Abstract
Several eukaryotic multiprotein complexes, including the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Snf/Swi complex, remodel chromatin for transcription. In contrast to the Snf/Swi proteins, Sfh1p, a new Snf5p paralog, is essential for viability. The evolutionarily conserved domain of Sfh1p is sufficient for normal function, and Sfh1p interacts functionally and physically with an essential Snf2p paralog in a novel nucleosome-restructuring complex called RSC (for remodels the structure of chromatin). A temperature-sensitive sfh1 allele arrests cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and the Sfh1 protein is specifically phosphorylated in the G1 phase. Together, these results demonstrate a link between chromatin remodeling and progression through the cell division cycle, providing genetic clues to possible targets for RSC function.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (773.6 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Abrams E., Neigeborn L., Carlson M. Molecular analysis of SNF2 and SNF5, genes required for expression of glucose-repressible genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Nov;6(11):3643–3651. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.11.3643. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Altschul S. F., Gish W., Miller W., Myers E. W., Lipman D. J. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990 Oct 5;215(3):403–410. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Apone L. M., Virbasius C. M., Reese J. C., Green M. R. Yeast TAF(II)90 is required for cell-cycle progression through G2/M but not for general transcription activation. Genes Dev. 1996 Sep 15;10(18):2368–2380. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.18.2368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bortvin A., Winston F. Evidence that Spt6p controls chromatin structure by a direct interaction with histones. Science. 1996 Jun 7;272(5267):1473–1476. doi: 10.1126/science.272.5267.1473. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brent R., Ptashne M. A eukaryotic transcriptional activator bearing the DNA specificity of a prokaryotic repressor. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(3 Pt 2):729–736. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90246-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cairns B. R., Henry N. L., Kornberg R. D. TFG/TAF30/ANC1, a component of the yeast SWI/SNF complex that is similar to the leukemogenic proteins ENL and AF-9. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Jul;16(7):3308–3316. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.7.3308. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cairns B. R., Kim Y. J., Sayre M. H., Laurent B. C., Kornberg R. D. A multisubunit complex containing the SWI1/ADR6, SWI2/SNF2, SWI3, SNF5, and SNF6 gene products isolated from yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 1;91(5):1950–1954. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.5.1950. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cairns B. R., Levinson R. S., Yamamoto K. R., Kornberg R. D. Essential role of Swp73p in the function of yeast Swi/Snf complex. Genes Dev. 1996 Sep 1;10(17):2131–2144. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.17.2131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cairns B. R., Lorch Y., Li Y., Zhang M., Lacomis L., Erdjument-Bromage H., Tempst P., Du J., Laurent B., Kornberg R. D. RSC, an essential, abundant chromatin-remodeling complex. Cell. 1996 Dec 27;87(7):1249–1260. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81820-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carlson M., Botstein D. Two differentially regulated mRNAs with different 5' ends encode secreted with intracellular forms of yeast invertase. Cell. 1982 Jan;28(1):145–154. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90384-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carlson M., Laurent B. C. The SNF/SWI family of global transcriptional activators. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1994 Jun;6(3):396–402. doi: 10.1016/0955-0674(94)90032-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Curcio M. J., Morse R. H. Tying together integration and chromatin. Trends Genet. 1996 Nov;12(11):436–438. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(96)30107-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Côté J., Quinn J., Workman J. L., Peterson C. L. Stimulation of GAL4 derivative binding to nucleosomal DNA by the yeast SWI/SNF complex. Science. 1994 Jul 1;265(5168):53–60. doi: 10.1126/science.8016655. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dingwall A. K., Beek S. J., McCallum C. M., Tamkun J. W., Kalpana G. V., Goff S. P., Scott M. P. The Drosophila snr1 and brm proteins are related to yeast SWI/SNF proteins and are components of a large protein complex. Mol Biol Cell. 1995 Jul;6(7):777–791. doi: 10.1091/mbc.6.7.777. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dunaief J. L., Strober B. E., Guha S., Khavari P. A., Alin K., Luban J., Begemann M., Crabtree G. R., Goff S. P. The retinoblastoma protein and BRG1 form a complex and cooperate to induce cell cycle arrest. Cell. 1994 Oct 7;79(1):119–130. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90405-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Estruch F., Carlson M. SNF6 encodes a nuclear protein that is required for expression of many genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Jun;10(6):2544–2553. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.6.2544. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Felsenfeld G. Chromatin unfolds. Cell. 1996 Jul 12;86(1):13–19. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80073-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Girdham C. H., Glover D. M. Chromosome tangling and breakage at anaphase result from mutations in lodestar, a Drosophila gene encoding a putative nucleoside triphosphate-binding protein. Genes Dev. 1991 Oct;5(10):1786–1799. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.10.1786. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gould K. L., Nurse P. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the fission yeast cdc2+ protein kinase regulates entry into mitosis. Nature. 1989 Nov 2;342(6245):39–45. doi: 10.1038/342039a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grunstein M. Nucleosomes: regulators of transcription. Trends Genet. 1990 Dec;6(12):395–400. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(90)90299-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guarente L., Ptashne M. Fusion of Escherichia coli lacZ to the cytochrome c gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Apr;78(4):2199–2203. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2199. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guarente L. Yeast promoters and lacZ fusions designed to study expression of cloned genes in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:181–191. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01013-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hanes S. D., Brent R. DNA specificity of the bicoid activator protein is determined by homeodomain recognition helix residue 9. Cell. 1989 Jun 30;57(7):1275–1283. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90063-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Happel A. M., Swanson M. S., Winston F. The SNF2, SNF5 and SNF6 genes are required for Ty transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1991 May;128(1):69–77. doi: 10.1093/genetics/128.1.69. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hirschhorn J. N., Brown S. A., Clark C. D., Winston F. Evidence that SNF2/SWI2 and SNF5 activate transcription in yeast by altering chromatin structure. Genes Dev. 1992 Dec;6(12A):2288–2298. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.12a.2288. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoyt M. A., Totis L., Roberts B. T. S. cerevisiae genes required for cell cycle arrest in response to loss of microtubule function. Cell. 1991 Aug 9;66(3):507–517. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90014-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Imbalzano A. N., Kwon H., Green M. R., Kingston R. E. Facilitated binding of TATA-binding protein to nucleosomal DNA. Nature. 1994 Aug 11;370(6489):481–485. doi: 10.1038/370481a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kalpana G. V., Marmon S., Wang W., Crabtree G. R., Goff S. P. Binding and stimulation of HIV-1 integrase by a human homolog of yeast transcription factor SNF5. Science. 1994 Dec 23;266(5193):2002–2006. doi: 10.1126/science.7801128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Khavari P. A., Peterson C. L., Tamkun J. W., Mendel D. B., Crabtree G. R. BRG1 contains a conserved domain of the SWI2/SNF2 family necessary for normal mitotic growth and transcription. Nature. 1993 Nov 11;366(6451):170–174. doi: 10.1038/366170a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kingston R. E., Bunker C. A., Imbalzano A. N. Repression and activation by multiprotein complexes that alter chromatin structure. Genes Dev. 1996 Apr 15;10(8):905–920. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.8.905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koch C., Nasmyth K. Cell cycle regulated transcription in yeast. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1994 Jun;6(3):451–459. doi: 10.1016/0955-0674(94)90039-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kornberg R. D., Lorch Y. Chromatin structure and transcription. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1992;8:563–587. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.08.110192.003023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kruger W., Herskowitz I. A negative regulator of HO transcription, SIN1 (SPT2), is a nonspecific DNA-binding protein related to HMG1. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Aug;11(8):4135–4146. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.8.4135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kruger W., Peterson C. L., Sil A., Coburn C., Arents G., Moudrianakis E. N., Herskowitz I. Amino acid substitutions in the structured domains of histones H3 and H4 partially relieve the requirement of the yeast SWI/SNF complex for transcription. Genes Dev. 1995 Nov 15;9(22):2770–2779. doi: 10.1101/gad.9.22.2770. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kwon H., Imbalzano A. N., Khavari P. A., Kingston R. E., Green M. R. Nucleosome disruption and enhancement of activator binding by a human SW1/SNF complex. Nature. 1994 Aug 11;370(6489):477–481. doi: 10.1038/370477a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Laurent B. C., Carlson M. Yeast SNF2/SWI2, SNF5, and SNF6 proteins function coordinately with the gene-specific transcriptional activators GAL4 and Bicoid. Genes Dev. 1992 Sep;6(9):1707–1715. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.9.1707. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Laurent B. C., Treitel M. A., Carlson M. Functional interdependence of the yeast SNF2, SNF5, and SNF6 proteins in transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Apr 1;88(7):2687–2691. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.7.2687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Laurent B. C., Treitel M. A., Carlson M. The SNF5 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a glutamine- and proline-rich transcriptional activator that affects expression of a broad spectrum of genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Nov;10(11):5616–5625. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.11.5616. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Laurent B. C., Yang X., Carlson M. An essential Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene homologous to SNF2 encodes a helicase-related protein in a new family. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Apr;12(4):1893–1902. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.4.1893. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lew D. J., Reed S. I. A cell cycle checkpoint monitors cell morphogenesis in budding yeast. J Cell Biol. 1995 May;129(3):739–749. doi: 10.1083/jcb.129.3.739. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Li R., Murray A. W. Feedback control of mitosis in budding yeast. Cell. 1991 Aug 9;66(3):519–531. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90015-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martínez-Balbás M. A., Dey A., Rabindran S. K., Ozato K., Wu C. Displacement of sequence-specific transcription factors from mitotic chromatin. Cell. 1995 Oct 6;83(1):29–38. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90231-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Matallana E., Franco L., Pérez-Ortín J. E. Chromatin structure of the yeast SUC2 promoter in regulatory mutants. Mol Gen Genet. 1992 Feb;231(3):395–400. doi: 10.1007/BF00292708. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moqtaderi Z., Bai Y., Poon D., Weil P. A., Struhl K. TBP-associated factors are not generally required for transcriptional activation in yeast. Nature. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):188–191. doi: 10.1038/383188a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Muchardt C., Reyes J. C., Bourachot B., Leguoy E., Yaniv M. The hbrm and BRG-1 proteins, components of the human SNF/SWI complex, are phosphorylated and excluded from the condensed chromosomes during mitosis. EMBO J. 1996 Jul 1;15(13):3394–3402. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Muchardt C., Sardet C., Bourachot B., Onufryk C., Yaniv M. A human protein with homology to Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF5 interacts with the potential helicase hbrm. Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Apr 11;23(7):1127–1132. doi: 10.1093/nar/23.7.1127. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Muchardt C., Yaniv M. A human homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF2/SWI2 and Drosophila brm genes potentiates transcriptional activation by the glucocorticoid receptor. EMBO J. 1993 Nov;12(11):4279–4290. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06112.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Neigeborn L., Carlson M. Genes affecting the regulation of SUC2 gene expression by glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1984 Dec;108(4):845–858. doi: 10.1093/genetics/108.4.845. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Neigeborn L., Celenza J. L., Carlson M. SSN20 is an essential gene with mutant alleles that suppress defects in SUC2 transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Feb;7(2):672–678. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.2.672. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- O'Hara P. J., Horowitz H., Eichinger G., Young E. T. The yeast ADR6 gene encodes homopolymeric amino acid sequences and a potential metal-binding domain. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Nov 11;16(21):10153–10169. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.21.10153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peterson C. L., Dingwall A., Scott M. P. Five SWI/SNF gene products are components of a large multisubunit complex required for transcriptional enhancement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Apr 12;91(8):2905–2908. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.8.2905. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peterson C. L., Herskowitz I. Characterization of the yeast SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 genes, which encode a global activator of transcription. Cell. 1992 Feb 7;68(3):573–583. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90192-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peterson C. L., Tamkun J. W. The SWI-SNF complex: a chromatin remodeling machine? Trends Biochem Sci. 1995 Apr;20(4):143–146. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0004(00)88990-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pondaven P., Meijer L., Beach D. Activation of M-phase-specific histone H1 kinase by modification of the phosphorylation of its p34cdc2 and cyclin components. Genes Dev. 1990 Jan;4(1):9–17. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.1.9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Prelich G., Winston F. Mutations that suppress the deletion of an upstream activating sequence in yeast: involvement of a protein kinase and histone H3 in repressing transcription in vivo. Genetics. 1993 Nov;135(3):665–676. doi: 10.1093/genetics/135.3.665. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stern M., Jensen R., Herskowitz I. Five SWI genes are required for expression of the HO gene in yeast. J Mol Biol. 1984 Oct 5;178(4):853–868. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90315-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sternberg P. W., Stern M. J., Clark I., Herskowitz I. Activation of the yeast HO gene by release from multiple negative controls. Cell. 1987 Feb 27;48(4):567–577. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90235-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stokes D. G., Perry R. P. DNA-binding and chromatin localization properties of CHD1. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 May;15(5):2745–2753. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.5.2745. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strober B. E., Dunaief J. L., Guha, Goff S. P. Functional interactions between the hBRM/hBRG1 transcriptional activators and the pRB family of proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Apr;16(4):1576–1583. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.4.1576. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tamkun J. W., Deuring R., Scott M. P., Kissinger M., Pattatucci A. M., Kaufman T. C., Kennison J. A. brahma: a regulator of Drosophila homeotic genes structurally related to the yeast transcriptional activator SNF2/SWI2. Cell. 1992 Feb 7;68(3):561–572. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90191-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Treich I., Cairns B. R., de los Santos T., Brewster E., Carlson M. SNF11, a new component of the yeast SNF-SWI complex that interacts with a conserved region of SNF2. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Aug;15(8):4240–4248. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.8.4240. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Treitel M. A., Carlson M. Repression by SSN6-TUP1 is directed by MIG1, a repressor/activator protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Apr 11;92(8):3132–3136. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.8.3132. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tsuchiya E., Uno M., Kiguchi A., Masuoka K., Kanemori Y., Okabe S., Mikayawa T. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae NPS1 gene, a novel CDC gene which encodes a 160 kDa nuclear protein involved in G2 phase control. EMBO J. 1992 Nov;11(11):4017–4026. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05495.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tsukiyama T., Daniel C., Tamkun J., Wu C. ISWI, a member of the SWI2/SNF2 ATPase family, encodes the 140 kDa subunit of the nucleosome remodeling factor. Cell. 1995 Dec 15;83(6):1021–1026. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90217-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tsukiyama T., Wu C. Purification and properties of an ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling factor. Cell. 1995 Dec 15;83(6):1011–1020. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90216-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vojtek A. B., Hollenberg S. M., Cooper J. A. Mammalian Ras interacts directly with the serine/threonine kinase Raf. Cell. 1993 Jul 16;74(1):205–214. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90307-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Walker S. S., Reese J. C., Apone L. M., Green M. R. Transcription activation in cells lacking TAFIIS. Nature. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):185–188. doi: 10.1038/383185a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wang W., Xue Y., Zhou S., Kuo A., Cairns B. R., Crabtree G. R. Diversity and specialization of mammalian SWI/SNF complexes. Genes Dev. 1996 Sep 1;10(17):2117–2130. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.17.2117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weinert T. A., Hartwell L. H. The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle response to DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science. 1988 Jul 15;241(4863):317–322. doi: 10.1126/science.3291120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weinmann R. The basic RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery. Gene Expr. 1992;2(2):81–91. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- West R. W., Jr, Yocum R. R., Ptashne M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL1-GAL10 divergent promoter region: location and function of the upstream activating sequence UASG. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Nov;4(11):2467–2478. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.11.2467. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilson C. J., Chao D. M., Imbalzano A. N., Schnitzler G. R., Kingston R. E., Young R. A. RNA polymerase II holoenzyme contains SWI/SNF regulators involved in chromatin remodeling. Cell. 1996 Jan 26;84(2):235–244. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80978-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Winston F., Carlson M. Yeast SNF/SWI transcriptional activators and the SPT/SIN chromatin connection. Trends Genet. 1992 Nov;8(11):387–391. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(92)90300-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yoshinaga S. K., Peterson C. L., Herskowitz I., Yamamoto K. R. Roles of SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 proteins for transcriptional enhancement by steroid receptors. Science. 1992 Dec 4;258(5088):1598–1604. doi: 10.1126/science.1360703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
