Skip to main content
NCBI home page
British Journal of Cancer logoLink to British Journal of Cancer
. 2000 Jan 18;82(3):501–513. doi: 10.1054/bjoc.1999.0954

Oestrogen and growth factor cross-talk and endocrine insensitivity and acquired resistance in breast cancer

RI Nicholson 1, J M W Gee 1
PMCID: PMC2363333  PMID: 10682656

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (198.9 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ali S., Metzger D., Bornert J. M., Chambon P. Modulation of transcriptional activation by ligand-dependent phosphorylation of the human oestrogen receptor A/B region. EMBO J. 1993 Mar;12(3):1153–1160. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05756.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alimandi M., Romano A., Curia M. C., Muraro R., Fedi P., Aaronson S. A., Di Fiore P. P., Kraus M. H. Cooperative signaling of ErbB3 and ErbB2 in neoplastic transformation and human mammary carcinomas. Oncogene. 1995 May 4;10(9):1813–1821. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Amoils K. D., Bezwoda W. R. TGF-beta 1 mRNA expression in clinical breast cancer and its relationship to ER mRNA expression. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997 Jan;42(2):95–101. doi: 10.1023/a:1005785421815. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Amundadottir L. T., Nass S. J., Berchem G. J., Johnson M. D., Dickson R. B. Cooperation of TGF alpha and c-Myc in mouse mammary tumorigenesis: coordinated stimulation of growth and suppression of apoptosis. Oncogene. 1996 Aug 15;13(4):757–765. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Anzick S. L., Kononen J., Walker R. L., Azorsa D. O., Tanner M. M., Guan X. Y., Sauter G., Kallioniemi O. P., Trent J. M., Meltzer P. S. AIB1, a steroid receptor coactivator amplified in breast and ovarian cancer. Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):965–968. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5328.965. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Archer S. G., Eliopoulos A., Spandidos D., Barnes D., Ellis I. O., Blamey R. W., Nicholson R. I., Robertson J. F. Expression of ras p21, p53 and c-erbB-2 in advanced breast cancer and response to first line hormonal therapy. Br J Cancer. 1995 Nov;72(5):1259–1266. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1995.497. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Arnold S. F., Melamed M., Vorojeikina D. P., Notides A. C., Sasson S. Estradiol-binding mechanism and binding capacity of the human estrogen receptor is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Mol Endocrinol. 1997 Jan;11(1):48–53. doi: 10.1210/mend.11.1.9876. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Arnold S. F., Obourn J. D., Jaffe H., Notides A. C. Serine 167 is the major estradiol-induced phosphorylation site on the human estrogen receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 1994 Sep;8(9):1208–1214. doi: 10.1210/mend.8.9.7838153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Aronica S. M., Katzenellenbogen B. S. Stimulation of estrogen receptor-mediated transcription and alteration in the phosphorylation state of the rat uterine estrogen receptor by estrogen, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and insulin-like growth factor-I. Mol Endocrinol. 1993 Jun;7(6):743–752. doi: 10.1210/mend.7.6.7689695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Arteaga C. L., Carty-Dugger T., Moses H. L., Hurd S. D., Pietenpol J. A. Transforming growth factor beta 1 can induce estrogen-independent tumorigenicity of human breast cancer cells in athymic mice. Cell Growth Differ. 1993 Mar;4(3):193–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Arteaga C. L., Koli K. M., Dugger T. C., Clarke R. Reversal of tamoxifen resistance of human breast carcinomas in vivo by neutralizing antibodies to transforming growth factor-beta. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Jan 6;91(1):46–53. doi: 10.1093/jnci/91.1.46. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Arteaga C. L., Osborne C. K. Growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells in vitro with an antibody against the type I somatomedin receptor. Cancer Res. 1989 Nov 15;49(22):6237–6241. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Astruc M. E., Chabret C., Bali P., Gagne D., Pons M. Prolonged treatment of breast cancer cells with antiestrogens increases the activating protein-1-mediated response: involvement of the estrogen receptor. Endocrinology. 1995 Mar;136(3):824–832. doi: 10.1210/endo.136.3.7867590. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Badia E., Duchesne M. J., Astruc M., Fuentes M., Gagne D., Nicolas J. C., Pons M. Modulation de l'expression de réponses cellulaires lors d'un traitement prolongé par les antioestrogènes. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1995;189(5):755–764. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bates S. E., Davidson N. E., Valverius E. M., Freter C. E., Dickson R. B., Tam J. P., Kudlow J. E., Lippman M. E., Salomon D. S. Expression of transforming growth factor alpha and its messenger ribonucleic acid in human breast cancer: its regulation by estrogen and its possible functional significance. Mol Endocrinol. 1988 Jun;2(6):543–555. doi: 10.1210/mend-2-6-543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Benz C. C., O'Hagan R. C., Richter B., Scott G. K., Chang C. H., Xiong X., Chew K., Ljung B. M., Edgerton S., Thor A. HER2/Neu and the Ets transcription activator PEA3 are coordinately upregulated in human breast cancer. Oncogene. 1997 Sep 25;15(13):1513–1525. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Berns E. M., van Staveren I. L., Klijn J. G., Foekens J. A. Predictive value of SRC-1 for tamoxifen response of recurrent breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1998 Mar;48(1):87–92. doi: 10.1023/a:1005903226483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Berthois Y., Dong X. F., Martin P. M. Regulation of epidermal growth factor-receptor by estrogen and antiestrogen in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Feb 28;159(1):126–131. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92413-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bland K. I., Konstadoulakis M. M., Vezeridis M. P., Wanebo H. J. Oncogene protein co-expression. Value of Ha-ras, c-myc, c-fos, and p53 as prognostic discriminants for breast carcinoma. Ann Surg. 1995 Jun;221(6):706–720. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199506000-00010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bouzubar N., Walker K. J., Griffiths K., Ellis I. O., Elston C. W., Robertson J. F., Blamey R. W., Nicholson R. I. Ki67 immunostaining in primary breast cancer: pathological and clinical associations. Br J Cancer. 1989 Jun;59(6):943–947. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1989.200. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Brünner N., Yee D., Kern F. G., Spang-Thomsen M., Lippman M. E., Cullen K. J. Effect of endocrine therapy on growth of T61 human breast cancer xenografts is directly correlated to a specific down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A(4):562–569. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(05)80152-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Buckley M. F., Sweeney K. J., Hamilton J. A., Sini R. L., Manning D. L., Nicholson R. I., deFazio A., Watts C. K., Musgrove E. A., Sutherland R. L. Expression and amplification of cyclin genes in human breast cancer. Oncogene. 1993 Aug;8(8):2127–2133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bunone G., Briand P. A., Miksicek R. J., Picard D. Activation of the unliganded estrogen receptor by EGF involves the MAP kinase pathway and direct phosphorylation. EMBO J. 1996 May 1;15(9):2174–2183. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Callans L. S., Naama H., Khandelwal M., Plotkin R., Jardines L. Raf-1 protein expression in human breast cancer cells. Ann Surg Oncol. 1995 Jan;2(1):38–42. doi: 10.1007/BF02303700. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Campbell F. C., Blamey R. W., Elston C. W., Morris A. H., Nicholson R. I., Griffiths K., Haybittle J. L. Quantitative oestradiol receptor values in primary breast cancer and response of metastases to endocrine therapy. Lancet. 1981 Dec 12;2(8259):1317–1319. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91341-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Casalini P., Ménard S., Malandrin S. M., Rigo C. M., Colnaghi M. I., Cultraro C. M., Segal S. Inhibition of tumorigenicity in lung adenocarcinoma cells by c-erbB-2 antisense expression. Int J Cancer. 1997 Aug 7;72(4):631–636. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970807)72:4<631::aid-ijc14>3.0.co;2-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Castronovo V., Taraboletti G., Liotta L. A., Sobel M. E. Modulation of laminin receptor expression by estrogen and progestins in human breast cancer cell lines. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989 May 10;81(10):781–788. doi: 10.1093/jnci/81.10.781. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Cheung K. L., Willsher P. C., Pinder S. E., Ellis I. O., Elston C. W., Nicholson R. I., Blamey R. W., Robertson J. F. Predictors of response to second-line endocrine therapy for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997 Sep;45(3):219–224. doi: 10.1023/a:1005828731462. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Cho H., Aronica S. M., Katzenellenbogen B. S. Regulation of progesterone receptor gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: a comparison of the effects of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, estradiol, insulin-like growth factor-I, and serum factors. Endocrinology. 1994 Feb;134(2):658–664. doi: 10.1210/endo.134.2.7507831. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Cho H., Katzenellenbogen B. S. Synergistic activation of estrogen receptor-mediated transcription by estradiol and protein kinase activators. Mol Endocrinol. 1993 Mar;7(3):441–452. doi: 10.1210/mend.7.3.7683375. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Daffada A. A., Johnston S. R., Smith I. E., Detre S., King N., Dowsett M. Exon 5 deletion variant estrogen receptor messenger RNA expression in relation to tamoxifen resistance and progesterone receptor/pS2 status in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1995 Jan 15;55(2):288–293. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Dalal B. I., Keown P. A., Greenberg A. H. Immunocytochemical localization of secreted transforming growth factor-beta 1 to the advancing edges of primary tumors and to lymph node metastases of human mammary carcinoma. Am J Pathol. 1993 Aug;143(2):381–389. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Daly R. J., Binder M. D., Sutherland R. L. Overexpression of the Grb2 gene in human breast cancer cell lines. Oncogene. 1994 Sep;9(9):2723–2727. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Daly R. J., Carrick N., Darbre P. D. Progression to steroid autonomy is accompanied by altered sensitivity to growth factors in S115 mouse mammary tumour cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995 Jul;54(1-2):21–29. doi: 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00119-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Dati C., Muraca R., Tazartes O., Antoniotti S., Perroteau I., Giai M., Cortese P., Sismondi P., Saglio G., De Bortoli M. c-erbB-2 and ras expression levels in breast cancer are correlated and show a co-operative association with unfavorable clinical outcome. Int J Cancer. 1991 Apr 1;47(6):833–838. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910470607. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Davis R. J. Transcriptional regulation by MAP kinases. Mol Reprod Dev. 1995 Dec;42(4):459–467. doi: 10.1002/mrd.1080420414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. DePasquale J. A. Cell matrix adhesions and localization of the vitronectin receptor in MCF-7 human mammary carcinoma cells. Histochem Cell Biol. 1998 Nov;110(5):485–494. doi: 10.1007/s004180050310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Dejardin E., Bonizzi G., Bellahcène A., Castronovo V., Merville M. P., Bours V. Highly-expressed p100/p52 (NFKB2) sequesters other NF-kappa B-related proteins in the cytoplasm of human breast cancer cells. Oncogene. 1995 Nov 2;11(9):1835–1841. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Diamond M. I., Miner J. N., Yoshinaga S. K., Yamamoto K. R. Transcription factor interactions: selectors of positive or negative regulation from a single DNA element. Science. 1990 Sep 14;249(4974):1266–1272. doi: 10.1126/science.2119054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Dorssers L. C., van Agthoven T. Genetic mechanisms of estrogen-independence in breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 1996 Jul;192(7):743–751. doi: 10.1016/S0344-0338(96)80096-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Dotzlaw H., Leygue E., Watson P. H., Murphy L. C. Expression of estrogen receptor-beta in human breast tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jul;82(7):2371–2374. doi: 10.1210/jcem.82.7.4212. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Dowsett M., Daffada A., Chan C. M., Johnston S. R. Oestrogen receptor mutants and variants in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1997 Jul;33(8):1177–1183. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(97)00100-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Dowsett M. Endocrine resistance in advanced breast cancer. Acta Oncol. 1996;35 (Suppl 5):91–95. doi: 10.3109/02841869609083979. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Duan R., Porter W., Safe S. Estrogen-induced c-fos protooncogene expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: role of estrogen receptor Sp1 complex formation. Endocrinology. 1998 Apr;139(4):1981–1990. doi: 10.1210/endo.139.4.5870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Dubik D., Shiu R. P. Mechanism of estrogen activation of c-myc oncogene expression. Oncogene. 1992 Aug;7(8):1587–1594. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Dumont J. A., Bitonti A. J., Wallace C. D., Baumann R. J., Cashman E. A., Cross-Doersen D. E. Progression of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to antiestrogen-resistant phenotype is accompanied by elevated levels of AP-1 DNA-binding activity. Cell Growth Differ. 1996 Mar;7(3):351–359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. El-Ashry D., Miller D. L., Kharbanda S., Lippman M. E., Kern F. G. Constitutive Raf-1 kinase activity in breast cancer cells induces both estrogen-independent growth and apoptosis. Oncogene. 1997 Jul 24;15(4):423–435. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201198. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. El-Tanani M. K., Green C. D. Interaction between estradiol and growth factors in the regulation of specific gene expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1997 Mar;60(5-6):269–276. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(96)00226-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Falette N. S., Fuqua S. A., Chamness G. C., Cheah M. S., Greene G. L., McGuire W. L. Estrogen receptor gene methylation in human breast tumors. Cancer Res. 1990 Jul 1;50(13):3974–3978. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Ferguson A. T., Davidson N. E. Regulation of estrogen receptor alpha function in breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncog. 1997;8(1):29–46. doi: 10.1615/critrevoncog.v8.i1.20. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Flynn A., Proud G. Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of initiation factor 4E is mediated by the MAP kinase pathway. FEBS Lett. 1996 Jul 1;389(2):162–166. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00564-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Freiss G., Prebois C., Rochefort H., Vignon F. Anti-steroidal and anti-growth factor activities of anti-estrogens. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1990 Dec 20;37(6):777–781. doi: 10.1016/0960-0760(90)90419-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Freiss G., Puech C., Vignon F. Extinction of insulin-like growth factor-I mitogenic signaling by antiestrogen-stimulated Fas-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 in human breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 1998 Apr;12(4):568–579. doi: 10.1210/mend.12.4.0088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Freiss G., Vignon F. Antiestrogens increase protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in human breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 1994 Oct;8(10):1389–1396. doi: 10.1210/mend.8.10.7854356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Gangolli E. A., Conneely O. M., O'Malley B. W. Neurotransmitters activate the human estrogen receptor in a neuroblastoma cell line. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1997 Apr;61(1-2):1–9. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00003-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Gee J. M., Ellis I. O., Robertson J. F., Willsher P., McClelland R. A., Hewitt K. N., Blamey R. W., Nicholson R. I. Immunocytochemical localization of Fos protein in human breast cancers and its relationship to a series of prognostic markers and response to endocrine therapy. Int J Cancer. 1995 Aug 22;64(4):269–273. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910640410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Gee J. M., Willsher P. C., Kenny F. S., Robertson J. F., Pinder S. E., Ellis I. O., Nicholson R. I. Endocrine response and resistance in breast cancer: a role for the transcription factor Fos. Int J Cancer. 1999 Feb 19;84(1):54–61. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990219)84:1<54::aid-ijc11>3.0.co;2-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Giani C., Pinchera A., Rasmussen A., Fierabracci P., Bonacci R., Campini D., Bevilacqua G., Trock B., Lippman M. E., Cullen K. J. Stromal IGF-II messenger RNA in breast cancer: relationship with progesterone receptor expressed by malignant epithelial cells. J Endocrinol Invest. 1998 Mar;21(3):160–165. doi: 10.1007/BF03347295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Gille H., Kortenjann M., Thomae O., Moomaw C., Slaughter C., Cobb M. H., Shaw P. E. ERK phosphorylation potentiates Elk-1-mediated ternary complex formation and transactivation. EMBO J. 1995 Mar 1;14(5):951–962. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07076.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Gordge P. C., Hulme M. J., Clegg R. A., Miller W. R. Elevation of protein kinase A and protein kinase C activities in malignant as compared with normal human breast tissue. Eur J Cancer. 1996 Nov;32A(12):2120–2126. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(96)00255-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Gorsch S. M., Memoli V. A., Stukel T. A., Gold L. I., Arrick B. A. Immunohistochemical staining for transforming growth factor beta 1 associates with disease progression in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1992 Dec 15;52(24):6949–6952. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Gudas J. M., Klein R. C., Oka M., Cowan K. H. Posttranscriptional regulation of the c-myb proto-oncogene in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 1995 Feb;1(2):235–243. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Gupta S., Davis R. J. MAP kinase binds to the NH2-terminal activation domain of c-Myc. FEBS Lett. 1994 Oct 24;353(3):281–285. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01052-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Guvakova M. A., Surmacz E. Tamoxifen interferes with the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1997 Jul 1;57(13):2606–2610. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Guérin M., Sheng Z. M., Andrieu N., Riou G. Strong association between c-myb and oestrogen-receptor expression in human breast cancer. Oncogene. 1990 Jan;5(1):131–135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Hanstein B., Eckner R., DiRenzo J., Halachmi S., Liu H., Searcy B., Kurokawa R., Brown M. p300 is a component of an estrogen receptor coactivator complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Oct 15;93(21):11540–11545. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11540. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Herman M. E., Katzenellenbogen B. S. Alterations in transforming growth factor-alpha and -beta production and cell responsiveness during the progression of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to estrogen-autonomous growth. Cancer Res. 1994 Nov 15;54(22):5867–5874. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Hill C. S. Signalling to the nucleus by members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. Cell Signal. 1996 Dec;8(8):533–544. doi: 10.1016/s0898-6568(96)00122-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Huang Y., Ray S., Reed J. C., Ibrado A. M., Tang C., Nawabi A., Bhalla K. Estrogen increases intracellular p26Bcl-2 to p21Bax ratios and inhibits taxol-induced apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997 Jan;42(1):73–81. doi: 10.1023/a:1005777219997. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Hui R., Cornish A. L., McClelland R. A., Robertson J. F., Blamey R. W., Musgrove E. A., Nicholson R. I., Sutherland R. L. Cyclin D1 and estrogen receptor messenger RNA levels are positively correlated in primary breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 1996 Jun;2(6):923–928. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Ignar-Trowbridge D. M., Pimentel M., Parker M. G., McLachlan J. A., Korach K. S. Peptide growth factor cross-talk with the estrogen receptor requires the A/B domain and occurs independently of protein kinase C or estradiol. Endocrinology. 1996 May;137(5):1735–1744. doi: 10.1210/endo.137.5.8612509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Janes P. W., Daly R. J., deFazio A., Sutherland R. L. Activation of the Ras signalling pathway in human breast cancer cells overexpressing erbB-2. Oncogene. 1994 Dec;9(12):3601–3608. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Joel P. B., Smith J., Sturgill T. W., Fisher T. L., Blenis J., Lannigan D. A. pp90rsk1 regulates estrogen receptor-mediated transcription through phosphorylation of Ser-167. Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Apr;18(4):1978–1984. doi: 10.1128/mcb.18.4.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Jones R. M., Branda J., Johnston K. A., Polymenis M., Gadd M., Rustgi A., Callanan L., Schmidt E. V. An essential E box in the promoter of the gene encoding the mRNA cap-binding protein (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E) is a target for activation by c-myc. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Sep;16(9):4754–4764. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.9.4754. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Karnik P. S., Kulkarni S., Liu X. P., Budd G. T., Bukowski R. M. Estrogen receptor mutations in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1994 Jan 15;54(2):349–353. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Kato S., Endoh H., Masuhiro Y., Kitamoto T., Uchiyama S., Sasaki H., Masushige S., Gotoh Y., Nishida E., Kawashima H. Activation of the estrogen receptor through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase. Science. 1995 Dec 1;270(5241):1491–1494. doi: 10.1126/science.270.5241.1491. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Kerekatte V., Smiley K., Hu B., Smith A., Gelder F., De Benedetti A. The proto-oncogene/translation factor eIF4E: a survey of its expression in breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 1995 Feb 20;64(1):27–31. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910640107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Klijn J. G., Berns P. M., Schmitz P. I., Foekens J. A. The clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in human breast cancer: a review on 5232 patients. Endocr Rev. 1992 Feb;13(1):3–17. doi: 10.1210/edrv-13-1-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Knabbe C., Kopp A., Hilgers W., Lang D., Müller V., Zugmaier G., Jonat W. Regulation and role of TGF beta production in breast cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 Apr 30;784:263–276. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb16241.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Knabbe C., Lippman M. E., Wakefield L. M., Flanders K. C., Kasid A., Derynck R., Dickson R. B. Evidence that transforming growth factor-beta is a hormonally regulated negative growth factor in human breast cancer cells. Cell. 1987 Feb 13;48(3):417–428. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90193-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Knowlden J. M., Gee J. M., Seery L. T., Farrow L., Gullick W. J., Ellis I. O., Blamey R. W., Robertson J. F., Nicholson R. I. c-erbB3 and c-erbB4 expression is a feature of the endocrine responsive phenotype in clinical breast cancer. Oncogene. 1998 Oct 15;17(15):1949–1957. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Kreipe H., Feist H., Fischer L., Felgner J., Heidorn K., Mettler L., Parwaresch R. Amplification of c-myc but not of c-erbB-2 is associated with high proliferative capacity in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1993 Apr 15;53(8):1956–1961. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Kyprianou N., English H. F., Davidson N. E., Isaacs J. T. Programmed cell death during regression of the MCF-7 human breast cancer following estrogen ablation. Cancer Res. 1991 Jan 1;51(1):162–166. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Lahooti H., Thorsen T., Aakvaag A. Modulation of mouse estrogen receptor transcription activity by protein kinase C delta. J Mol Endocrinol. 1998 Apr;20(2):245–259. doi: 10.1677/jme.0.0200245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Lapidus R. G., Ferguson A. T., Ottaviano Y. L., Parl F. F., Smith H. S., Weitzman S. A., Baylin S. B., Issa J. P., Davidson N. E. Methylation of estrogen and progesterone receptor gene 5' CpG islands correlates with lack of estrogen and progesterone receptor gene expression in breast tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 1996 May;2(5):805–810. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Lavinsky R. M., Jepsen K., Heinzel T., Torchia J., Mullen T. M., Schiff R., Del-Rio A. L., Ricote M., Ngo S., Gemsch J. Diverse signaling pathways modulate nuclear receptor recruitment of N-CoR and SMRT complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Mar 17;95(6):2920–2925. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.6.2920. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Lavoie J. N., Rivard N., L'Allemain G., Pouysségur J. A temporal and biochemical link between growth factor-activated MAP kinases, cyclin D1 induction and cell cycle entry. Prog Cell Cycle Res. 1996;2:49–58. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5873-6_5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Le Goff P., Montano M. M., Schodin D. J., Katzenellenbogen B. S. Phosphorylation of the human estrogen receptor. Identification of hormone-regulated sites and examination of their influence on transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem. 1994 Feb 11;269(6):4458–4466. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Lee A. V., Weng C. N., Jackson J. G., Yee D. Activation of estrogen receptor-mediated gene transcription by IGF-I in human breast cancer cells. J Endocrinol. 1997 Jan;152(1):39–47. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1520039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Lehrer S., O'Shaughnessy J., Song H. K., Levine E., Savoretti P., Dalton J., Lipsztein R., Kalnicki S., Bloomer W. D. Activity of pp60c-src protein kinase in human breast cancer. Mt Sinai J Med. 1989 Mar;56(2):83–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Lewis T. S., Shapiro P. S., Ahn N. G. Signal transduction through MAP kinase cascades. Adv Cancer Res. 1998;74:49–139. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60765-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Leygue E., Dotzlaw H., Watson P. H., Murphy L. C. Altered estrogen receptor alpha and beta messenger RNA expression during human breast tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 1998 Aug 1;58(15):3197–3201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Li B. D., Liu L., Dawson M., De Benedetti A. Overexpression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in breast carcinoma. Cancer. 1997 Jun 15;79(12):2385–2390. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Li B. D., McDonald J. C., Nassar R., De Benedetti A. Clinical outcome in stage I to III breast carcinoma and eIF4E overexpression. Ann Surg. 1998 May;227(5):756–763. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199805000-00016. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Linardopoulos S., Malliri A., Pintzas A., Vassilaros S., Tsikkinis A., Spandidos D. A. Elevated expression of AP-1 activity in human breast tumors as compared to normal adjacent tissue. Anticancer Res. 1990 Nov-Dec;10(6):1711–1713. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Locker A. P., Birrell K., Bell J. A., Nicholson R. I., Elston C. W., Blamey R. W., Ellis I. O. Ki67 immunoreactivity in breast carcinoma: relationships to prognostic variables and short term survival. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1992 Jun;18(3):224–229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Lu B., Leygue E., Dotzlaw H., Murphy L. J., Murphy L. C., Watson P. H. Estrogen receptor-beta mRNA variants in human and murine tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1998 Mar 16;138(1-2):199–203. doi: 10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00050-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Lukas J., Bartkova J., Bartek J. Convergence of mitogenic signalling cascades from diverse classes of receptors at the cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase-pRb-controlled G1 checkpoint. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Dec;16(12):6917–6925. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.12.6917. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Lundy J., Schuss A., Stanick D., McCormack E. S., Kramer S., Sorvillo J. M. Expression of neu protein, epidermal growth factor receptor, and transforming growth factor alpha in breast cancer. Correlation with clinicopathologic parameters. Am J Pathol. 1991 Jun;138(6):1527–1534. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Lupu R., Cardillo M., Cho C., Harris L., Hijazi M., Perez C., Rosenberg K., Yang D., Tang C. The significance of heregulin in breast cancer tumor progression and drug resistance. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1996;38(1):57–66. doi: 10.1007/BF01803784. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Lupu R., Cardillo M., Harris L., Hijazi M., Rosenberg K. Interaction between erbB-receptors and heregulin in breast cancer tumor progression and drug resistance. Semin Cancer Biol. 1995 Jun;6(3):135–145. doi: 10.1006/scbi.1995.0016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. MacCallum J., Bartlett J. M., Thompson A. M., Keen J. C., Dixon J. M., Miller W. R. Expression of transforming growth factor beta mRNA isoforms in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1994 Jun;69(6):1006–1009. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1994.197. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. MacCallum J., Keen J. C., Bartlett J. M., Thompson A. M., Dixon J. M., Miller W. R. Changes in expression of transforming growth factor beta mRNA isoforms in patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy. Br J Cancer. 1996 Aug;74(3):474–478. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1996.385. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Maemura M., Akiyama S. K., Woods V. L., Jr, Dickson R. B. Expression and ligand binding of alpha 2 beta 1 integrin on breast carcinoma cells. Clin Exp Metastasis. 1995 Jul;13(4):223–235. doi: 10.1007/BF00133478. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Manning D. L., McClelland R. A., Gee J. M., Chan C. M., Green C. D., Blamey R. W., Nicholson R. I. The role of four oestrogen-responsive genes, pLIV1, pS2, pSYD3 and pSYD8, in predicting responsiveness to endocrine therapy in primary breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A(10):1462–1468. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90021-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Manning D. L., McClelland R. A., Knowlden J. M., Bryant S., Gee J. M., Green C. D., Robertson J. F., Blamey R. W., Sutherland R. L., Ormandy C. J. Differential expression of oestrogen regulated genes in breast cancer. Acta Oncol. 1995;34(5):641–646. doi: 10.3109/02841869509094041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Marks J. R., Huper G., Vaughn J. P., Davis P. L., Norris J., McDonnell D. P., Wiseman R. W., Futreal P. A., Iglehart J. D. BRCA1 expression is not directly responsive to estrogen. Oncogene. 1997 Jan 9;14(1):115–121. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1200808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Matsuda S., Kadowaki Y., Ichino M., Akiyama T., Toyoshima K., Yamamoto T. 17 beta-estradiol mimics ligand activity of the c-erbB2 protooncogene product. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Nov 15;90(22):10803–10807. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.22.10803. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Matsui Y., Halter S. A., Holt J. T., Hogan B. L., Coffey R. J. Development of mammary hyperplasia and neoplasia in MMTV-TGF alpha transgenic mice. Cell. 1990 Jun 15;61(6):1147–1155. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90077-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. McDonnell D. P., Dana S. L., Hoener P. A., Lieberman B. A., Imhof M. O., Stein R. B. Cellular mechanisms which distinguish between hormone- and antihormone-activated estrogen receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995 Jun 12;761:121–137. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb31374.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. McDonnell D. P., Vegeto E., O'Malley B. W. Identification of a negative regulatory function for steroid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):10563–10567. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.22.10563. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. McInerney E. M., Weis K. E., Sun J., Mosselman S., Katzenellenbogen B. S. Transcription activation by the human estrogen receptor subtype beta (ER beta) studied with ER beta and ER alpha receptor chimeras. Endocrinology. 1998 Nov;139(11):4513–4522. doi: 10.1210/endo.139.11.6298. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Merkel D. E., Osborne C. K. Prognostic factors in breast cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1989 Dec;3(4):641–652. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Migliaccio A., Pagano M., Auricchio F. Immediate and transient stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation by estradiol in MCF-7 cells. Oncogene. 1993 Aug;8(8):2183–2191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Millon R., Nicora F., Muller D., Eber M., Klein-Soyer C., Abecassis J. Modulation of human breast cancer cell adhesion by estrogens and antiestrogens. Clin Exp Metastasis. 1989 Jul-Aug;7(4):405–415. doi: 10.1007/BF01753661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Minden A., Lin A., Smeal T., Dérijard B., Cobb M., Davis R., Karin M. c-Jun N-terminal phosphorylation correlates with activation of the JNK subgroup but not the ERK subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Oct;14(10):6683–6688. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.10.6683. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Mohamood A. S., Gyles P., Balan K. V., Hollis V. W., Eckberg W. R., Asseffa A., Han Z., Wyche J. H., Anderson W. A. Estrogen receptor, growth factor receptor and protooncogene protein activities and possible signal transduction crosstalk in estrogen dependent and independent breast cancer cell lines. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 1997 Jan;29(1):1–17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Morishita S., Niwa K., Ichigo S., Hori M., Murase T., Fujimoto J., Tamaya T. Overexpressions of c-fos/jun mRNA and their oncoproteins (Fos/Jun) in the mouse uterus treated with three natural estrogens. Cancer Lett. 1995 Nov 6;97(2):225–231. doi: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)03979-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Murphy L. C., Dotzlaw H., Leygue E., Douglas D., Coutts A., Watson P. H. Estrogen receptor variants and mutations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1997 Aug;62(5-6):363–372. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00084-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Musgrove E. A., Hamilton J. A., Lee C. S., Sweeney K. J., Watts C. K., Sutherland R. L. Growth factor, steroid, and steroid antagonist regulation of cyclin gene expression associated with changes in T-47D human breast cancer cell cycle progression. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jun;13(6):3577–3587. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.6.3577. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Nakshatri H., Bhat-Nakshatri P., Martin D. A., Goulet R. J., Jr, Sledge G. W., Jr Constitutive activation of NF-kappaB during progression of breast cancer to hormone-independent growth. Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Jul;17(7):3629–3639. doi: 10.1128/mcb.17.7.3629. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Nass S. J., Dickson R. B. Epidermal growth factor-dependent cell cycle progression is altered in mammary epithelial cells that overexpress c-myc. Clin Cancer Res. 1998 Jul;4(7):1813–1822. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Nass S. J., Li M., Amundadottir L. T., Furth P. A., Dickson R. B. Role for Bcl-xL in the regulation of apoptosis by EGF and TGF beta 1 in c-myc overexpressing mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Oct 3;227(1):248–256. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1497. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Nicholson R. I., Bouzubar N., Walker K. J., McClelland R., Dixon A. R., Robertson J. F., Ellis I. O., Blamey R. W. Hormone sensitivity in breast cancer: influence of heterogeneity of oestrogen receptor expression and cell proliferation. Eur J Cancer. 1991;27(7):908–913. doi: 10.1016/0277-5379(91)90145-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Nicholson R. I., Colin P., Francis A. B., Keshra R., Finlay P., Williams M., Elston C. W., Blamey R. W., Griffiths K. Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for estrogen receptors in human breast cancers. Cancer Res. 1986 Aug;46(8 Suppl):4299s–4302s. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Nicholson R. I., McClelland R. A., Finlay P., Eaton C. L., Gullick W. J., Dixon A. R., Robertson J. F., Ellis I. O., Blamey R. W. Relationship between EGF-R, c-erbB-2 protein expression and Ki67 immunostaining in breast cancer and hormone sensitivity. Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A(7):1018–1023. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(05)80215-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Nicholson R. I., McClelland R. A., Gee J. M., Manning D. L., Cannon P., Robertson J. F., Ellis I. O., Blamey R. W. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in breast cancer: association with response to endocrine therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1994 Jan;29(1):117–125. doi: 10.1007/BF00666187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Nicholson R. I., McClelland R. A., Gee J. M., Manning D. L., Cannon P., Robertson J. F., Ellis I. O., Blamey R. W. Transforming growth factor-alpha and endocrine sensitivity in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1994 Apr 1;54(7):1684–1689. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Nicholson R. I., McClelland R. A., Gee J. M. Steroid hormone receptors and their clinical significance in cancer. J Clin Pathol. 1995 Oct;48(10):890–895. doi: 10.1136/jcp.48.10.890. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Nicholson S., Sainsbury J. R., Halcrow P., Chambers P., Farndon J. R., Harris A. L. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptors associated with lack of response to endocrine therapy in recurrent breast cancer. Lancet. 1989 Jan 28;1(8631):182–185. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91202-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Osin P., Gusterson B. A., Philp E., Waller J., Bartek J., Peto J., Crook T. Predicted anti-oestrogen resistance in BRCA-associated familial breast cancers. Eur J Cancer. 1998 Oct;34(11):1683–1686. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00248-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Ottaviano Y. L., Issa J. P., Parl F. F., Smith H. S., Baylin S. B., Davidson N. E. Methylation of the estrogen receptor gene CpG island marks loss of estrogen receptor expression in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1994 May 15;54(10):2552–2555. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Paech K., Webb P., Kuiper G. G., Nilsson S., Gustafsson J., Kushner P. J., Scanlan T. S. Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta at AP1 sites. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1508–1510. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Papa V., Gliozzo B., Clark G. M., McGuire W. L., Moore D., Fujita-Yamaguchi Y., Vigneri R., Goldfine I. D., Pezzino V. Insulin-like growth factor-I receptors are overexpressed and predict a low risk in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1993 Aug 15;53(16):3736–3740. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Parker M. G. Transcriptional activation by oestrogen receptors. Biochem Soc Symp. 1998;63:45–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Paul A., Wilson S., Belham C. M., Robinson C. J., Scott P. H., Gould G. W., Plevin R. Stress-activated protein kinases: activation, regulation and function. Cell Signal. 1997 Sep;9(6):403–410. doi: 10.1016/s0898-6568(97)00042-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Perry R. R., Kang Y., Greaves B. R. Relationship between tamoxifen-induced transforming growth factor beta 1 expression, cytostasis and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 1995 Dec;72(6):1441–1446. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1995.527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Philips A., Chalbos D., Rochefort H. Estradiol increases and anti-estrogens antagonize the growth factor-induced activator protein-1 activity in MCF7 breast cancer cells without affecting c-fos and c-jun synthesis. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jul 5;268(19):14103–14108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Pietras R. J., Arboleda J., Reese D. M., Wongvipat N., Pegram M. D., Ramos L., Gorman C. M., Parker M. G., Sliwkowski M. X., Slamon D. J. HER-2 tyrosine kinase pathway targets estrogen receptor and promotes hormone-independent growth in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene. 1995 Jun 15;10(12):2435–2446. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Porter W., Saville B., Hoivik D., Safe S. Functional synergy between the transcription factor Sp1 and the estrogen receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 1997 Oct;11(11):1569–1580. doi: 10.1210/mend.11.11.9916. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Prall O. W., Rogan E. M., Musgrove E. A., Watts C. K., Sutherland R. L. c-Myc or cyclin D1 mimics estrogen effects on cyclin E-Cdk2 activation and cell cycle reentry. Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Aug;18(8):4499–4508. doi: 10.1128/mcb.18.8.4499. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Prall O. W., Rogan E. M., Sutherland R. L. Estrogen regulation of cell cycle progression in breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1998 Apr;65(1-6):169–174. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(98)00021-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Ram T. G., Kokeny K. E., Dilts C. A., Ethier S. P. Mitogenic activity of neu differentiation factor/heregulin mimics that of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I in human mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol. 1995 Jun;163(3):589–596. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041630320. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Ray P., Ghosh S. K., Zhang D. H., Ray A. Repression of interleukin-6 gene expression by 17 beta-estradiol: inhibition of the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factors NF-IL6 and NF-kappa B by the estrogen receptor. FEBS Lett. 1997 Jun 2;409(1):79–85. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00487-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Reiss K., Ferber A., Travali S., Porcu P., Phillips P. D., Baserga R. The protooncogene c-myb increases the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor messenger RNAs by a transcriptional mechanism. Cancer Res. 1991 Nov 1;51(21):5997–6000. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Reiss M., Barcellos-Hoff M. H. Transforming growth factor-beta in breast cancer: a working hypothesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997 Aug;45(1):81–95. doi: 10.1023/a:1005865812918. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Richards R. G., DiAugustine R. P., Petrusz P., Clark G. C., Sebastian J. Estradiol stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 in the uterus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Oct 15;93(21):12002–12007. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.21.12002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Robertson J. F., Bates K., Pearson D., Blamey R. W., Nicholson R. I. Comparison of two oestrogen receptor assays in the prediction of the clinical course of patients with advanced breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1992 May;65(5):727–730. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1992.153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Robertson J. F. Oestrogen receptor: a stable phenotype in breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1996 Jan;73(1):5–12. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1996.2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Robertson J. F., Williams M. R., Todd J., Nicholson R. I., Morgan D. A., Blamey R. W. Factors predicting the response of patients with advanced breast cancer to endocrine (Megace) therapy. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989 Mar;25(3):469–475. doi: 10.1016/0277-5379(89)90259-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Rochefort H. Oestrogen- and anti-oestrogen-regulated genes in human breast cancer. Ciba Found Symp. 1995;191:254–268. doi: 10.1002/9780470514757.ch15. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Ross J. S., Fletcher J. A. The HER-2/neu oncogene in breast cancer: prognostic factor, predictive factor, and target for therapy. Stem Cells. 1998;16(6):413–428. doi: 10.1002/stem.160413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Rubino D., Driggers P., Arbit D., Kemp L., Miller B., Coso O., Pagliai K., Gray K., Gutkind S., Segars J. Characterization of Brx, a novel Dbl family member that modulates estrogen receptor action. Oncogene. 1998 May 14;16(19):2513–2526. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201783. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Sala A., Calabretta B. Regulation of BALB/c 3T3 fibroblast proliferation by B-myb is accompanied by selective activation of cdc2 and cyclin D1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 1;89(21):10415–10419. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.21.10415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Salomon D. S., Kim N., Saeki T., Ciardiello F. Transforming growth factor-alpha: an oncodevelopmental growth factor. Cancer Cells. 1990 Dec;2(12):389–397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Sandgren E. P., Luetteke N. C., Palmiter R. D., Brinster R. L., Lee D. C. Overexpression of TGF alpha in transgenic mice: induction of epithelial hyperplasia, pancreatic metaplasia, and carcinoma of the breast. Cell. 1990 Jun 15;61(6):1121–1135. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90075-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Santoni-Rugiu E., Jensen M. R., Thorgeirsson S. S. Disruption of the pRb/E2F pathway and inhibition of apoptosis are major oncogenic events in liver constitutively expressing c-myc and transforming growth factor alpha. Cancer Res. 1998 Jan 1;58(1):123–134. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Seshadri R., Firgaira F. A., Horsfall D. J., McCaul K., Setlur V., Kitchen P. Clinical significance of HER-2/neu oncogene amplification in primary breast cancer. The South Australian Breast Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Oct;11(10):1936–1942. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.10.1936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Sharma A. K., Horgan K., Douglas-Jones A., McClelland R., Gee J., Nicholson R. Dual immunocytochemical analysis of oestrogen and epidermal growth factor receptors in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1994 Jun;69(6):1032–1037. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1994.203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Sharma A. K., Horgan K., McClelland R. A., Douglas-Jones A. G., Van Agthoven T., Dorssers L. C., Nicholson R. I. A dual immunocytochemical assay for oestrogen and epidermal growth factor receptors in tumour cell lines. Histochem J. 1994 Apr;26(4):306–310. doi: 10.1007/BF00157763. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Sharma H. W., Narayanan R. The NF-kappaB transcription factor in oncogenesis. Anticancer Res. 1996 Mar-Apr;16(2):589–596. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Sivaraman V. S., Wang H., Nuovo G. J., Malbon C. C. Hyperexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase in human breast cancer. J Clin Invest. 1997 Apr 1;99(7):1478–1483. doi: 10.1172/JCI119309. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Smith C. L., Conneely O. M., O'Malley B. W. Modulation of the ligand-independent activation of the human estrogen receptor by hormone and antihormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jul 1;90(13):6120–6124. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.13.6120. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Smith C. L., Nawaz Z., O'Malley B. W. Coactivator and corepressor regulation of the agonist/antagonist activity of the mixed antiestrogen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Mol Endocrinol. 1997 Jun;11(6):657–666. doi: 10.1210/mend.11.6.0009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Smith C. L., Oñate S. A., Tsai M. J., O'Malley B. W. CREB binding protein acts synergistically with steroid receptor coactivator-1 to enhance steroid receptor-dependent transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 20;93(17):8884–8888. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.17.8884. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Sonenberg N., Gingras A. C. The mRNA 5' cap-binding protein eIF4E and control of cell growth. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1998 Apr;10(2):268–275. doi: 10.1016/s0955-0674(98)80150-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Sorrells D. L., Black D. R., Meschonat C., Rhoads R., De Benedetti A., Gao M., Williams B. J., Li B. D. Detection of eIF4E gene amplification in breast cancer by competitive PCR. Ann Surg Oncol. 1998 Apr-May;5(3):232–237. doi: 10.1007/BF02303778. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Sovak M. A., Bellas R. E., Kim D. W., Zanieski G. J., Rogers A. E., Traish A. M., Sonenshein G. E. Aberrant nuclear factor-kappaB/Rel expression and the pathogenesis of breast cancer. J Clin Invest. 1997 Dec 15;100(12):2952–2960. doi: 10.1172/JCI119848. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Spillman M. A., Bowcock A. M. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mRNA levels are coordinately elevated in human breast cancer cells in response to estrogen. Oncogene. 1996 Oct 17;13(8):1639–1645. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Suen C. S., Berrodin T. J., Mastroeni R., Cheskis B. J., Lyttle C. R., Frail D. E. A transcriptional coactivator, steroid receptor coactivator-3, selectively augments steroid receptor transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 16;273(42):27645–27653. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.42.27645. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Sun G., Porter W., Safe S. Estrogen-induced retinoic acid receptor alpha 1 gene expression: role of estrogen receptor-Sp1 complex. Mol Endocrinol. 1998 Jun;12(6):882–890. doi: 10.1210/mend.12.6.0125. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Sutherland R. L., Hamilton J. A., Sweeney K. J., Watts C. K., Musgrove E. A. Expression and regulation of cyclin genes in breast cancer. Acta Oncol. 1995;34(5):651–656. doi: 10.3109/02841869509094043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Thompson A. M., Kerr D. J., Steel C. M. Transforming growth factor beta 1 is implicated in the failure of tamoxifen therapy in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1991 Apr;63(4):609–614. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1991.140. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Thompson M. A., Rosenthal M. A., Ellis S. L., Friend A. J., Zorbas M. I., Whitehead R. H., Ramsay R. G. c-Myb down-regulation is associated with human colon cell differentiation, apoptosis, and decreased Bcl-2 expression. Cancer Res. 1998 Nov 15;58(22):5168–5175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Tiniakos D. G., Scott L. E., Corbett I. P., Piggott N. H., Horne C. H. Studies of c-jun oncogene expression in human breast using a new monoclonal antibody, NCL-DK4. J Pathol. 1994 Jan;172(1):19–26. doi: 10.1002/path.1711720106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Travers M. T., Barrett-Lee P. J., Berger U., Luqmani Y. A., Gazet J. C., Powles T. J., Coombes R. C. Growth factor expression in normal, benign, and malignant breast tissue. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988 Jun 11;296(6637):1621–1624. doi: 10.1136/bmj.296.6637.1621. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Troppmair J., Bruder J. T., Munoz H., Lloyd P. A., Kyriakis J., Banerjee P., Avruch J., Rapp U. R. Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase activation by oncogenes, serum, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate requires Raf and is necessary for transformation. J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 4;269(9):7030–7035. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Trowbridge J. M., Rogatsky I., Garabedian M. J. Regulation of estrogen receptor transcriptional enhancement by the cyclin A/Cdk2 complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Sep 16;94(19):10132–10137. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.19.10132. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Tzahar E., Waterman H., Chen X., Levkowitz G., Karunagaran D., Lavi S., Ratzkin B. J., Yarden Y. A hierarchical network of interreceptor interactions determines signal transduction by Neu differentiation factor/neuregulin and epidermal growth factor. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Oct;16(10):5276–5287. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.10.5276. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Tzahar E., Yarden Y. The ErbB-2/HER2 oncogenic receptor of adenocarcinomas: from orphanhood to multiple stromal ligands. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Feb 20;1377(1):M25–M37. doi: 10.1016/s0304-419x(97)00032-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Tzukerman M. T., Esty A., Santiso-Mere D., Danielian P., Parker M. G., Stein R. B., Pike J. W., McDonnell D. P. Human estrogen receptor transactivational capacity is determined by both cellular and promoter context and mediated by two functionally distinct intramolecular regions. Mol Endocrinol. 1994 Jan;8(1):21–30. doi: 10.1210/mend.8.1.8152428. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Umekita Y., Enokizono N., Sagara Y., Kuriwaki K., Takasaki T., Yoshida A., Yoshida H. Immunohistochemical studies on oncogene products (EGF-R, c-erbB-2) and growth factors (EGF, TGF-alpha) in human breast cancer: their relationship to oestrogen receptor status, histological grade, mitotic index and nodal status. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1992;420(4):345–351. doi: 10.1007/BF01600214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Van Roy F., Mareel M., Vleminckx K., Beyaert R., Fiers W., Devleeschouwer N., Muquardt C., Legros N., Bracke M., Leclercq G. Hormone sensitivity in vitro and in vivo of v-ras-transfected MCF-7 cell derivatives. Int J Cancer. 1990 Sep 15;46(3):522–532. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910460332. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Vladusic E. A., Hornby A. E., Guerra-Vladusic F. K., Lupu R. Expression of estrogen receptor beta messenger RNA variant in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1998 Jan 15;58(2):210–214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Walker K. J., McClelland R. A., Candlish W., Blamey R. W., Nicholson R. I. Heterogeneity of oestrogen receptor expression in normal and malignant breast tissue. Eur J Cancer. 1992;28(1):34–37. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(92)90379-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Walker K. J., Price-Thomas J. M., Candlish W., Nicholson R. I. Influence of the antioestrogen tamoxifen on normal breast tissue. Br J Cancer. 1991 Oct;64(4):764–768. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1991.395. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Walker R. A., Dearing S. J. Transforming growth factor beta 1 in ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinomas of the breast. Eur J Cancer. 1992;28(2-3):641–644. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(05)80116-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Walker R. A., Jones J. L., Chappell S., Walsh T., Shaw J. A. Molecular pathology of breast cancer and its application to clinical management. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1997 Jun;16(1-2):5–27. doi: 10.1023/a:1005740222307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Wallasch C., Weiss F. U., Niederfellner G., Jallal B., Issing W., Ullrich A. Heregulin-dependent regulation of HER2/neu oncogenic signaling by heterodimerization with HER3. EMBO J. 1995 Sep 1;14(17):4267–4275. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00101.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Wang C., Thor A. D., Moore D. H., 2nd, Zhao Y., Kerschmann R., Stern R., Watson P. H., Turley E. A. The overexpression of RHAMM, a hyaluronan-binding protein that regulates ras signaling, correlates with overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase and is a significant parameter in breast cancer progression. Clin Cancer Res. 1998 Mar;4(3):567–576. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Wang Q., Maloof P., Wang H., Fenig E., Stein D., Nichols G., Denny T. N., Yahalom J., Wieder R. Basic fibroblast growth factor downregulates Bcl-2 and promotes apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res. 1998 Jan 10;238(1):177–187. doi: 10.1006/excr.1997.3820. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Wasylyk B., Hagman J., Gutierrez-Hartmann A. Ets transcription factors: nuclear effectors of the Ras-MAP-kinase signaling pathway. Trends Biochem Sci. 1998 Jun;23(6):213–216. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0004(98)01211-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Watanabe T., Inoue S., Ogawa S., Ishii Y., Hiroi H., Ikeda K., Orimo A., Muramatsu M. Agonistic effect of tamoxifen is dependent on cell type, ERE-promoter context, and estrogen receptor subtype: functional difference between estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Jul 9;236(1):140–145. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6915. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Watson D. M., Elton R. A., Jack W. J., Dixon J. M., Chetty U., Miller W. R. The H-ras oncogene product p21 and prognosis in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1991 Jan-Feb;17(3):161–169. doi: 10.1007/BF01806365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Webb P., Lopez G. N., Uht R. M., Kushner P. J. Tamoxifen activation of the estrogen receptor/AP-1 pathway: potential origin for the cell-specific estrogen-like effects of antiestrogens. Mol Endocrinol. 1995 Apr;9(4):443–456. doi: 10.1210/mend.9.4.7659088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Weisberg E., Sattler M., Ewaniuk D. S., Salgia R. Role of focal adhesion proteins in signal transduction and oncogenesis. Crit Rev Oncog. 1997;8(4):343–358. doi: 10.1615/critrevoncog.v8.i4.40. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Werner H., Le Roith D. The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling pathways are important for tumorigenesis and inhibition of apoptosis. Crit Rev Oncog. 1997;8(1):71–92. doi: 10.1615/critrevoncog.v8.i1.40. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Westley B. R., Clayton S. J., Daws M. R., Molloy C. A., May F. E. Interactions between the oestrogen and insulin-like growth factor signalling pathways in the control of breast epithelial cell proliferation. Biochem Soc Symp. 1998;63:35–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Whitmarsh A. J., Davis R. J. Transcription factor AP-1 regulation by mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways. J Mol Med (Berl) 1996 Oct;74(10):589–607. doi: 10.1007/s001090050063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Wilcken N. R., Prall O. W., Musgrove E. A., Sutherland R. L. Inducible overexpression of cyclin D1 in breast cancer cells reverses the growth-inhibitory effects of antiestrogens. Clin Cancer Res. 1997 Jun;3(6):849–854. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Williams M. R., Todd J. H., Nicholson R. I., Elston C. W., Blamey R. W., Griffiths K. Survival patterns in hormone treated advanced breast cancer. Br J Surg. 1986 Sep;73(9):752–755. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800730925. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Wiseman L. R., Johnson M. D., Wakeling A. E., Lykkesfeldt A. E., May F. E., Westley B. R. Type I IGF receptor and acquired tamoxifen resistance in oestrogen-responsive human breast cancer cells. Eur J Cancer. 1993;29A(16):2256–2264. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90218-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Wosikowski K., Eppenberger U., Küng W., Nagamine Y., Mueller H. c-fos, c-jun and c-myc expressions are not growth rate limiting for the human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Nov 16;188(3):1067–1076. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91340-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Xie W., Duan R., Safe S. Estrogen induces adenosine deaminase gene expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: role of estrogen receptor-Sp1 interactions. Endocrinology. 1999 Jan;140(1):219–227. doi: 10.1210/endo.140.1.6394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Yee D. The insulin-like growth factors and breast cancer--revisited. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1998 Feb;47(3):197–199. doi: 10.1023/a:1005938615798. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Zwijsen R. M., Buckle R. S., Hijmans E. M., Loomans C. J., Bernards R. Ligand-independent recruitment of steroid receptor coactivators to estrogen receptor by cyclin D1. Genes Dev. 1998 Nov 15;12(22):3488–3498. doi: 10.1101/gad.12.22.3488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Zwijsen R. M., Wientjens E., Klompmaker R., van der Sman J., Bernards R., Michalides R. J. CDK-independent activation of estrogen receptor by cyclin D1. Cell. 1997 Feb 7;88(3):405–415. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81879-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. deConinck E. C., McPherson L. A., Weigel R. J. Transcriptional regulation of estrogen receptor in breast carcinomas. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Apr;15(4):2191–2196. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.4.2191. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from British Journal of Cancer are provided here courtesy of Cancer Research UK

RESOURCES