Skip to main content
The BMJ logoLink to The BMJ
. 1996 Mar 30;312(7034):827–832.

North of England evidence based guidelines development project: summary version of evidence based guideline for the primary care management angina. North of England Stable Angina Guideline Development Group.

PMCID: PMC2350709  PMID: 8608294

Full text

PDF

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Acute and chronic antianginal efficacy of continuous twenty-four-hour application of transdermal nitroglycerin. Steering Committee, Transdermal Nitroglycerin Cooperative Study. Am J Cardiol. 1991 Nov 15;68(13):1263–1273. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90229-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Antalóczy Z., Kekes E. Antianginal effects of atenolol and pindolol in patients with stable effort angina pectoris. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1989 May;10(3):222–226. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ardissino D., Savonitto S., Egstrup K., Marraccini P., Slavich G., Rosenfeld M., Feruglio G. A., Roncarolo P., Giordano M. P., Wahlqvist I. Transient myocardial ischemia during daily life in rest and exertional angina pectoris and comparison of effectiveness of metoprolol versus nifedipine. Am J Cardiol. 1991 May 1;67(11):946–952. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90165-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Aronow W. S. Correlation of ischemic ST-segment depression on the resting electrocardiogram with new cardiac events in 1,106 patients over 62 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 1989 Jul 15;64(3):232–233. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90465-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barry J., Mead K., Nabel E. G., Rocco M. B., Campbell S., Fenton T., Mudge G. H., Jr, Selwyn A. P. Effect of smoking on the activity of ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 1989 Jan 20;261(3):398–402. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Ben-Ari E., Kellermann J. J., Rothbaum D. A., Fisman E., Pines A. Effects of prolonged intensive versus moderate leg training on the untrained arm exercise response in angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Feb 1;59(4):231–234. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90790-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Berger J. P., Buclin T., Haller E., Van Melle G., Yersin B. Right arm involvement and pain extension can help to differentiate coronary diseases from chest pain of other origin: a prospective emergency ward study of 278 consecutive patients admitted for chest pain. J Intern Med. 1990 Mar;227(3):165–172. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00138.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bonow R. O., Kent K. M., Rosing D. R., Lan K. K., Lakatos E., Borer J. S., Bacharach S. L., Green M. V., Epstein S. E. Exercise-induced ischemia in mildly symptomatic patients with coronary-artery disease and preserved left ventricular function. Identification of subgroups at risk of death during medical therapy. N Engl J Med. 1984 Nov 22;311(21):1339–1345. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198411223112103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bowles M. J., Khurmi N. S., O'Hara M. J., Raftery E. B. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of nicardipine and nifedipine in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Chest. 1986 Feb;89(2):260–265. doi: 10.1378/chest.89.2.260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Chrysant S. G., Glasser S. P., Bittar N., Shahidi F. E., Danisa K., Ibrahim R., Watts L. E., Garutti R. J., Ferraresi R., Casareto R. Efficacy and safety of extended-release isosorbide mononitrate for stable effort angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Dec 1;72(17):1249–1256. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90292-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Colditz G. A., Halvorsen K. T., Goldhaber S. Z. Randomized clinical trials of transdermal nitroglycerin systems for the treatment of angina: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 1988 Jul;116(1 Pt 1):174–180. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(88)90263-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Daly L. E., Graham I. M., Hickey N., Mulcahy R. Does stopping smoking delay onset of angina after infarction? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 Oct 5;291(6500):935–937. doi: 10.1136/bmj.291.6500.935. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. DeMots H., Glasser S. P. Intermittent transdermal nitroglycerin therapy in the treatment of chronic stable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Mar 15;13(4):786–795. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90216-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. DeWood M. A., Wolbach R. A. Randomized double-blind comparison of side effects of nicardipine and nifedipine in angina pectoris. The Nicardipine Investigators Group. Am Heart J. 1990 Feb;119(2 Pt 2):468–478. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8703(05)80071-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Deedwania P. C., Cheitlin M. D., Das S. K., Pool P. E., Singh J. B., Pasternak R. C. Amlodipine once a day in stable angina: double-blind crossover comparison with placebo. Clin Cardiol. 1993 Aug;16(8):599–602. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960160808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Detrano R., Gianrossi R., Froelicher V. The diagnostic accuracy of the exercise electrocardiogram: a meta-analysis of 22 years of research. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1989 Nov-Dec;32(3):173–206. doi: 10.1016/0033-0620(89)90025-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Detry J. M., Robert A., Luwaert R. J., Rousseau M. F., Brasseur L. A., Melin J. A., Brohet C. R. Diagnostic value of computerized exercise testing in men without previous myocardial infarction. A multivariate, compartmental and probabilistic approach. Eur Heart J. 1985 Mar;6(3):227–238. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061846. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. DiBianco R., Schoomaker F. W., Singh J. B., Awan N. A., Bennett T., Canosa F. L., Kawanishi D. T., Bamrah V. S., Glasser S. P., Barry W. Amlodipine combined with beta blockade for chronic angina: results of a multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind study. Clin Cardiol. 1992 Jul;15(7):519–524. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960150709. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Diamond G. A., Forrester J. S. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1979 Jun 14;300(24):1350–1358. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197906143002402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Doll R., Peto R., Wheatley K., Gray R., Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 1994 Oct 8;309(6959):901–911. doi: 10.1136/bmj.309.6959.901. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Donaldson K. M., Dawkins K. D., Waller D. G. A comparison of nisoldipine and nifedipine, in combination with atenolol, in the management of myocardial ischaemia. Eur Heart J. 1993 Apr;14(4):534–539. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/14.4.534. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Egstrup K., Gundersen T., Härkönen R., Karlsson E., Lundgren B. The antianginal efficacy and tolerability of controlled-release metoprolol once daily: a comparison with conventional metoprolol tablets twice daily. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;33 (Suppl):S45–S49. doi: 10.1007/BF00578412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Egstrup K. Randomized double-blind comparison of metoprolol, nifedipine, and their combination in chronic stable angina: effects on total ischemic activity and heart rate at onset of ischemia. Am Heart J. 1988 Oct;116(4):971–978. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(88)90147-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Fletcher A., McLoone P., Bulpitt C. Quality of life on angina therapy: a randomised controlled trial of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate against placebo. Lancet. 1988 Jul 2;2(8601):4–8. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92942-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Floris B., Paoletti G., Pelizza L., Bertulla A., Motolese M. A comparison of metoprolol OROS with antenolol in the treatment of effort angina pectoris: a randomized double-blind study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1991 Apr;29(4):139–143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Foale R. A. Atenolol versus the fixed combination of atenolol and nifedipine in stable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J. 1993 Oct;14(10):1369–1374. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/14.10.1369. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. France R. J., Formolo J. M., Penney D. G. Value of notching and slurring of the resting QRS complex in the detection of ischemic heart disease. Clin Cardiol. 1990 Mar;13(3):190–196. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960130309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Friedensohn A., Meshulam R., Schlesinger Z. Randomized double-blind comparison of the effects of isosorbide dinitrate retard, verapamil sustained-release, and their combination on myocardial ischemic episodes. Cardiology. 1991;79 (Suppl 2):31–40. doi: 10.1159/000174922. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Froelicher V., Jensen D., Genter F., Sullivan M., McKirnan M. D., Witztum K., Scharf J., Strong M. L., Ashburn W. A randomized trial of exercise training in patients with coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1984 Sep 14;252(10):1291–1297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Gibbons L., Blair S. N., Kohl H. W., Cooper K. The safety of maximal exercise testing. Circulation. 1989 Oct;80(4):846–852. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.80.4.846. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Gibbs J. S., McAlpine H. M., Wright C., McLenachan J. M., Sparrow J., Sutton G., Dargie H. J., Fox K. M. Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled dose-efficacy study of sustained release verapamil in chronic stable angina. Int J Cardiol. 