim M. K., McClaskey J. H., Bodenner D. L., Weintraub B. D. An AP-1-like factor and the pituitary-specific factor Pit-1 are both necessary to mediate hormonal induction of human thyrotropin beta gene expression. J Biol Chem. 1993 Nov 5;268(31):23366–23375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Klemm J. D., Rould M. A., Aurora R., Herr W., Pabo C. O. Crystal structure of the Oct-1 POU domain bound to an octamer site: DNA recognition with tethered DNA-binding modules. Cell. 1994 Apr 8;77(1):21–32. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90231-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Käs E., Izaurralde E., Laemmli U. K. Specific inhibition of DNA binding to nuclear scaffolds and histone H1 by distamycin. The role of oligo(dA).oligo(dT) tracts. J Mol Biol. 1989 Dec 5;210(3):587–599. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90134-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lazar J., Desvergne B., Zimmerman E. C., Zimmer D. B., Magnuson M. A., Nikodem V. M. A role for intronic sequences on expression of thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene. J Biol Chem. 1994 Aug 12;269(32):20352–20359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Leger H., Sock E., Renner K., Grummt F., Wegner M. Functional interaction between the POU domain protein Tst-1/Oct-6 and the high-mobility-group protein HMG-I/Y. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Jul;15(7):3738–3747. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.7.3738. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Licht J. D., Grossel M. J., Figge J., Hansen U. M. Drosophila Krüppel protein is a transcriptional repressor. Nature. 1990 Jul 5;346(6279):76–79. doi: 10.1038/346076a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Lin S. C., Li S., Drolet D. W., Rosenfeld M. G. Pituitary ontogeny of the Snell dwarf mouse reveals Pit-1-independent and Pit-1-dependent origins of the thyrotrope. Development. 1994 Mar;120(3):515–522. doi: 10.1242/dev.120.3.515. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Ludérus M. E., de Graaf A., Mattia E., den Blaauwen J. L., Grande M. A., de Jong L., van Driel R. Binding of matrix attachment regions to lamin B1. Cell. 1992 Sep 18;70(6):949–959. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90245-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Maki K., Miyoshi I., Kon Y., Yamashita T., Sasaki N., Aoyama S., Takahashi E., Namioka S., Hayashizaki Y., Kasai N. Targeted pituitary tumorigenesis using the human thyrotropin beta-subunit chain promoter in transgenic mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1994 Nov;105(2):147–154. doi: 10.1016/0303-7207(94)90164-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Mason M. E., Friend K. E., Copper J., Shupnik M. A. Pit-1/GHF-1 binds to TRH-sensitive regions of the rat thyrotropin beta gene. Biochemistry. 1993 Aug 31;32(34):8932–8938. doi: 10.1021/bi00085a026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. McKnight S. L., Kingsbury R. Transcriptional control signals of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. Science. 1982 Jul 23;217(4557):316–324. doi: 10.1126/science.6283634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Mirkovitch J., Mirault M. E., Laemmli U. K. Organization of the higher-order chromatin loop: specific DNA attachment sites on nuclear scaffold. Cell. 1984 Nov;39(1):223–232. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90208-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Ner S. S. HMGs everywhere. Curr Biol. 1992 Apr;2(4):208–210. doi: 10.1016/0960-9822(92)90541-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. O'Neill E. A., Fletcher C., Burrow C. R., Heintz N., Roeder R. G., Kelly T. J. Transcription factor OTF-1 is functionally identical to the DNA replication factor NF-III. Science. 1988 Sep 2;241(4870):1210–1213. doi: 10.1126/science.3413485. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Opstelten R. J., Clement J. M., Wanka F. Direct repeats at nuclear matrix-associated DNA regions and their putative control function in the replicating eukaryotic genome. Chromosoma. 1989 Dec;98(6):422–427. doi: 10.1007/BF00292787. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Pfäffle R. W., DiMattia G. E., Parks J. S., Brown M. R., Wit J. M., Jansen M., Van der Nat H., Van den Brande J. L., Rosenfeld M. G., Ingraham H. A. Mutation of the POU-specific domain of Pit-1 and hypopituitarism without pituitary hypoplasia. Science. 1992 Aug 21;257(5073):1118–1121. doi: 10.1126/science.257.5073.1118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Pruijn G. J., van Driel W., van Miltenburg R. T., van der Vliet P. C. Promoter and enhancer elements containing a conserved sequence motif are recognized by nuclear factor III, a protein stimulating adenovirus DNA replication. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 1;6(12):3771–3778. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02712.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Radovick S., Nations M., Du Y., Berg L. A., Weintraub B. D., Wondisford F. E. A mutation in the POU-homeodomain of Pit-1 responsible for combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Science. 1992 Aug 21;257(5073):1115–1118. doi: 10.1126/science.257.5073.1115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Sakurai A., Miyamoto T., Refetoff S., DeGroot L. J. Dominant negative transcriptional regulation by a mutant thyroid hormone receptor-beta in a family with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. Mol Endocrinol. 1990 Dec;4(12):1988–1994. doi: 10.1210/mend-4-12-1988. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Schreiber E., Matthias P., Müller M. M., Schaffner W. Identification of a novel lymphoid specific octamer binding protein (OTF-2B) by proteolytic clipping bandshift assay (PCBA). EMBO J. 1988 Dec 20;7(13):4221–4229. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03319.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Schreiber E., Matthias P., Müller M. M., Schaffner W. Rapid detection of octamer binding proteins with 'mini-extracts', prepared from a small number of cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Aug 11;17(15):6419–6419. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.15.6419. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Shen L., Lieberman S., Eckhardt L. A. The octamer/mu E4 region of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer mediates gene repression in myeloma x T-lymphoma hybrids. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jun;13(6):3530–3540. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.6.3530. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Shore D. RAP1: a protean regulator in yeast. Trends Genet. 1994 Nov;10(11):408–412. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(94)90058-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Shupnik M. A., Rosenzweig B. A., Showers M. O. Interactions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, phorbol ester, and forskolin-sensitive regions of the rat thyrotropin-beta gene. Mol Endocrinol. 1990 Jun;4(6):829–836. doi: 10.1210/mend-4-6-829. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Spector D. L. Macromolecular domains within the cell nucleus. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1993;9:265–315. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.09.110193.001405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Steinfelder H. J., Radovick S., Mroczynski M. A., Hauser P., McClaskey J. H., Weintraub B. D., Wondisford F. E. Role of a pituitary-specific transcription factor (pit-1/GHF-1) or a closely related protein in cAMP regulation of human thyrotropin-beta subunit gene expression. J Clin Invest. 1992 Feb;89(2):409–419. doi: 10.1172/JCI115600. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Sturm R. A., Das G., Herr W. The ubiquitous octamer-binding protein Oct-1 contains a POU domain with a homeo box subdomain. Genes Dev. 1988 Dec;2(12A):1582–1599. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.12a.1582. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Takimoto M., Quinn J. P., Farina A. R., Staudt L. M., Levens D. fos/jun and octamer-binding protein interact with a common site in a negative element of the human c-myc gene. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 25;264(15):8992–8999. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Tanaka M., Grossniklaus U., Herr W., Hernandez N. Activation of the U2 snRNA promoter by the octamer motif defines a new class of RNA polymerase II enhancer elements. Genes Dev. 1988 Dec;2(12B):1764–1778. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.12b.1764. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Tanaka M., Herr W. Differential transcriptional activation by Oct-1 and Oct-2: interdependent activation domains induce Oct-2 phosphorylation. Cell. 1990 Feb 9;60(3):375–386. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90589-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Tanaka M., Lai J. S., Herr W. Promoter-selective activation domains in Oct-1 and Oct-2 direct differential activation of an snRNA and mRNA promoter. Cell. 1992 Feb 21;68(4):755–767. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90150-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Verrijzer C. P., Chen J. L., Yokomori K., Tjian R. Binding of TAFs to core elements directs promoter selectivity by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 1995 Jun 30;81(7):1115–1125. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(05)80016-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Verrijzer C. P., Kal A. J., Van der Vliet P. C. The DNA binding domain (POU domain) of transcription factor oct-1 suffices for stimulation of DNA replication. EMBO J. 1990 Jun;9(6):1883–1888. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08314.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Verrijzer C. P., Van der Vliet P. C. POU domain transcription factors. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Apr 29;1173(1):1–21. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90237-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Verrijzer C. P., van Oosterhout J. A., van Weperen W. W., van der Vliet P. C. POU proteins bend DNA via the POU-specific domain. EMBO J. 1991 Oct;10(10):3007–3014. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07851.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Voss J. W., Rosenfeld M. G. Anterior pituitary development: short tales from dwarf mice. Cell. 1992 Aug 21;70(4):527–530. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90422-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Voss J. W., Wilson L., Rhodes S. J., Rosenfeld M. G. An alternative Pit-1 RNA splicing product reveals modular binding and nonmodular transcriptional activities of the POU-specific domain. Mol Endocrinol. 1993 Dec;7(12):1551–1560. doi: 10.1210/mend.7.12.8145762. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Walker S., Hayes S., O'Hare P. Site-specific conformational alteration of the Oct-1 POU domain-DNA complex as the basis for differential recognition by Vmw65 (VP16). Cell. 1994 Dec 2;79(5):841–852. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90073-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Wolffe A. P. Architectural transcription factors. Science. 1994 May 20;264(5162):1100–1101. doi: 10.1126/science.8178167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Wondisford F. E., Radovick S., Moates J. M., Usala S. J., Weintraub B. D. Isolation and characterization of the human thyrotropin beta-subunit gene. Differences in gene structure and promoter function from murine species. J Biol Chem. 1988 Sep 5;263(25):12538–12542. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Wood W. M., Kao M. Y., Gordon D. F., Ridgway E. C. Thyroid hormone regulates the mouse thyrotropin beta-subunit gene promoter in transfected primary thyrotropes. J Biol Chem. 1989 Sep 5;264(25):14840–14847. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Wood W. M., Ocran K. W., Kao M. Y., Gordon D. F., Alexander L. M., Gutierrez-Hartmann A., Ridgway E. C. Protein factors in thyrotropic tumor nuclear extracts bind to a region of the mouse thyrotropin beta-subunit promoter essential for expression in thyrotropes. Mol Endocrinol. 1990 Dec;4(12):1897–1904. doi: 10.1210/mend-4-12-1897. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Yeung K. C., Inostroza J. A., Mermelstein F. H., Kannabiran C., Reinberg D. Structure-function analysis of the TBP-binding protein Dr1 reveals a mechanism for repression of class II gene transcription. Genes Dev. 1994 Sep 1;8(17):2097–2109. doi: 10.1101/gad.8.17.2097. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Zhao K., Käs E., Gonzalez E., Laemmli U. K. SAR-dependent mobilization of histone H1 by HMG-I/Y in vitro: HMG-I/Y is enriched in H1-depleted chromatin. EMBO J. 1993 Aug;12(8):3237–3247. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05993.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Zlatanova J. S., van Holde K. E. Chromatin loops and transcriptional regulation. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 1992;2(3):211–224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Zwilling S., König H., Wirth T. High mobility group protein 2 functionally interacts with the POU domains of octamer transcription factors. EMBO J. 1995 Mar 15;14(6):1198–1208. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07103.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. van Wijnen A. J., Bidwell J. P., Fey E. G., Penman S., Lian J. B., Stein J. L., Stein G. S. Nuclear matrix association of multiple sequence-specific DNA binding activities related to SP-1, ATF, CCAAT, C/EBP, OCT-1, and AP-1. Biochemistry. 1993 Aug 24;32(33):8397–8402. doi: 10.1021/bi00084a003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. von Kries J. P., Buhrmester H., Strätling W. H. A matrix/scaffold attachment region binding protein: identification, purification, and mode of binding. Cell. 1991 Jan 11;64(1):123–135. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90214-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES