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. 2008 Mar 25;9:139. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-139

Construction of a BAC library and mapping BAC clones to the linkage map of Barramundi, Lates calcarifer

Chun Ming Wang 1, Loong Chueng Lo 1, Felicia Feng 1, Ping Gong 1, Jian Li 1, Ze Yuan Zhu 1, Grace Lin 1, Gen Hua Yue 1,✉
PMCID: PMC2329641  PMID: 18366732

Abstract

Background

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is an important farmed marine food fish species. Its first generation linkage map has been applied to map QTL for growth traits. To identify genes located in QTL responsible for specific traits, genomic large insert libraries are of crucial importance. We reported herein a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library and the mapping of BAC clones to the linkage map.

Results

This BAC library consisted of 49,152 clones with an average insert size of 98 kb, representing 6.9-fold haploid genome coverage. Screening the library with 24 microsatellites and 15 ESTs/genes demonstrated that the library had good genome coverage. In addition, 62 novel microsatellites each isolated from 62 BAC clones were mapped onto the first generation linkage map. A total of 86 BAC clones were anchored on the linkage map with at least one BAC clone on each linkage group.

Conclusion

We have constructed the first BAC library for L. calcarifer and mapped 86 BAC clones to the first generation linkage map. This BAC library and the improved linkage map with 302 DNA markers not only supply an indispensable tool to the integration of physical and linkage maps, the fine mapping of QTL and map based cloning genes located in QTL of commercial importance, but also contribute to comparative genomic studies and eventually whole genome sequencing.

Background

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), also called Asian seabass or the giant sea perch, belonging to the family Latidae is widely distributed in the coast and freshwater of the tropical Indo-west Pacific, from the Persian Gulf to India and Northern Australia [1,2]. Because of good meat quality and relatively high market value of L. calcarifer, it has become an attractive commodity of both large and small-scale aquaculture enterprises. It is commercially cultivated in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, China and Australia in both brackishwater and freshwater ponds, as well as in cages in coastal waters. The global annual production of L. calcarifer was 400,000 MT according to FAO statistics. However, detailed breeding programs for genetic improvement of Asian seabass are still quite rare [3]. Identification of genomic regions and genes responsible for economically important traits could facilitate genetic improvement through marker-assisted selection [4], which is of importance for future aquaculture of L. calcarifer.

Linkage and physical maps are indispensable tools needed to identify genomic regions responsible for traits of interest. The genome of L. calcarifer is very compact (only 700 Mb) consisting of 24 chromosome pairs [5]. The first linkage map for L. calcarifer containing 240 microsatellite markers and genes on 24 linkage groups [6] was applied to mapping QTL for growth traits [7]. Libraries with large genomic DNA inserts are essential for physical mapping and positional cloning, particularly for higher eukaryotes [8]. The BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) cloning system has become an invaluable tool in genomics studies because of its ability to stably maintain large DNA fragments and its ease of manipulation [9]. Genomic inserts in BAC clones have been shown to be very stable in E. coli and thus serve as ideal templates in generating whole-genome physical maps by DNA fingerprinting, developing sequence-tagged connectors and shotgun sequencing [10-12]. These features make the BAC cloning system a popular choice for high-throughput genomics studies [13]. BAC libraries have been developed for many economically important animal species such as cattle [14], pig [15], and sheep [16] and the highly endangered giant panda [17]. Only currently, BAC libraries were produced for some commercially important fish species such as salmon [18], catfish [12], rainbow trout, carp and tilapia [19].

Here, we describe the construction and characterization of a BAC library covering 6.9 times L. calcarifer haploid genome and mapping of 86 BAC clones to the linkage map. The BAC library and the improved linkage map of L. calcarifer will facilitate the integration of physical and linkage maps, fine mapping of QTL and identification of genes located in QTL of interest, maker-assisted selection and genome research.

Results

Library construction

A BAC library of L. calcarifer was constructed using the HindIII cloning site in commercially prepared pCC1BAC vector (Epicentre, MD, USA). The BAC library consisted of a total of 49,152 clones, which were manually arrayed into 128 384-well plates.

Insert size distribution

To examine the quality of the BAC library, the sizes of 212 BAC clones randomly picked from the library were determined. All the 212 clones contained inserts. The insert size distribution of these 212 clones is shown in Figure 1 and 2. The average insert size was 98 kb, ranging from 45 to 200 kb. The insert size of over 80% of the BAC clones in this library was larger than 80 kb, and the insert size of 50% clones was smaller than 100 kb. This BAC library provides 6.9 time haploid genome equivalent based on a genome size of 700 Mb [6].

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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DNA analysis of 31 random BAC clones from the L. calcarifer HindIII BAC library by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. DNA samples digested with NotI were separated on 1% agarose gel in 0.5 × TBE buffer for 16 h under the following conditions: ramp pulse time of 5–15 s at 6 V/cm, temperature at 14°C. Markers used are Lambda Ladder PFG Marker (outside lanes) and MidRange II PFG Marker (NEB, SG, Singapore). The 8 kb common band is the pCC1BAC Vector (Epicentre, WI, USA).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Insert size distribution of 212 L. calcarifer BAC clones. DNA samples of the 212 clones randomly picked from the L. calcarifer HindIII BAC library were analyzed and grouped. Results indicate that the average insert size is 98 kb with over 80% of the clones > 80 kb.