1991 Jun;31(3):281–286. doi: 10.1016/0167-5273(91)90378-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hagman M., Wilhelmsen L., Wedel H., Pennert K. Risk factors for angina pectoris in a population study of Swedish men. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(3):265–275. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90163-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hambrecht R., Niebauer J., Marburger C., Grunze M., Kälberer B., Hauer K., Schlierf G., Kübler W., Schuler G. Various intensities of leisure time physical activity in patients with coronary artery disease: effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and progression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Aug;22(2):468–477. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90051-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hermanson B., Omenn G. S., Kronmal R. A., Gersh B. J. Beneficial six-year outcome of smoking cessation in older men and women with coronary artery disease. Results from the CASS registry. N Engl J Med. 1988 Nov 24;319(21):1365–1369. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198811243192101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Holme I., Hjermann I., Helgeland A., Leren P. The Oslo Study: diet and antismoking advice. Additional results from a 5-year primary preventive trial in middle-aged men. Prev Med. 1985 May;14(3):279–292. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(85)90057-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Humen D. P., Kostuk W. J. Clinical response and effects on left ventricular function of isosorbide dinitrate added to propranolol or diltiazem monotherapy in patients with chronic stable angina. Can J Cardiol. 1991 Mar;7(2):74–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Humen D. P., O'Brien P., Purves P., Johnson D., Kostuk W. J. Effort angina with adequate beta-receptor blockade: comparison with diltiazem alone and in combination. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Feb;7(2):329–335. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80500-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Irvine J., Petch M. Fitness to drive: updated guidelines for cardiovascular fitness in vocational drivers. Honorary Advisory Panel on Driving and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System. Health Trends. 1994;26(2):38–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Johansson S., Rosengren A., Tsipogianni A., Ulvenstam G., Wiklund I., Wilhelmsen L. Physical inactivity as a risk factor for primary and secondary coronary events in Göteborg, Sweden. Eur Heart J. 1988 Nov;9 (Suppl 50):8–19. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/9.suppl_l.8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Karlson B. W., Henning R. Comparison of nitroglycerin-TTS and long-acting nitroglycerin tablets in the treatment of angina pectoris: a double-blind controlled study. Clin Cardiol. 1987 Oct;10(10):573–577. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960101012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Kelemen M. H., Stewart K. J., Gillilan R. E., Ewart C. K., Valenti S. A., Manley J. D., Kelemen M. D. Circuit weight training in cardiac patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Jan;7(1):38–42. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80256-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Klinke W. P., Juneau M., Grace M., Kostuk W. J., Pflugfelder P., Maranda C. R., Warnica W., Chin C., Annable L., Dempsey E. E. Usefulness of sustained-release diltiazem for stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1989 Dec 1;64(19):1249–1252. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90562-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Krepp H. P., Turpe F. Antiischaemic effects of phasic release nitroglycerin system during acute and sustained therapy. Eur Heart J. 1989 May;10 (Suppl A):36–42. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/10.suppl_a.36. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Levantesi D., Marraccini P., Michelassi C., Dalle Vacche M., L'Abbate A. Elective response to propranolol or verapamil in ischemia on effort. Can J Cardiol. 1989 Sep;5(6):299–304. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Lichtlen P. R., Hugenholtz P. G., Rafflenbeul W., Hecker H., Jost S., Deckers J. W. Retardation of angiographic progression of coronary artery disease by nifedipine. Results of the International Nifedipine Trial on Antiatherosclerotic Therapy (INTACT). INTACT Group Investigators. Lancet. 1990 May 12;335(8698):1109–1113. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91121-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Lim R., Kreidieh I., Dyke L., Thomas J., Dymond D. S. Exercise testing without interruption of medication for refining the selection of mildly symptomatic patients for prognostic coronary angiography. Br Heart J. 1994 Apr;71(4):334–340. doi: 10.1136/hrt.71.4.334. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Madsen J. K., Hommel E., Hansen J. F. Prognostic value of an electrocardiogram at rest and exercise test in patients admitted with suspected acute myocardial infarction, in whom the diagnosis is not confirmed. Eur Heart J. 1987 Jul;8(7):717–724. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/8.7.717. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Mark D. B., Hlatky M. A., Califf R. M., Morris J. J., Jr, Sisson S. D., McCants C. B., Lee K. L., Harrell F. E., Jr, Pryor D. B. Painless exercise ST deviation on the treadmill: long-term prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Oct;14(4):885–892. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90459-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Mark D. B., Hlatky M. A., Harrell F. E., Jr, Lee K. L., Califf R. M., Pryor D. B. Exercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Jun;106(6):793–800. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-106-6-793. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Marra S., Paolillo V., Spadaccini F., Angelino P. F. Long-term follow-up after a controlled randomized post-myocardial infarction rehabilitation programme: effects on morbidity and mortality. Eur Heart J. 1985 Aug;6(8):656–663. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061917. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. McGill D., McKenzie W., McCredie M. Comparison of nicardipine and propranolol for chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1986 Jan 1;57(1):39–43. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90948-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Meluzín J., Zeman K., Stetka F., Simek P. Effects of nifedipine and diltiazem on myocardial ischemia in patients with severe stable angina pectoris treated with nitrates and beta-blockers. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992 Dec;20(6):864–869. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199212000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Miranda C. P., Lehmann K. G., Froelicher V. F. Correlation between resting ST segment depression, exercise testing, coronary angiography, and long-term prognosis. Am Heart J. 1991 Dec;122(6):1617–1628. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(91)90279-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Mirvis D. M., el-Zeky F., Vander Zwaag R., Ramanathan K. B., Crenshaw J. H., Kroetz F. W., Sullivan J. M. Clinical and pathophysiologic correlates of ST-T-wave abnormalities in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1990 Sep 15;66(7):699–704. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(90)91133-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Morise A. P., Dalal J. N., Duval R. D. Value of a simple measure of estrogen status for improving the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women. Am J Med. 1993 May;94(5):491–496. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90083-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Mukerji V., Alpert M. A., Hewett J. E., Parker B. M. Can patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries be discriminated from those with coronary artery disease prior to coronary angiography? Angiology. 1989 Apr;40(4 Pt 1):276–282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Neaton J. D., Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and death from coronary heart disease. Overall findings and differences by age for 316,099 white men. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Jan;152(1):56–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Neuvonen P. J., Jaakkola A., Tötterman J., Penttilä O. Clinically significant sucralfate-warfarin interaction is not likely. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985 Aug;20(2):178–180. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1985.tb05056.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Nidorf S. M., Parsons R. W., Thompson P. L., Jamrozik K. D., Hobbs M. S. Reduced risk of death at 28 days in patients taking a beta blocker before admission to hospital with myocardial infarction. BMJ. 1990 Jan 13;300(6717):71–74. doi: 10.1136/bmj.300.6717.71. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Norell M., Lythall D., Coghlan G., Cheng A., Kushwaha S., Swan J., Ilsley C., Mitchell A. Limited value of the resting electrocardiogram in assessing patients with recent onset chest pain: lessons from a chest pain clinic. Br Heart J. 1992 Jan;67(1):53–56. doi: 10.1136/hrt.67.1.53. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Omenn G. S., Anderson K. W., Kronmal R. A., Vlietstra R. E. The temporal pattern of reduction of mortality risk after smoking cessation. Am J Prev Med. 1990 Sep-Oct;6(5):251–257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Paciaroni E., Luca C. Discontinuous transdermal nitroglycerin as treatment for stable angina in the elderly: a double-blind multicentre study. The Transdermal TNG Trial Group of Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura Anziani (I.N.R.C.A.). Eur Heart J. 1991 Oct;12(10):1076–1080. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059840. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Parker J. O. Eccentric dosing with isosorbide-5-mononitrate in angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Oct 15;72(12):871–876. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)91098-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Parker J. O., Enjalbert M., Bernstein V. Efficacy of the calcium antagonist isradipine in angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1988 Mar;1(6):661–664. doi: 10.1007/BF02125752. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Parker J. O., Vankoughnett K. A., Farrell B. Nitroglycerin lingual spray: clinical efficacy and dose-response relation. Am J Cardiol. 1986 Jan 1;57(1):1–5. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90940-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Pedersen T. R., Kantor M. Nisoldipine tablets once daily versus nifedipine capsules three times daily in patients with stable effort angina pectoris pretreated with atenolol. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1990 Apr;4(2):451–456. doi: 10.1007/BF01857753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Pekkanen J., Marti B., Nissinen A., Tuomilehto J., Punsar S., Karvonen M. J. Reduction of premature mortality by high physical activity: a 20-year follow-up of middle-aged Finnish men. Lancet. 1987 Jun 27;1(8548):1473–1477. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92218-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Pellinen T. J., Lukkala K., Sundberg S., Heikkilä J., Frick M. H. Efficacy of conventional and sustained-release verapamil in stable angina pectoris. Ann Med. 1992 Feb;24(1):49–53. doi: 10.3109/07853899209164144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Pratt C. M., Francis M. J., Divine G. W., Young J. B. Exercise testing in women with chest pain. Are there additional exercise characteristics that predict true positive test results? Chest. 1989 Jan;95(1):139–144. doi: 10.1378/chest.95.1.139. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Psaty B. M., Koepsell T. D., Wagner E. H., LoGerfo J. P., Inui T. S. The relative risk of incident coronary heart disease associated with recently stopping the use of beta-blockers. JAMA. 1990 Mar 23;263(12):1653–1657. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Ranjadayalan K., Umachandran V., Ambepityia G., Kopelman P. G., Mills P. G., Timmis A. D. Prolonged anginal perceptual threshold in diabetes: effects on exercise capacity and myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Nov;16(5):1120–1124. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90543-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Rezaković D. E., Jr, Pavicić L., Majacić M. A randomized placebo controlled, double-blind, crossover trial of transdermal nitroglycerin in stable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J. 1988 Jan;9 (Suppl A):73–81. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/9.suppl_a.73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Richardson M. T., Holly R. G., Amsterdam E. A., Miller M. F. The value of chest pain during the exercise tolerance test in predicting coronary artery disease. Cardiology. 1992;81(2-3):164–171. doi: 10.1159/000175791. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Rodrigues E. A., Kohli R. S., Hains A. D., Lahiri A., Raftery E. B. Comparison of nicardipine and verapamil in the management of chronic stable angina. Int J Cardiol. 1988 Mar;18(3):357–369. doi: 10.1016/0167-5273(88)90054-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Rose G., Colwell L. Randomised controlled trial of anti-smoking advice: final (20 year) results. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1992 Feb;46(1):75–77. doi: 10.1136/jech.46.1.75. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Rydén L., Schaffrath R. Buccal versus sublingual nitroglycerin administration in the treatment of angina pectoris: a multicentre study. Eur Heart J. 1987 Sep;8(9):995–1001. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Salonen J. T., Slater J. S., Tuomilehto J., Rauramaa R. Leisure time and occupational physical activity: risk of death from ischemic heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1988 Jan;127(1):87–94. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114794. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Sangiorgio P., Di Pasquale G., Savonitto S., Urbinati S., Rubboli A., Cavallotti G., Pinelli G., Bracchetti D. Felodipine in chronic stable angina: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Eur Heart J. 1990 Nov;11(11):1011–1017. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059628. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Sato I., Nishijima H., Matsumura N., Nishida M., Okita K., Yasuda H. The incidence of cardiac events in Japanese men with atypical or nonanginal chest pain: a prospective study on the significance of exercise testing. Am Heart J. 1992 Jun;123(6):1510–1515. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(92)90802-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Scardi S., Camerini F., Pandullo C., Pollavini G. Efficacy of continuous and intermittent transdermal treatment with nitroglycerin in effort angina pectoris: a multicentric study. The Collaborative Nitro Group. Int J Cardiol. 1991 Aug;32(2):241–248. doi: 10.1016/0167-5273(91)90331-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Sebrechts C. P., Klein J. L., Ahnve S., Froelicher V. F., Ashburn W. L. Myocardial perfusion changes following 1 year of exercise training assessed by thallium-201 circumferential count profiles. Am Heart J. 1986 Dec;112(6):1217–1226. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(86)90351-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Seltzer C. C. Framingham study data and "established wisdom" about cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42(8):743–750. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(89)90070-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Silagy C., Mant D., Fowler G., Lodge M. Meta-analysis on efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation. Lancet. 1994 Jan 15;343(8890):139–142. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90933-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Siscovick D. S., Ekelund L. G., Hyde J. S., Johnson J. L., Gordon D. J., LaRosa J. C. Physical activity and coronary heart disease among asymptomatic hypercholesterolemic men (the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial). Am J Public Health. 1988 Nov;78(11):1428–1431. doi: 10.2105/ajph.78.11.1428. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Siu S. C., Jacoby R. M., Phillips R. T., Nesto R. W. Comparative efficacy of nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system versus diltiazem when added to beta blockers in stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Apr 15;71(11):887–892. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90901-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Smith G. D., Song F., Sheldon T. A. Cholesterol lowering and mortality: the importance of considering initial level of risk. BMJ. 1993 May 22;306(6889):1367–1373. doi: 10.1136/bmj.306.6889.1367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Steffensen R., Grande P., Pedersen F., Haunsø S. Effects of atenolol and diltiazem on exercise tolerance and ambulatory ischaemia. Int J Cardiol. 1993 Jul 1;40(2):143–153. doi: 10.1016/0167-5273(93)90277-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Stone P. H., Gibson R. S., Glasser S. P., DeWood M. A., Parker J. D., Kawanishi D. T., Crawford M. H., Messineo F. C., Shook T. L., Raby K. Comparison of propranolol, diltiazem, and nifedipine in the treatment of ambulatory ischemia in patients with stable angina. Differential effects on ambulatory ischemia, exercise performance, and anginal symptoms. The ASIS Study Group. Circulation. 1990 Dec;82(6):1962–1972. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.82.6.1962. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Subramanian V. B., Bowles M. J., Khurmi N. S., Davies A. B., Raftery E. B. Randomized double-blind comparison of verapamil and nifedipine in chronic stable angina. Am J Cardiol. 1982 Oct;50(4):696–703. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)91221-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Sulke A. N., Paul V. E., Taylor C. J., Roberts R. H., Norris A. D. Open access exercise electrocardiography: a service to improve management of ischaemic heart disease by general practitioners. J R Soc Med. 1991 Oct;84(10):590–594. doi: 10.1177/014107689108401007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Tang J. L., Law M., Wald N. How effective is nicotine replacement therapy in helping people to stop smoking? BMJ. 1994 Jan 1;308(6920):21–26. doi: 10.1136/bmj.308.6920.21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Thadani U., Glasser S., Bittar N., Beach C. L. Dose-response evaluation of once-daily therapy with a new formulation of diltiazem for stable angina pectoris. Diltiazem CD Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1994 Jul 1;74(1):9–17. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90483-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Thadani U., Maranda C. R., Amsterdam E., Spaccavento L., Friedman R. G., Chernoff R., Zellner S., Gorwit J., Hinderaker P. H. Lack of pharmacologic tolerance and rebound angina pectoris during twice-daily therapy with isosorbide-5-mononitrate. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Mar 1;120(5):353–359. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-120-5-199403010-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Thompson R. Influence of transdermal nitrates on exercise capacity in patients with stable angina. Angiology. 1986 Jun;37(6):448–454. doi: 10.1177/000331978603700604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Théroux P., Baird M., Juneau M., Warnica W., Klinke P., Kostuk W., Pflugfelder P., Lavallée E., Chin C., Dempsey E. Effect of diltiazem on symptomatic and asymptomatic episodes of ST segment depression occurring during daily life and during exercise. Circulation. 1991 Jul;84(1):15–22. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.1.15. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Todd I. C., Bradnam M. S., Cooke M. B., Ballantyne D. Effects of daily high-intensity exercise on myocardial perfusion in angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1991 Dec 15;68(17):1593–1599. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90315-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Ulvenstam G., Diderholm E., Frithz G., Gudbrandsson T., Hedbäck B., Höglund C., Moelstad P., Perk J., Sverrisson J. T. Antianginal and anti-ischemic efficacy of nicorandil compared with nifedipine in patients with angina pectoris and coronary heart disease: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;20 (Suppl 3):S67–S73. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199206203-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Uusitalo A., Arstila M., Bae E. A., Härkönen R., Keyriläinen O., Rytkönen U., Schjelderup-Mathiesen P. M., Wendelin H. Metoprolol, nifedipine, and the combination in stable effort angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1986 Apr 1;57(10):733–737. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90604-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Uusitalo A., Keyriläinen O., Härkönen R., Rautio P., Rehnqvist N., Engvall J., Rosenqvist U., Nyberg G., Aberg A., Ulvenstam G. Anti-anginal efficacy of a controlled-release formulation of isosorbide-5-mononitrate once daily in angina patients on chronic beta-blockade. Acta Med Scand. 1988;223(3):219–225. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1988.tb15790.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Vander Zwaag R., Lemp G. F., Hughes J. P., Ramanathan K. B., Sullivan J. M., Schick E. C., Mirvis D. M. The effect of cigarette smoking on the pattern of coronary atherosclerosis. A case-control study. Chest. 1988 Aug;94(2):290–295. doi: 10.1378/chest.94.2.290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Vliegen H. W., van der Wall E. E., Niemeyer M. G., Holwerda N. J., Bernink P. J., de Weerd P., Bosma A. H., van der Wieken L. R., Timmermans A. J., Molhoek G. P. Long-term efficacy of diltiazem controlled release versus metoprolol in patients with stable angina pectoris. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1991;18 (Suppl 9):S55–S60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Vlietstra R. E., Kronmal R. A., Oberman A., Frye R. L., Killip T., 3rd Effect of cigarette smoking on survival of patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Report from the CASS registry. JAMA. 1986 Feb 28;255(8):1023–1027. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Wallace W. A., Wellington K. L., Murphy G. W., Liang C. S. Comparison of antianginal efficacies and exercise hemodynamic effects of nifedipine and diltiazem in stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1989 Feb 15;63(7):414–418. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90310-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Waters D. D., Juneau M., Gossard D., Choquette G., Brien M. Limited usefulness of intermittent nitroglycerin patches in stable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Feb;13(2):421–425. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90521-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Weiner D. A., Ryan T. J., McCabe C. H., Chaitman B. R., Sheffield L. T., Ferguson J. C., Fisher L. D., Tristani F. Prognostic importance of a clinical profile and exercise test in medically treated patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984 Mar;3(3):772–779. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(84)80254-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Weiner D. A., Ryan T. J., McCabe C. H., Kennedy J. W., Schloss M., Tristani F., Chaitman B. R., Fisher L. D. Exercise stress testing. Correlations among history of angina, ST-segment response and prevalence of coronary-artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). N Engl J Med. 1979 Aug 2;301(5):230–235. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197908023010502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Weiner D. A., Ryan T. J., McCabe C. H., Luk S., Chaitman B. R., Sheffield L. T., Tristani F., Fisher L. D. Significance of silent myocardial ischemia during exercise testing in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Apr 1;59(8):725–729. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(87)91081-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Willett W. C., Green A., Stampfer M. J., Speizer F. E., Colditz G. A., Rosner B., Monson R. R., Stason W., Hennekens C. H. Relative and absolute excess risks of coronary heart disease among women who smoke cigarettes. N Engl J Med. 1987 Nov 19;317(21):1303–1309. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198711193172102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Woodmansey P. A., Stewart A. G., Morice A. H., Channer K. S. Amlodipine in patients with angina uncontrolled by atenolol. A double blind placebo controlled cross over trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;45(2):107–111. doi: 10.1007/BF00315489. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Yusuf S., Peto R., Lewis J., Collins R., Sleight P. Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985 Mar-Apr;27(5):335–371. doi: 10.1016/s0033-0620(85)80003-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. el-Tamimi H., Davies G. J. Optimal control of myocardial ischaemia: the benefit of a fixed combination of atenolol and nifedipine in patients with chronic stable angina. Br Heart J. 1992 Sep;68(3):291–295. doi: 10.1136/hrt.68.9.291. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. van der Does R., Eberhardt R., Derr I., Ehmer B., Rudorf J., Uberbacher H. J. Treatment of chronic stable angina with carvedilol in comparison with nifedipine s.r. Eur Heart J. 1991 Jan;12(1):60–64. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059826. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from BMJ : British Medical Journal are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES