Skip to main content
PMC home page
The BMJ logoLink to The BMJ
. 1996 Jun 29;312(7047):1659–1661. doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7047.1659

Inflation in epidemiology: "the proof and measurement of association between two things" revisited.

G D Smith 1, A N Phillips 1
PMCID: PMC2351357  PMID: 8664725

Full text

PDF
1659

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bennett S., Wilkins H. A. Within-person variation in urinary sodium, potassium and creatinine concentrations, and their relationship to changes in the blood pressure of adult male Gambians. J Trop Med Hyg. 1993 Oct;96(5):267–273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bigazzi R., Bianchi S., Baldari G., Campese V. M. Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in salt-sensitive patients with essential hypertension: role of insulin. Am J Hypertens. 1996 Jan;9(1):24–32. doi: 10.1016/0895-7061(95)00268-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Collins R., MacMahon S. Blood pressure, antihypertensive drug treatment and the risks of stroke and of coronary heart disease. Br Med Bull. 1994 Apr;50(2):272–298. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072892. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Cooper R., Soltero I., Liu K., Berkson D., Levinson S., Stamler J. The association between urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure in children. Circulation. 1980 Jul;62(1):97–104. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.62.1.97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Davey Smith G., Egger M. Statistical problems. BMJ. 1994 Apr 16;308(6935):1025–1027. doi: 10.1136/bmj.308.6935.1025. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dyer A. R., Elliott P., Shipley M., Stamler R., Stamler J. Body mass index and associations of sodium and potassium with blood pressure in INTERSALT. Hypertension. 1994 Jun;23(6 Pt 1):729–736. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.23.6.729. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dyer A. R., Elliott P., Shipley M. Urinary electrolyte excretion in 24 hours and blood pressure in the INTERSALT Study. II. Estimates of electrolyte-blood pressure associations corrected for regression dilution bias. The INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 May 1;139(9):940–951. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dyer A. R., Shipley M., Elliott P. Urinary electrolyte excretion in 24 hours and blood pressure in the INTERSALT Study. I. Estimates of reliability. The INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 May 1;139(9):927–939. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117099. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Ellison R. C., Sosenko J. M., Harper G. P., Gibbons L., Pratter F. E., Miettinen O. S. Obesity, sodium intake, and blood pressure in adolescents. Hypertension. 1980 Jul-Aug;2(4 Pt 2):78–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Ferrannini E., Natali A. Insulin resistance and hypertension: connections with sodium metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993 May;21(5 Suppl 2):37–42. doi: 10.1016/s0272-6386(12)70253-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hunt S. C., Stephenson S. H., Hopkins P. N., Williams R. R. Predictors of an increased risk of future hypertension in Utah. A screening analysis. Hypertension. 1991 Jun;17(6 Pt 2):969–976. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.17.6.969. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Kochar M. S. Hypertension in obese patients. Postgrad Med. 1993 Mar;93(4):193-5, 199-200. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1993.11701646. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. McKeigue P. Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease: weighing the evidence against hardened fat. Lancet. 1995 Feb 4;345(8945):269–270. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90269-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Mertens T. E. Estimating the effects of misclassification. Lancet. 1993 Aug 14;342(8868):418–421. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92820-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Peiris A. N., Sothmann M. S., Hoffmann R. G., Hennes M. I., Wilson C. R., Gustafson A. B., Kissebah A. H. Adiposity, fat distribution, and cardiovascular risk. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Jun 1;110(11):867–872. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-110-11-867. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Phillips A. N., Smith G. D. Bias in relative odds estimation owing to imprecise measurement of correlated exposures. Stat Med. 1992 May;11(7):953–961. doi: 10.1002/sim.4780110712. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Phillips A. N., Smith G. D. The design of prospective epidemiological studies: more subjects or better measurements? J Clin Epidemiol. 1993 Oct;46(10):1203–1211. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90120-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Rocchini A. P., Key J., Bondie D., Chico R., Moorehead C., Katch V., Martin M. The effect of weight loss on the sensitivity of blood pressure to sodium in obese adolescents. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 31;321(9):580–585. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198908313210905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Sharma B. K., Sagar S., Sood G. K., Varma S., Kalra O. P. Seasonal variations of arterial blood pressure in normotensive and essential hypertensives. Indian Heart J. 1990 Jan-Feb;42(1):66–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Siervogel R. M., Frey M. A., Kezdi P., Roche A. F., Stanley E. L. Blood pressure, electrolytes, and body size: their relationships in young relatives of men with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1980 Jul-Aug;2(4 Pt 2):83–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Smith G. D., Phillips A. N. Confounding in epidemiological studies: why "independent" effects may not be all they seem. BMJ. 1992 Sep 26;305(6856):757–759. doi: 10.1136/bmj.305.6856.757. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Smith G. D., Phillips A. Declaring independence: why we should be cautious. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1990 Dec;44(4):257–258. doi: 10.1136/jech.44.4.257. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from BMJ : British Medical Journal are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES