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. 2008 Apr;49(2):201–206. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2008.2.201

Y-chromosomal Short Tandem Repeat Haplotypes in Southern Croatian Male Population Defined by 17 Loci

Jelena Ljubković 1, Angela Stipišić 2, Davorka Sutlović 1, Marija Definis-Gojanović 1, Kajo Bučan 3, Šimun Anđelinović 1
PMCID: PMC2359891  PMID: 18461675

Abstract

Aim

To define the Y-chromosome genetic structure in a sample of men from southern Croatia.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 166 unrelated healthy men from southern Croatia at the Department of Forensic Medicine and Biochemical Laboratory of University Hospital Split between 2004 and 2007. Genomic DNA was extracted using the standard procedures. Seventeen Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STR) polymorphic loci (DYS456, DYS389I, DYS390, DYS389II, DYS458, DYS19, DYS385, DYS393, DYS391, DYS439, DYS635, DYS392, GATAH4, DYS437, DYS438, and DYS448) were analyzed using AmpFlSTR Yfiler Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification Kit.

Results

We observed 152 different haplotypes. Total haplotype diversity was 0.997289 and 141 haplotypes (84.49%) were unique. The most common haplotype was shared by only 4 men in the study sample. The locus diversity ranged between 0.21292 for DYS392 and 0.75546 for DYS439 locus.

Conclusion

The Y-chromosome structure in men from southern Croatia is very diverse. Combination of Y chromosome 17 STR loci may be used as a powerful tool for individual identification and parentage analysis in the southern Croatian male population.

Except for occasional mutations, the major part of the male-specific Y chromosome is inherited from father to son unchanged, as a haplotype of physically linked markers, because it is not involved in recombination with X chromosome. Genotyping of this Y-specific non-recombining region (NRY) can be used to track paternal lineage, since all patrilineal relatives share the same NRY haplotype. Thus, NRY multiple marker genotyping is used to infer paternity when the putative father is not available for DNA analysis or to validate biological relationships when one of the relatives is unable to take part in the DNA typing test. NRY multiple marker genotyping is also used in forensic casework to identify a male perpetrator’s DNA in mixed samples with an excess of female victim’s DNA. In such cases, it is a better option than polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based amplification of female autosomal DNA markers or potential overlap of autosomal DNA marker profiles (1).

Genotyping small tandem repeats (STR) or microsatellite repeats or simple sequence repeats represents one of the most reliable and reproducible DNA profiling methods in forensic investigation. Genotyping multiple Y-chromosomal STR (Y-STR) markers is widely used in forensic and population studies in spite of its lower discrimination potential in comparison with autosomal STR genotyping. The constantly growing number of Y-STR markers available for forensic, evolutionary, and population studies increases Y-haplotype differentiation potential in distinct male populations (2).

The aim of our study was to use 17 Y-STRs to define the genetic structure of Y chromosome in a sample of men from southern Croatia. Our results may contribute to the development of a population database that may be used to estimate the haplotype frequency, ie, the probability that two or more unrelated men share the same Y-STR haplotype. Furthermore, a Y-STR haplotype database for Croatian population may serve for assigning geographic origin to male individuals, since Y chromosomal markers are more prone to genetic drift than autosomal markers due to smaller effective population size, which enhances geographically-based differentiation of Y lineages.

Materials and methods

Population

The blood samples were collected between 2004 and 2007 at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Split University Hospital, from unrelated healthy male volunteers (n = 66) and in Biochemical Laboratory of the Split University Hospital from unrelated male individuals (n = 100) who came for regular medical examinations. All known ancestors of participants were of southern Croatian origin (Figure 1). All individuals gave their informed consent and the conduct of the study was approved by the institution’s Ethics Committee.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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The map of the Republic of Croatia. The circle indicates the region of southern Croatia.

DNA analysis

DNA was extracted from peripheral blood by the Chelex method (3). From 0.5 to 1 ng target DNA was amplified using AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR Amplification Kit in accordance with the AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR Amplification Kit User Manual in a GeneAmp PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The Kit includes a 9-marker European minimal haplotype (minHt), an 11-marker SWGDAM core set (minHt plus DYS438 and DYS439), and markers DYS437, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635 (Y GATA C4), and Y GATA H4, allowing single-tube PCR co-amplification of multiple STR loci and four-color detection of the resulting length-variant STR alleles. PCR reactions were carried out in the final volume of 12.5 μL on a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems). Separation of STR alleles, together with GeneScan-500 Internal Lane Size Standard (LIZ-500), was performed on the ABI PRISM 310 sequencer (Applied Biosystems) using GeneScan, version 3.7, software (Applied Biosystems) in order to determine their size by applying Yfiler Allelic Ladder. Alleles were named as suggested by the DNA Commission (ISFG) (4).

Data analysis

Allelic frequencies were estimated by direct counting. Haplotype and locus diversity within the population was calculated using the Arlequin 2000 package (5), according to the formula:

Inline graphic

where n is the number of samples, k the number of haplotypes, and pi is the frequency of the i-th haplotype. Locus diversity was estimated according to the same equation as haplotype diversity (the number of alleles was used instead of the number of haplotypes and allele frequencies were used instead of haplotype frequencies).

Presentation of data follows the guidelines for publication of population data as required by the journal (6) and the DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (6,7).

Results and discussion

STR locus diversity for 17 Y-specific markers was analyzed in 166 unrelated men from southern Croatia. Allele frequencies and locus diversity across 17 Y-STR loci are shown in Table 1, while 17 Y-STR marker haplotypes are shown in Table 2. We observed 152 different haplotypes. Total haplotype diversity was 0.997289 and 141 haplotypes (84.49%) were unique. Haplotype No. 27 was the most common haplotype, shared by 4 men in our study sample (Table 2). The locus diversity ranged from 0.21292 for DYS392 to 0.75546 for DYS439 locus.

Table 1.

Allele frequencies and locus diversity at seventeen Y chromosome short tandem repeats in southern Croatian population

Allele Loci
DYS456 DYS389I DYS390 DYS389II DYS458 DYS19 DYS393 DYS391 DYS439 DYS635 DYS392 GATA H4 DYS437 DYS438 DYS448 Genotype DYS385
8 10-14 0.012
9 0.006 0.036 0.060 11-13 0.036
10 0.006 0.337 0.139 0.048 0.012 0.681 11-14 0.090
11 0.054 0.596 0.187 0.886 0.645 0.229 11-15 0.090
12 0.078 0.090 0.030 0.319 0.030 0.289 0.024 12-15 0.018
13 0.006 0.740 0.006 0.048 0.831 0.301 0.030 0.048 0.006 13-14 0.036
14 0.060 0.169 0.036 0.175 0.012 0.048 0.006 0.337 13-15 0.024
15 0.633 0.012 0.150 0.235 0.006 0.006 0.608 13-16 0.018
16 0.240 0.187 0.463 0.054 13-17 0.018
17 0.042 0.440 0.072 13-19 0.006
18 0.012 0.157 0.006 0.024 14-14 0.024
19 0.006 0.018 0.452 14-15 0.446
20 0.006 0.024 0.452 14-16 0.030
21 0.120 0.060 14-17 0.018
22 0.078 0.205 0.012 15-15 0.048
23 0.084 0.536 15-18 0.006
24 0.627 0.115 15-19 0.012
25 0.199 16-18 0.024
26 0.012 17-18 0.018
27 11-16 0.006
28 0.030 12-14 0.006
29 0.108 15-17 0.006
30 0.313 17-17 0.006
31 0.446
32 0.090
33 0.012
LDV* 0.53956 0.41877 0.55794 0.68631 0.72721 0.69573 0.29941 0.53151 0.75546 0.64629 0.21292 0.50142 0.51617 0.48287 0.59094 0.74134
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*LDV – locus diversity value.

Table 2.

Y short tandem repeat haplotypes in southern Croatian population*

H n f Loci
DYS 456 DYS 389I DYS 390 DYS 389II DYS 458 DYS 19 DYS 385 DYS 393 DYS 391 DYS 439 DYS 635 DYS 392 DYS H4 DYS 437 DYS 438 DYS 448
1 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 18 17 14-15 13 11 13 24 11 11 15 10 19
2 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 18 16 14-16 13 11 14 22 11 12 15 10 19
3 1 0.006 14 13 24 31 17 16 14-15 13 11 13 22 11 11 15 10 19
4 2 0.012 16 14 25 31 17 16 11-15 13 11 10 23 11 12 14 11 20
5 1 0.006 15 13 25 31 17 14 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
6 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 18 16 14-15 13 12 12 24 11 11 15 10 19
7 2 0.012 16 14 25 31 16 16 11-15 12 11 10 23 11 11 14 11 20
8 1 0.006 15 14 24 32 17 16 14-16 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
9 1 0.006 16 13 23 30 17 13 15-18 13 10 12 23 11 12 14 10 20
10 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 14 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
11 1 0.006 15 14 24 32 17 14 14-15 13 11 13 21 11 12 15 10 19
12 1 0.006 14 12 23 28 15 14 13-14 13 10 11 23 11 11 16 10 19
13 1 0.006 17 13 24 30 16 13 16-18 13 10 12 21 11 12 14 10 20
14 1 0.006 18 14 26 31 15 16 11-13 14 10 10 23 11 12 14 11 20
15 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 15 13 17-18 13 11 11 23 11 12 14 10 20
16 3 0.018 16 14 25 31 15 16 11-15 13 11 10 23 11 12 14 11 20
17 1 0.006 15 13 24 29 16 14 13-16 12 10 10 21 11 12 14 9 20
18 1 0.006 16 13 25 30 16 17 10-14 13 10 11 23 11 12 14 11 20
19 1 0.006 15 13 24 29 17 15 11-14 13 11 12 23 13 13 15 12 20
20 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 18 16 15-15 13 10 13 22 11 11 15 10 19
21 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 16 14-15 13 11 12 24 11 11 15 10 20
22 2 0.012 15 13 24 31 18 16 14-15 13 11 12 23 11 11 15 10 19
23 1 0.006 16 14 24 31 15 16 11-15 13 11 11 23 11 13 14 11 20
24 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 16 14 14-15 13 11 13 22 11 11 15 10 19
25 1 0.006 14 12 23 28 16 15 16-18 14 12 12 22 12 11 14 10 20
26 2 0.012 15 13 24 31 17 16 14-15 13 11 12 22 11 11 15 10 19
27 4 0.024 15 13 24 31 17 15 14-15 13 11 12 23 11 11 15 10 19
28 1 0.006 17 15 25 32 15 15 11-15 13 11 10 23 11 12 14 11 21
29 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 18 14 14-15 13 11 15 24 11 11 15 10 19
30 1 0.006 15 15 24 30 17 16 14-16 13 10 12 22 11 11 15 10 18
31 1 0.006 15 13 22 29 18 13 14-17 13 10 12 22 15 10 15 11 19
32 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 16 16 14-15 13 10 12 23 11 11 15 10 19
33 1 0.006 16 13 25 30 15 16 11-14 13 10 10 23 11 12 14 11 20
34 1 0.006 16 14 25 31 15 16 11-15 13 11 10 23 11 12 14 11 21
35 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 18 17 14-15 13 11 12 23 11 11 15 10 19
36 1 0.006 15 13 24 29 16 14 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
37 1 0.006 16 13 25 31 17 16 14-15 13 10 14 22 11 11 15 10 19
38 1 0.006 16 13 24 30 15 16 11-13 13 10 11 23 11 12 14 11 21
39 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 14 14-15 12 11 13 22 11 11 15 10 18
40 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 18 16 14-15 13 11 11 22 11 11 15 10 19
41 1 0.006 14 12 22 28 14 15 13-14 13 10 11 20 11 11 16 10 20
42 1 0.006 15 14 24 32 17 16 14-15 13 10 13 22 11 11 14 10 19
43 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 15 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 20
44 1 0.006 16 13 24 30 14 15 13-17 12 9 12 21 11 12 14 9 21
45 1 0.006 15 14 24 32 17 14 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 12 15 10 19
46 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 18 16 14-14 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
47 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 14 14-15 13 11 14 21 11 11 15 10 19
48 1 0.006 16 14 25 30 15 16 11-15 13 10 10 23 11 12 14 11 20
49 1 0.006 14 12 24 28 16 15 15-19 12 10 12 21 12 12 14 9 19
50 1 0.006 15 14 24 32 17 16 14-15 13 10 13 24 11 11 15 10 20
51 1 0.006 16 14 25 30 15 16 11-15 13 11 10 23 11 12 14 11 20
52 1 0.006 15 13 22 30 17 16 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
53 1 0.006 16 14 24 31 15 17 11-13 13 11 11 23 11 14 14 11 20
54 1 0.006 15 12 24 30 17 16 14-15 13 11 12 23 11 11 15 10 19
55 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 18 16 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