BAC library screening

To further assess the quality of this BAC library, 24 microsatellite markers randomly selected from each of the 24 linkage groups were used for hierarchical screening. PCR-screenings with the 24 microsatellite markers resulted in the number of positive clones varying from 3 to 15 with an average of 6.6 (Table 1) (see example of the PCR screening in Figure 3). PCR screening with these 15 ESTs/genes (PVALB-1, 5-HT, PROL-A, 14KDA-AP, AMY-A, MX, AP, LECT2, LYSO-G, IGF-1, TUB1A, TUB2B, GT7, CYP19A2 and AFPII) revealed that the number of positive BAC clones varied from 3 to 14 with an average of 7.3 (Table 2). The actual average number of positive BAC clones detected by screening with microsatellites and ESTs/genes was near to theoretically calculated number of genome coverage (i.e. 6.9 time coverage of the haploid genome). At least 3 positive BAC clones for each of the ESTs/genes were identified from the library.

Table 1.

Screening of the BAC library with 24 microsatellites located on each of the 24 linkage groups of L. calcarifer

Linkage group Locus GenBank accession no Forward primer (5'-3') Reverse primer (5'-3') PCR Ta (°C) Positive clone number
LG1 Lca318 DQ290175 TCCCACCCCAGTCCAGAAA TACCAGAGCCTGAAACACAGTAGG 55 6
LG2 Lca064 AY998856 AGGCATATGCACCTCACAAGAGTG CCCACGGTTTATTTATCTGTCATTATC 55 15
LG3 Lca137 DQ290039 CGCCTTAAATCTCTACGCTCTGG TCGCATGCTGTAATTAAGGTGGTA 55 5
LG4 Lca171 DQ290065 ATTGCGTTACCAAGAGGTGAA TGTCTTTGAAGGCTGAAAACTG 55 8
LG5 Lca098 AY998880 CAAAGGGGCCACTGCACATAAT CTCCAGCTCACCCAGGTTCACT 55 5
LG6 Lca062 AY998854 AGGATGGCACGCTGAAACTATCG ATAAGCTTGTACAGGGGCTGAGTGC 55 3
LG7 Lca130 DQ290035 GAGGCTCCCAATCCCAACAA GGAGGCAGACGAGGAAGGAA 55 13
LG8 Lca086 AY998873 AAATGGCCTTCCTGTCCCTTCAG GTGTTCCCTTGTTCTGCCACAGTG 55 4
LG9 Lca301 DQ290166 GCCAGTGTGAGGGACAGAGA GGGCCTTGTTTTGCTTTTG 55 9
LG10 Lca002 AF007943 GCCGCTTGTTTACCAGTAAA TCCATTTGAGGATTAACAGC 55 5
LG11 Lca058 AY998850 AAACAGGCAGCCAGATAGACAGAG AAGAGGTGGTGGGACTAATTTGAGA 55 13
LG12 Lca074 AY998863 CATCATTTACACTCTGTTTGCCTCAT GACAGACAGGTGTTTTAGCCTATTTG 55 6
LG13 Lca253 DQ290129 TGGGGACTTGACTTCCTTTTATG TACCGAGGTTGGATGGTTTTCT 55 3
LG14 Lca147 DQ290047 TGCCCCTAATGTATTCTTTCCACT GCTCCCACCTCTCATTCATTATTC 55 5
LG15 Lca069 AY998859 GCCTTTCTGTTTTCTGATTTATCTTCAT AACACCCCGAAATACTGCTACTACAG 55 4
LG16 Lca367 DQ290206 TGTATTACAATGCCCGTGGTCA TTAAGCCTTTGGTGTCTCAGTGTG 55 10
LG17 Lca021 AF404083 GTGCCACCTGCCTGACC GCCATGACTGATTGCTGAGA 55 4
LG18 Lca193 DQ290082 CCTCTGCCTTTTCATCTATATTGC CACATCGCACAAATGGACTGA 55 9
LG19 Lca220 DQ290104 ATGGCTGTGAAAAGACTGGTATCT CGCCCCTCACTCAACAGAG 55 5
LG20 Lca181 DQ290073 CACTGGGTGGCGTTTGTATTAGC CAAGAATTGGGATTTTGCTGTGC 55 8
LG21 Lca255 DQ290131 AGAGACACTTTATACGGGGACATC GTAAACTGAAGCAAGCCAAACCT 55 7
LG22 Lca040 AF404099 TGAGGAAGCATCAGCTGTAATCA CAGGACGCAAACACTGAAAT 55 3
LG23 Lca411 DQ290221 GTGGTGCAGCGGTTGCTCTC CCGACTCATGCTGCTTTTCGTAAT 55 5
LG24 Lca231 DQ290112 GGCCAGGTTAATCAAGAC ACTAGACTGCAATCAAACACA 55 3
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Ta: annealing temperature for PCR.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Hierarchical PCR screening of the superpools and pools of the BAC library of L. calcarifer. A First round PCR screening in 11 superpools representing the entire library or 128 384-well microtiter plates. Lanes 1–11: superpools 1–11 and lane 12: genomic DNA as positive control. Each superpool contains DNA of 12 plates or 4,608 individual BAC clones. In five superpools (3, 4, 8, 9 and 10), PCR product was amplified by the marker Lca064. B Second round PCR screening in 48 pools from the superpool number 3. Three pools (6, 35 and 41) showed a signal amplified by the marker Lca064. C Third round PCR screening in a 96-well plate from the pool number 6. Three positive clones (26, 29 and 86) were detected in the plate by the marker Lca064.

Table 2.

Screening of the BAC library with 15 genes/ESTs of L. calcarifer

Locus GenBank accession no Primer (5'-3', forward) Primer (5'-3', reverse) PCR Ta (°C) PCR product length (bp) Positive clone number
PVALB-1 AY688372 ATCGTCCGTCCGTTTCCCATAAAA TGACCTTTCACCTCCCTCCAGACC 55 261 5
5-HT EU136181 CTGCTCGGCGCGCTCAT TCCATCCTGCACCTGTGCG 60 200 8
PROL-A EU136180 GTGCAGAGCCGTCSCCATCA TTCAGGAAGCTGTCRATCTTGTG 55 500 5
14KDA-AP EU136179 CCGGGGACAGACAACTCGCTTTCAGAGA ACAGGTTGGTGAGCTCCAGTTGGTGTTC 55 500 4
AMY-A AY007592 GGTCGCTTTCCGTAATGTGGTCAA ACCGGGCATGCCAGTGTTCA 55 250 9
MX Ay821518 TCATTGATAAAGTGACAGCATTCA CCAATATCCTTGAGTTTCTTGACA 55 400 7
AP AJ888375 GACGCCCTCCTCTCCTCTCA TTTCGACAGCCATCTCTGAACATA 55 700 4
LECT2 EU136177 TTTTTGATCTGAAGATGAGACGTGTCATC GATCAGATCCCGAGCAGGTCAATC 55 1000 3
LYSO-G EU136178 AGAGTCCAGGGCTGGAAAT CCCTCAGAAACTTTAGTTGTGAAC 55 600 9
IGF-1 EU136176 CAGTGGCATTTATGTGATGTC CCTCGACTTGAGTTTTTCTG 55 503 3
TUB1A EU136175 GGCACTACACAATCGGCAAAGAGA TCAGCAGGGAGGTAAAGCCAGAGC 55 144 11
TUB2B EU136174 GTACAGACGGGGGAAGGGGACCAT TTCCGCACCCTCAAACTCACCACA 55 160 13
GT7 EU136172 CAGGGTGATCACGCAGTGC GGCAATCCGACAGCCAGAG 55 156 6
CYP19A2 AY684259 GCTCACCGCCTATAGCCAAAGAA GGCCGAGTCCTGCCAAGAAA 55 505 8
AFPII EU136173 TCCCTCCTGTGAAATTGGTTGG AGGGACGCTGGCACAGACTG 57 1500 14
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Ta: annealing temperature for PCR.

Microsatellite isolation from BAC clones and linkage mapping

In order to map BAC clones to the linkage map for future integrating linkage and physical maps, we isolated microsatellites from 300 BAC clones through enrichment of microsatellites. 864 clones collected from the microsatellite-enriched library were sequenced in both directions. 451 clones contained microsatellites (CA > 7 or GA > 7), yielding 229 unique sequences containing microsatellites. Among the 229 sequences, 218 had enough flanking regions for primer design. Primers were designed for 218 microsatellites, among which 63 within 63 BAC clones were informative in the mapping panel used for linkage mapping. 62 were mapped to 24 LG (Figure 4, 5, 6 and 7) while one marker LcaB044 remained unlinked, making the total number of mapped markers on the L. calcarifer linkage map to be 302. At least one BAC based marker was mapped on each LG. Thus, together with 24 microsatellites located in different BAC clones and used for screening the BAC library, a total of 86 BAC based markers have been anchored on the linkage map with at least one on each LG. The male maps of LG14 and LG18, which were split to two LG on the first generation map respectively [6] due to the limited number of markers, were merged to one LG respectively by integrating new microsatellites located in single BAC clones (Figure 6). Details about primer sequences, GenBank accession number, annealing temperature for PCR, PCR product size and locations of the 63 markers located in different BAC clones are summarized in Table 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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A microsatellite linkage map of L. calcarifer anchored by 86 BAC clones-LG 1–6. F: linkage map for female. M: linkage map for male. Markers underlined represent microsatellites selected from each LG for screening the BAC library. Markers in italic (initiated with LcaB) represent microsatellites isolated from BAC clones and newly mapped to the map.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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A microsatellite linkage map of L. calcarifer anchored by 86 BAC clones-LG 7–12. See detailed explanation in Figure 4

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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A microsatellite linkage map of L. calcarifer anchored by 86 BAC clones-LG 13–18. See detailed explanation in Figure 4

Figure 7.

Figure 7

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A microsatellite linkage map of L. calcarifer anchored by 86 BAC clones-LG 19–24. See detailed explanation in Figure 4

Table 3.

Microsatellites isolated from BAC clones and mapped on the linkage map of L. calcarifer

Orginal order Linkage group Locus GenBank accession no Motif Forward primer (5'-3') Reverse primer (5'-3') PCR Ta (°C) Product Length (bp) Location in the library (384plate-96plate-well)*
1 LG1 LcaB003 EU072356 (GT)14 CCTCATACTTGCATCAACATAATA ATCAAAACCGGCTTCATCT 55 113 128-P2-A3
2 LG1 LcaB030 EU072367 (CA)27 TTCTCCCCGTGCCCCTTTGTA AGCCCACTCCCCTGAGATGAGC 55 158 128-P2-B8
3 LG2 LcaB128 EU072400 (GT)16 AGTCGGCCTGTGCAATAAGAT CAGCAGTTTGGGAATAATGACATA 55 262 128-P1-E4
4 LG3 LcaB002 EU072355 (GT)10 TTGGCTGTATTCCTCCTGTCTTGT TTGGCTCTTTACGCTCAATACTCA 55 182 128-P2-A4
5 LG4 LcaB012 EU072359 (CA)9 GTGGGGTGTCCTGGCTCCTC TCCCATCTCCTCCTGCTGTTTCT 55 329 128-P2-B11
6 LG4 LcaB014 EU072361 (GT)16 GCAGACCCGCTTTTTATTCAT GTCCCCTCTGCTCCAGTGTT 55 181 128-P2-C12
7 LG4 LcaB052 EU072376 (CA)10 ATCATGACCCACAAGAGGAGAG TCAGGGATAGAGACTTGTGAATGA 55 146 128-P2-A5
8 LG4 LcaB053 EU072377 (GT)18 GAGGCCCCGATGAGAAAACCTG TGATGTCGGCGGAGGAGTGC 55 319 128-P2-H11
9 LG5 LcaB034 EU072369 (CA)8 TTTGCCTGAATAAAACCCTACACT AAGCCCTTTGCACAGTATTATTTC 55 171 128-P2-C8
10 LG5 LcaB084 EU072391 (GT)14 GAGCGCTCGGCTGTTTCATC CAGCCAATCTGTTTACCAGCACAC 55 248 128-P2-C4
11 LG5 LcaB086 EU072392 (CA)12 CAGATGATCTTTGACGAACTGAAA TTCTTGGTGAAAAATGACAACAAA 55 157 128-P3-C5
12 LG5 LcaB130 EU072401 (CA)26 GGGGGAAAGGAAAAACTGATG TGTAATGGTAAGATTTTGGGTGTG 55 215 128-P2-F6
13 LG5 LcaB177 EU072409 (GA)13 TTTAATTTTAGCCCCGTGATT GTGTGCCAGTGGGTTTCTC 55 214 128-P3-C1
14 LG5 LcaB180 EU072410 (TC)13 AGTCTACACCGATTACACCAGTCT ACTCTAACCGCACCAGAAAAG 55 243 128-P2-C7
15 LG5 LcaB229 EU072417 (GT)14 ACATCGCGTTCTCCTCTGAT CCAGGGTGTGGTAGTCCTCTC 55 140 128-P3-C8
16 LG6 LcaB065 EU072384 (GT)13 GCATTGTTGGCAAAGTTGAGTAT TCTTACAGTGGGCATCTGACCT 55 148 128-P3-G1
17 LG6 LcaB188 EU072411 (GA)17 TGATTTGGCTTTTAGGTGAAACA TGACAAAAGAATGCCTTGCTCT 55 211 128-P3-D7
18 LG7 LcaB010 EU072358 (CA)9 TCCTCCTGGGCTGTTGTATCTTAT ATGGGGTGGACCTCATTTTCA 55 155 128-P1-G10
19 LG7 LcaB072 EU072385 (GT)10 CAACGTGGGTGAATCTGTGT TTGGCAGCAAATAATTCAGAGTAT 55 217 128-P1-A11
20 LG7 LcaB114 EU072395 (AC)8 TGTGCCCATGTTTACTAGATACCA GTGTGCACGCTGCATTTGT 55 172 128-P2-F9
21 LG7 LcaB135 EU072402 (TC)18 CATCCCAGGTTTTCATACCATT ACTGCGGTTATTAATCCACAAAG 55 123 128-P3-C4
22 LG7 LcaB151 EU072404 (TC)11 TTGTGCGCTTCTGTTTGTTTTTCT GTAGGGCTATGCTGTTGGCTTTCT 55 311 128-P2-D2
23 LG8 LcaB025 EU072366 (GT)13 AGGGGGCAAAGGGGTCACG GAGCCGGCAGTTGCACATCTG 55 160 128-P2-B3
24 LG8 LcaB083 EU072390 (GT)12 CGCTGGCATGGCTCTAGTAGTGAT AGCGGGCTAAAAGCTGCTGTG 55 366 128-P1-H5
25 LG8 LcaB214 EU072413 (GA)12 AGCGGGAGGCTGAGAAGTAA ACCCCTGCCTCTTGTTCATC 55 239 128-P1-H4
26 LG9 LcaB024 EU072365 (GT)10 AGAAGGGAAAAAGAGATGGGATGT CAGGGCCGTTTTATTGCTGTAG 55 162 128-P3-B2
27 LG9 LcaB045 EU072373 (GT)26 ACAGGGAACGAATGGGGACAA AAATTGGCACGCTCATTCAAGAAC 55 149 128-P2-D4
28 LG9 LcaB155 EU072405 (GA)24 TGTGGCCTTTGTGTAAGTGAGAA TCATTCCCGCAAACAACACA 55 197 128-P3-G11
29 LG10 LcaB160 EU072406 (GT)13 CTTCATCCAGCCCAGTGACAG GAATGGCCAGCTAAAACATCAAC 55 307 128-P3-A1
30 LG10 LcaB201 EU072412 (TC)16 ATTGCACCAGTCCCGAATGAG GCAGCGTGCTTGTGGAAAAA 55 210 128-P2-D1
31 LG11 LcaB112 EU072394 (GT)7 TACCTGCCTTGTTTTTGTCCTTA AAGCCTCCATACACAGCTACATTA 55 113 128-P1-D6
32 LG12 LcaB041 EU072371 (AC)8 AGGTATGTTTTTGGGGCTTTTAGT CCCCCTACCCCTGTTTTACATA 55 250 128-P1-B5
33 LG12 LcaB058 EU072381 (AC)15 AAACCAAATGCTTACACAGTTACC TTGAGAGCTATTGGGATTACACAT 55 160 128-P1-A2
34 LG13 LcaB059 EU072382 (AC)18 CCTAGCCAAGTGCAACAGTGTG AGCTGGGAAACAGGCTGAGAC 55 186 128-P3-A12
35 LG14 LcaB055 EU072379 (AC)12 AGTTGCGGTCTTGTCCAAATGG ACTGGCAGAGTCAAGCAAAGTGTG 55 325 128-P3-A3
36 LG14 LcaB075 EU072386 (GT)12 TGTCGCACACCGCTGCTTTACTAT CTTGCTCTCACCCTCTCCCTCTTT 55 131 128-P2-G12
37 LG14 LcaB076 EU072387 (AC)17 CGAAAACGTCGATCCAACTAAA ACAGTCAGTGCGTGAAGTGTATG 55 135 128-P3-A2
38 LG14 LcaB127 EU072399 (AC)11 AGTTGCAGGGCATGCTGTGAAAC TCGGCATCAAGCGTGGAAGAG 50 159 128-P2-D6
39 LG15 LcaB174 EU072408 (GT)8(GA)15 CAGCATTAAAAAGATGAGAAAAGT ATTCCCCCATCTTTGTTACAGTT 55 242 128-P2-D7
40 LG16 LcaB013 EU072360 (AC)15 AGGCCAAGGCTGCTCTGTGTC CAACCTGGGATGAGGCACTAAAAG 55 127 128-P2-B12
41 LG16 LcaB054 EU072378 (AC)8 TGCAGGAGATAAGACGCTGTG GAGATCGGCAACCTGACAAA 55 298 128-P3-F4
42 LG16 LcaB062 EU072383 (AC)15 ATGAGGGGTGAACAGTTGTCCT TCTCCTCGTCCTTTTCGTTACC 55 218 128-P3-F8
43 LG16 LcaB078 EU072388 (GT)13 GTTACCATGCCAACAACCAA TAGCCTGCTATAGATCCCACTG 55 81 128-P3-A4
44 LG16 LcaB228 EU072416 (AC)21 GAATAGGCCTACCTGGTGAGAGG TCCCTGCTTAGCTGCCATTATC 55 237 128-P2-B12
45 LG17 LcaB023 EU072364 (GT)13 GCAGCGAGATGAACAGTGATTATT ACATGATCCTCGCCACCATC 55 326 128-P2-G5
46 LG17 LcaB048 EU072374 (GT)20 TGGAGCTTTATTTGAGTGTGAC CCCCCTATGTATTCAGTATTCTG 55 180 128-P3-C4
47 LG17 LcaB051 EU072375 (GT)19 TACCCAAAGTAAACCAGCAGCACA CAACTAGCAGGTTTGCACAACACA 55 104 128-P3-H11
48 LG17 LcaB121 EU072397 (AC)16 CTTTTTGTGCCCCAGATGACG GGAGCAGAGTGGAGCTTTCAGAA 55 238 128-P1-D9
49 LG18 LcaB019 EU072363 (GT)11 TTGAGTCCCCTGTGCTATGTAACA CACCGCCTCCACAATTAGTGTC 55 199 128-P1-F10
50 LG18 LcaB081 EU072389 (GT)7(GCA) (GT)3 TGAGGACAGCCACCCCACTTTT GAGCCGCTATCTCATTCCCACATC 55 126 128-P2-F10
51 LG18 LcaB221 EU072415 (TC)9 AGGGGAGTGCTGCCTCAGTG TTCCCAACAGATAATGATGCTCAA 55 117 128-P3-A8
52 LG19 LcaB005 EU072357 (AC)22 AGGCGGTGCTGGGGCAGAT TTACCGCAGCCTGGCTAGAGGTCT 55 300 128-P3-H8
53 LG19 LcaB033 EU072368 (AC)15 ATCCACCTTGAGGTTTCTTTATCA AACCAAGCCACTCCTATCATCTT 55 190 128-P1-D5
54 LG20 LcaB219 EU072414 (GA)25 AGTTGGCTCTTAAAGCATTTGAAT TTCCCACACCGTTAGGTTTATCTG 55 155 128-P1-H12
55 LG21 LcaB106 EU072393 (GT)7 CTGGCTGCATGGAGAAAGAAGT TTGGGTTTTGAGCTCACTGACA 55 311 128-P2-F7
56 LG21 LcaB116 EU072396 (GT)20 CATGGCCTTTCTGGGAAGTTATTG CAGACGGAGCCACAAGCAAAAC 55 226 128-P3-D6
57 LG21 LcaB169 EU072407 (AC)6(GA)20 CACAAACCAGGCGATCACATATCG GTAAGCCCGCAGAAATCGACTTCA 55 218 128-P3-E9
58 LG23 LcaB015 EU072362 (GT)11 GAGCGCTCTCCCCTGGTTTC TGCAGCCGAGCACGACTG 55 221 128-P1-G9
59 LG23 LcaB038 EU072370 (GT)19 TGTGCGCACTCACATACATTAG TGAAAAATAGATGGTAAGCCTCTC 55 216 128-P1-A3
60 LG23 LcaB056 EU072380 (AC)11 ATGCCGTTTCCTGCTGCTGTC TGATGCTGTTTCTGGCTGGTGTA 55 141 128-P2-E02
61 LG23 LcaB150 EU072403 (GA)11 TCTAGCGCTCGTCCTCTCCTG AGGCCTCCTCGTTCTCTGCT 55 178 128-P2-A11
62 LG24 LcaB125 EU072398 (GT)12 AAGCACAAGATACGCCTTCCTT GTGCCCTGGGCCTCTACAT 55 153 128-P2-C11
63 Unlinked LcaB044 EU072372 (GT)15 CAGGACGTTTGAATACTTGTGT TTAAAAGGTGGTGGTATTAGTCAT 55 160 128-P2-A8
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Ta: annealing temperature for PCR. * 384plate-96plate-well: name of the 384-well plate, name of 96-well plate and well position in the 96-well plate.

Discussion

A critical tool for genomic studies in fish species is the availability of deep-coverage large-insert genomic libraries, such as BAC libraries that can be used for physical mapping, integration of linkage and physical maps, positional cloning, comparative genomic studies and genome sequencing [13]. We constructed the first BAC library for L. calcarifer containing 49,152 clones with an average insert size of 98 kb ranging from 45 to 200 kb, indicating that this BAC library provided 6.9 × coverage of the L. calcarifer haploid genome. We have noticed that 50% of the inserts in our BAC library were under 100 kb. It is common that insert size of 50% of BAC clones was smaller than the size of DNA fragments recovered from gels. This phenomenon has been seen in several BAC libraries, such as the BAC library of tomato [13]. The reason for this is that smaller fragments could be included in larger fragments during electrophoresis, and during ligation, the relatively smaller fragments were preferentially ligated to the vectors. PCR screening of the library with 24 markers each from one of 24 LG and 15 randomly selected ESTs/genes demonstrated that the BAC library provided good coverage of the L. calcarifer genome. Whether the BAC clones with large inserts were of hybrid origin remains to be examined.

A second generation linkage map of L. calcarifer is under construction by integrating new markers including microsatellites, ESTs and candidate genes onto the first generation map. Low polymorphism of ESTs and candidate genes was a bottleneck to map them to the linkage map [6]. Using highly polymorphic microsatellites located in BAC clones harboring interesting genes and ESTs, these interesting genes and ESTs could be mapped onto the linkage map as shown in this experiment. By employing highly polymorphic microsatellites in BAC clones, we have mapped 86 BAC clones to the linkage map of L. calcarifer. At least one BAC clone has been anchored on each LG, which can be used to integrate linkage and physical maps in the future. The number of markers on the linkage map of L. calcarifer increased to 302 by mapping 62 novel microsatellites located in 62 BAC clones onto the map. The two male linkage groups (i.e. LG14 and LG18) which were split to two LG on the first generation map respectively [6] due to the limited number of markers on these LG, were merged to one LG respectively by integrating new microsatellites located in single BAC clones, which improved the quality of the linkage map of L. calcarifer.

The BAC library of L. calcarifer could be also used in constructing a physical map by BAC fingerprinting [12,20], sequencing BAC ends and positional cloning of QTL of commercial interests [4] so as to facilitate selective breeding of L. calcarifer. Eventually, the BAC library can be used in whole genome shotgun sequencing when it becomes necessary.

Conclusion

A first L. calcarifer BAC library with 6.9 × coverage of the haploid genome has been constructed and characterized. Screening the library with 24 markers and 15 ESTs/genes demonstrated good genome coverage of this library. Eighty-six BAC clones were mapped to the first generation linkage map, improving the marker density of the linkage map of L. calcarifer. This BAC library together with the improved linkage map not only supplies an indispensable tool to physical mapping, integration of physical and linkage maps, and positional cloning for genes of importance, but also contributes to comparative genomic studies and eventually genome sequencing.

Methods

Preparation of high-molecular-weight DNA

Five hundred microliters of blood was collected from a male individual of L. calcarifer with a heparinized syringe. The concentration of leucocytes was quantified to be approximately 109 cells/ml. Quantities corresponding to 2.14 × 107 cells were embedded in 40 μl of 2% InCert agarose (in PBS) for DNA extraction. The mixture was then transferred into ice-cold plug moulds (Bio-Rad, SG, Singapore). Individual plugs were released into cell lysis solution [1% lithiumdodecyl sulfate, 10 mM Tris (pH 8), 100 mM EDTA (pH 8)] that was incubated at 37°C for 1 hr with occasional swirling. The cell lysis solution was replaced with 50 ml of new cell lysis solution and incubated overnight at 37°C. The cell lysis solution was supplanted with 50 ml of 20% NDS. Two ml of proteinase K (20 mg/ml) was added to each 50 ml of 20% NDS consisting of 0.2% N-laurylsarcosine, 2 mM Tris-HCL (pH9.0), 0.14 M EDTA. The solution was incubated at 37°C overnight. Plugs were washed three times with TE50 and 0.05 M EDTA for one hour at room temperature. The plugs were put into a fresh Falcon tube, and washed twice with 50 ml TE50 and 50 μl PMSF (100 mM) at 37°C for 20 min to inactivate proteinase K. The plugs were then washed twice with 50 ml of TE50 in the Falcon tube at room temperature for 30 min to get rid of the PMSF.

Partial digestion of high molecular weight DNA and size selection

Digestion with restriction enzyme HindIII, pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), isolation and purification of high molecular weight (HMW) DNA were performed using the method described previously [21]. Briefly, after displacement of the plugs by 1 × TE buffer, the agarose plugs were soaked in 800 μl of HindIII digestion buffer [0.015% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 75 mM NaCl, 12 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.50)] and 3 U of HindIII for 16 hours at 4°C, after which, 100 μl of MgCl2 (100 mM) was added and the mixture was incubated at 37°C for one hour to partially digest the genomic DNA. The reaction was stopped by adding 150 μl of 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0), 15 μl 20 mg/ml proteinase K and 37.5 μl 20% NDS, and incubating at 37°C for one hour. Plugs were rinsed in TE50 in a Petri dish then transferred to a 15 ml Falcon tube. 15 ml of TE50 and 15 μl of 100 mM PMSF were added to the tube. The tube was incubated at room temperature for 20 min on rotating shaker. The tube with plug was washed twice with 15 ml TE50 at room temperature on a shaker for 30 min each.

Size selection was carried out as described [22], with minor modifications. In brief, partially digested DNA was separated by PFGE in 0.5 × TBE on a CHEF-DRII apparatus (Bio-Rad, SG, Singapore) under the following conditions: 14°C, 6.0 v/cm, angle = 120°, initial switch time = 5 sec, final switch time = 15 sec, run time = 16 hours and ramping = linear. At the end of this electrophoresis step, the gel portion containing DNA of 50 kb or less in size together with the portion of the gel containing the original plugs was removed. 1% fresh agarose was added to the remaining gel followed by a second electrophoresis step using the same conditions for 18 hours. Gel slices containing size fractionated DNA were obtained by cutting horizontally at 0.5 cm intervals in the size range of 100–250 kb. Each excised gel slice was subsequently inverted and buried in 1% low-melting-point agarose gel. A third electrophoresis step using the same conditions for 18 hours was carried out to concentrate the widely spread DNA fragments in each gel slice into a sharp single band. The band of size selected genomic DNA was then excised and dialyzed in 1 × TAE at 4°C overnight.

Ligation and electroporation

Size fractionated DNA was recovered from each gel band by electroelution in Spectra/Por 7 dialysis bags (Spectrum Laboratories, CA, USA) as described [23]. Partially digested HMW DNA was then ligated to 25 ng of dephosphorylated, HindIII digested pCC1BAC (Epicentre, MD, USA) at a 1:10 molar ratio of insert to vector with 400 units of T4 ligase (NEB, MA, USA) in 50 μl reaction at 16°C overnight. Dialyzed ligation was used to transform ElectroMAX DH10B competent cells (Invitrogen, MD, USA). Electroporation was carried out using a BioRad Gene Pulser (BioRad, CA, USA) at 4 kΩ and 350 V. Cells were incubated in 1 ml SOC medium at 37°C for one hour with shaking and later spread on LB plates containing 12.5 μg/ml Chloramphenicol, 40 μg/ml X-gal and 100 μg/ml IPTG and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours to allow the blue color to develop sufficiently.

Isolation of BAC DNA and estimation of insert size

We isolated BAC DNA from 212 BAC clones randomly chosen using a QIAwell 8 Plasmid Kit (Qiagen, HRB, Germany) following the protocol of the manufacturer. Isolated BAC DNA were digested with the restriction enzyme NotI and then subjected to PFGE for 16 hours using the same PFGE conditions as those for high molecular weight DNA isolation.

Library pooling and PCR screening

White recombinant colonies were manually picked and arrayed to plates (Genetix, Hampshire, UK) of 384-well each containing of 60 μl of LB media and 25% glycerol. Plates were incubated overnight at 37°C and stored at -80°C. The frozen stocks of the primary clones in 384 well plates were recovered and transferred to 4 96-well PCR plates containing 100 μl LB medium supplemented with 15% glycerol and 12.5 μg/ml chloramphenicol, then incubated overnight at 37°C to make a copy of the BAC library.

To establish a hierarchical PCR screening system, the library was divided into 11 superpools each consisting of 12 plates of 384-wells. Each superpool was divided into 48 pools each consisting of one 96-well plate of BAC clones. Cultures from 48 pools were combined to make superpool DNA for the first step PCR screening. Cultures from 48 plates of 96-well BAC clones were combined to make pool DNA for the second step PCR screening. In each pool, cultures from each well of 96 clones from a 96-well plate were used for the third step screening.

For examining the genome coverage of the BAC library, twenty-four microsatellites (Lca318, Lca064, Lca137, Lca171, Lca098, Lca062, Lca130, Lca086, Lca301, Lca002, Lca058, Lca074, Lca253, Lca147, Lca069, Lca367, Lca021, Lca193, Lca220, Lca181, Lca255, Lca040, Lca411 and Lca231) located on each of the 24 linkage groups (Table 1) [6], and 15 ESTs/genes isolated from cDNA libraries or selected from GenBank were used to screen the library. These 15 ESTs/genes are: PVALB-1, 5-HT, PROL-A, 14KDA-AP, AMY-A, MX, AP, LECT2, LYSO-G, IGF-1, TUB1A, TUB2B, GT7, CYP19A2 and AFPII. Primers (Table 2) were designed in unique regions for each EST/gene using software PrimerSelect (Dnastar, WI, USA). The PCR reaction (25 μl) consisted of 2 μl cultured cells, 1 × PCR buffer (Finnzymes, Espoo, Finland) containing 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 nM of each primer, 50 μM of each dNTP and one unit DNA polymerase (Finnzymes, Espoo, Finland). PCR was conducted on a PTC-100 PCR machine (MJ Research, CA, USA) using the following PCR program: an initial denaturation at 95°C for 2 min followed by 35 cycles 95°C for 30 sec, 55°C for 30 sec and 72°C for 1–2 min, and a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. PCR products are checked for the presence of PCR products on 2% agarose gels. Positive pools were used to determine a set of addresses corresponding to potential clones, which were subsequently validated by a third PCR analysis of individual clones. PCR products of respective microsatellites and genes/ESTs were confirmed by direct sequencing.

Microsatellite isolation from BAC clones and linkage mapping

DNA was isolated from pool of 300 BAC clones using a QIAwell 8 Plasmid Kit (Qiagen, HRB, Germany). CA- and GA-microsatellites located in the 300 BAC clones were enriched according to a previous protocol [24] with some modifications [25]. Repeat-enriched DNA fragments of 400–1200 bp in size were cloned into pGEM-T vector (Promega, CA, USA), and transformed into XL-10 blue supercompetent cells (Stratagene, CA, USA). White clones were picked and arrayed into 96-well plates for bidirectional sequencing on an ABI3730 × l DNA sequencer (ABI, CA, USA) using the BigDye V3.0 kit, M13 forward and M13 reverse primers. Redundant and overlapping sequences were grouped using Sequencher (GeneCodes, MI, USA). Unique sequences were compared to known microsatellite sequences of L. calcarifer prior to primer design in order to reduce redundancy. Genotyping and linkage mapping of these microsatellites were performed with the mapping panel described previously [6]. The graphic maps were generated using Mapchart software [26]. To identify the origin of each microsatellite from the 300 BAC clones, these clones were PCR-screened with microsatellite primers. PCR products were checked for the presence of objective bands on 2% agarose gels.

List of abbreviations

BAC-bacterial artificial chromosome; QTL-quantitative trait loci; LG-linkage group; PVALB-1-pavalbumin beta gene 1; 5-HT-5-hydroxytryptamine type 1 receptor; PROL-A-prolactin gene alpha type; 14KDA-AP-14kDa apolipoprotein gene; AMY-A-amylayse gene alpha type; AP-aminopeptidase gene; LYSO-G-lysozyme goose type; TUB1A-tublin 1 alpha type; TUB2B-tublin 2 beta type; GT7-EST containing a (GT)7 microsatellite, CYP19A2-cytochrome P450 aromatase alpha type 2 and AFPII-type II antifreeze protein.

Authors' contributions

GHY planned and started the project, and determined the final version of the manuscript. CMW designed and conducted the experiment, as well as drafted the manuscript. LLC, FF, GP, LJ, ZZY and LG are involved in screening the library with randomly selected microsatellites and genes, mapping of markers to the linkage map. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgements

This study is part of the project "Selective Breeding of Marine Foodfish" funded by AVA, Singapore and the internal research fund from the Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore. We would like to thank Dr. Xia J.H. for his comments on the manuscript before submission.

Contributor Information

Chun Ming Wang, Email: chuming@tll.org.sg.

Loong Chueng Lo, Email: lolc@tll.org.sg.

Felicia Feng, Email: felicia@tll.org.sg.

Ping Gong, Email: gongping501@googlemail.com.

Jian Li, Email: ns_jian@tll.org.sg.

Ze Yuan Zhu, Email: zeyuan@tll.org.sg.

Grace Lin, Email: gracelin@tll.org.sg.

Gen Hua Yue, Email: genhua@tll.org.sg.

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