56 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 18 16 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
57 1 0.006 15 14 24 32 17 14 14-15 13 11 13 22 11 11 15 11 19
58 2 0.012 15 13 24 30 17 16 14-15 13 10 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
59 1 0.006 15 13 24 32 18 15 14-15 13 12 12 23 11 11 15 10 20
60 2 0.012 16 14 25 31 16 16 11-15 13 11 10 23 11 12 14 11 20
61 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 16 16 14-16 13 11 12 22 11 11 15 10 19
62 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 18 15 14-15 13 11 12 24 11 11 15 10 19
63 1 0.006 14 12 23 30 17 15 13-14 13 10 11 21 11 11 16 10 20
64 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 16 14-15 13 11 12 24 12 11 15 10 19
65 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 15 14-15 13 11 13 23 12 11 15 10 20
66 1 0.006 15 14 24 32 17 14 14-15 13 11 12 22 11 11 15 10 19
67 1 0.006 15 13 22 30 17 16 13-15 13 11 12 23 11 11 15 10 19
68 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 16 16 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 20
69 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 15 15 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
70 1 0.006 15 13 24 32 17 16 14-15 13 11 12 24 11 11 15 10 20
71 1 0.006 16 13 25 30 15 17 11-13 13 12 11 23 11 13 14 11 20
72 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 16 14-15 13 11 14 21 11 12 15 10 20
73 1 0.006 16 13 25 30 15 17 11-13 13 11 11 23 11 13 14 11 20
74 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 17 15 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 20
75 1 0.006 15 13 23 30 19 14 13-17 12 10 12 20 11 11 14 10 20
76 1 0.006 16 13 24 31 17 15 14-15 13 11 13 22 11 11 15 10 20
77 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 17 15 14-15 13 11 12 23 11 11 15 10 19
78 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 17 17 14-15 13 10 12 24 11 11 14 10 20
78 1 0.006 14 12 23 29 16 15 13-14 13 10 11 21 11 11 16 10 20
80 1 0.006 15 12 24 31 17 16 14-14 13 10 13 23 11 12 15 10 19
81 1 0.006 16 13 23 29 14 15 13-16 12 9 12 22 11 12 14 9 22
82 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 17 15 14-15 13 11 13 22 11 11 15 10 20
83 1 0.006 15 13 23 31 17 16 14-15 13 10 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
84 1 0.006 17 13 25 30 16 16 11-14 13 11 10 23 11 12 14 11 20
85 1 0.006 15 12 22 29 17 15 13-14 13 10 12 20 11 11 16 10 20
86 1 0.006 15 14 23 30 17 14 13-19 12 10 13 22 11 12 15 9 21
87 1 0.006 15 13 22 30 17 16 14-15 13 11 12 23 11 11 15 10 19
88 1 0.006 16 13 24 30 17 14 11-14 13 11 12 23 13 12 15 12 19
89 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 16 13 17-18 13 11 11 23 11 12 14 10 20
90 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 16 16 14-15 13 10 13 22 11 11 15 10 19
91 1 0.006 15 12 23 30 16 14 13-14 13 10 11 21 11 11 16 10 20
92 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 17 14 15-15 13 11 13 22 11 11 15 10 19
93 1 0.006 16 13 25 29 15 16 11-15 13 10 10 23 11 12 14 11 20
94 1 0.006 15 13 22 29 14 14 14-14 13 10 11 23 10 10 16 10 20
95 1 0.006 16 13 24 29 18 14 11-14 13 12 12 23 12 11 15 11 19
96 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 15 14-15 13 11 13 22 11 11 15 10 20
97 1 0.006 16 13 25 30 17 16 11-14 13 10 10 23 11 13 14 11 20
98 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 18 16 14-15 13 11 13 24 11 11 15 10 19
99 1 0.006 16 13 24 31 18 14 11-14 13 11 12 23 13 12 15 12 19
100 1 0.006 16 13 25 29 13 17 11-14 13 11 10 23 11 13 14 11 20
101 1 0.006 15 13 24 32 17 16 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 20
102 1 0.006 14 14 23 30 17 15 12-15 13 10 11 21 11 11 14 10 *
103 1 0.006 16 13 24 30 17 14 11-14 13 10 12 23 13 12 15 12 19
104 1 0.006 15 14 24 32 17 15 14-15 13 11 11 22 11 11 15 10 19
105 2 0.012 15 13 24 31 18 16 14-15 13 11 14 22 11 11 15 10 19
106 2 0.012 15 13 24 33 17 16 15-15 13 10 12 21 11 11 15 10 20
107 1 0.006 16 13 25 30 15 16 11-13 13 10 11 23 11 12 14 11 21
108 1 0.006 16 13 24 30 16 14 17-17 13 10 12 21 11 12 14 10 20
109 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 18 15 14-16 13 11 13 24 11 11 15 10 18
110 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 14 14-15 13 11 13 22 11 11 15 10 19
111 1 0.006 16 13 25 30 16 16 10-14 13 10 11 23 11 12 14 11 20
112 1 0.006 16 13 24 30 18 16 14-15 13 11 14 23 11 11 15 10 19
113 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 16 14-15 13 11 13 24 11 11 15 10 19
114 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 19 15 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
115 2 0.012 17 13 25 29 16 16 11-14 13 10 11 23 11 12 14 11 20
116 1 0.006 19 13 24 30 15 13 16-18 13 10 12 21 11 12 14 10 20
117 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 20 13 17-18 13 11 11 23 11 12 14 10 20
118 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 17 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
119 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 16 15 15-15 13 10 13 24 11 11 15 10 20
120 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 16 16 15-15 13 10 13 24 11 11 15 10 20
121 1 0.006 15 13 24 30 18 16 15-15 13 11 12 22 11 11 15 10 20
122 1 0.006 15 13 24 32 17 16 15-15 11 10 12 21 11 11 15 10 20
123 1 0.006 17 13 25 29 17 15 11-14 13 10 11 23 11 12 14 11 19
124 1 0.006 16 13 25 30 16 15 11-14 13 10 11 23 11 13 14 11 20
125 1 0.006 15 13 24 32 18 16 14-15 13 11 13 22 10 11 15 10 20
126 1 0.006 15 13 23 31 17 15 14-15 13 11 13 22 11 11 15 10 20
127 1 0.006 15 13 24 32 17 16 13-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 20
128 1 0.006 15 13 22 30 15 15 12-15 12 10 11 21 11 11 14 9 21
129 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 18 13-15 13 11 12 22 11 11 15 10 20
130 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 18 16 14-15 13 10 12 23 11 11 15 10 19
131 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 17 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 20
132 1 0.006 16 13 24 30 14 15 13-17 11 9 12 21 11 12 14 9 21
133 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 14 14-15 12 11 14 23 11 11 15 10 19
134 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 15 14-15 12 11 12 23 11 11 15 10 19
135 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 17 17 14-15 12 11 12 23 11 11 15 10 19
136 1 0.006 14 13 25 31 19 16 14-15 13 10 11 23 11 11 15 10 19
137 1 0.006 15 14 26 31 15 15 11-16 13 9 10 23 11 12 14 11 20
138 1 0.006 13 12 24 29 16 15 13-15 13 9 11 21 11 11 16 10 20
139 1 0.006 16 14 25 31 17 16 12-15 11 11 10 24 10 12 14 11 20
140 1 0.006 15 13 25 31 17 17 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 20
141 1 0.006 15 13 23 31 17 16 14-15 11 11 12 21 10 11 15 10 19
142 1 0.006 17 14 25 31 15 16 12-14 11 10 10 24 10 12 14 11 20
143 1 0.006 16 13 22 29 15 15 13-16 9 9 12 23 10 12 14 9 22
144 1 0.006 15 12 22 29 16 15 14-14 13 10 11 20 11 11 16 10 21
145 1 0.006 15 13 23 31 17 14 14-15 11 11 13 22 10 12 15 10 19
146 1 0.006 14 12 22 28 16 16 15-19 10 10 12 22 11 12 14 9 19
147 1 0.006 15 13 22 29 17 14 11-14 11 11 11 24 13 11 15 13 19
148 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 16 14 14-15 13 11 13 23 11 11 15 10 19
149 1 0.006 14 13 22 30 14 14 14-17 12 10 11 24 11 11 15 9 21
150 1 0.006 15 13 24 31 18 16 15-17 11 11 13 24 10 11 15 10 19
151 1 0.006 18 13 24 30 15 13 16-18 11 10 12 22 11 11 14 10 20
152 1 0.006 16 13 24 30 16 16 11-14 12 11 11 23 11 13 14 11 20
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*Abbreviations: n – number of individuals; f – haplotype frequency.

Our results are in accordance with the results reported in the previous study of 457 unrelated Croatian men, of whom 274 belonged to southern Croatian population (8). In that study, Y-STR polymorphisms across 8 loci were analyzed, 7 of which were identical to the loci analyzed in our study. However, we used additional 10 Y-STR markers, thus providing further population data for southern Croatian men.

Our results differ significantly from the results reported for western Croatian population (9). The differences were found across all loci, both in allele frequency and in locus diversity values. Furthermore, not a single haplotype that appeared more than once in western Croatian population (17 out of 101) matched the haplotypes that appeared more than once in southern Croatian population (25 out of 166). The combination of Y-chromosome 17 STR loci may be used as a powerful tool for individual identification and parentage analysis in the southern Croatian male population.

Acknowledgment

We thank Ms Boja Režić for excellent technical assistance. This study was supported by the Ministry of Science, Education, and Sports of the Republic of Croatia, grant No. 141-2160800-0333 for the research project “DNA analysis of an early medieval population from South Croatia.”

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