Abstract
Several animal models, as well as a number of cell culture experiments, indicate a prophylactic effect of bisphosphonates in respect of subsequent bone metastasis. Moreover, in preliminary clinical trials involving patients with advanced breast cancer and local or remote metastases, biophosphonates produced a reduction in new skeletal metastases. This overview summarizes and discusses the results of the latest investigations. It opens with a section on the pathophysiology of bone metastasis, which is followed by a report on animal models and first studies of bisphosphonate treatment as a new approach in systemic adjuvant therapy. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
Keywords: bone metastases, bisphosphonates, prevention, prophylaxis
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (95.6 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aparicio A., Gardner A., Tu Y., Savage A., Berenson J., Lichtenstein A. In vitro cytoreductive effects on multiple myeloma cells induced by bisphosphonates. Leukemia. 1998 Feb;12(2):220–229. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2400892. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Averbuch S. D. New bisphosphonates in the treatment of bone metastases. Cancer. 1993 Dec 1;72(11 Suppl):3443–3452. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19931201)72:11+<3443::aid-cncr2820721611>3.0.co;2-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Benford H. L., Frith J. C., Auriola S., Mönkkönen J., Rogers M. J. Farnesol and geranylgeraniol prevent activation of caspases by aminobisphosphonates: biochemical evidence for two distinct pharmacological classes of bisphosphonate drugs. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;56(1):131–140. doi: 10.1124/mol.56.1.131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berenson J. R., Lichtenstein A., Porter L., Dimopoulos M. A., Bordoni R., George S., Lipton A., Keller A., Ballester O., Kovacs M. J. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 22;334(8):488–493. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199602223340802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berenson J. R., Lichtenstein A., Porter L., Dimopoulos M. A., Bordoni R., George S., Lipton A., Keller A., Ballester O., Kovacs M. Long-term pamidronate treatment of advanced multiple myeloma patients reduces skeletal events. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Feb;16(2):593–602. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.2.593. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berns E. M., Klijn J. G., van Putten W. L., de Witte H. H., Look M. P., Meijer-van Gelder M. E., Willman K., Portengen H., Benraad T. J., Foekens J. A. p53 protein accumulation predicts poor response to tamoxifen therapy of patients with recurrent breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Jan;16(1):121–127. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.1.121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boissier S., Magnetto S., Frappart L., Cuzin B., Ebetino F. H., Delmas P. D., Clezardin P. Bisphosphonates inhibit prostate and breast carcinoma cell adhesion to unmineralized and mineralized bone extracellular matrices. Cancer Res. 1997 Sep 15;57(18):3890–3894. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bundred N. J., Walker R. A., Ratcliffe W. A., Warwick J., Morrison J. M., Ratcliffe J. G. Parathyroid hormone related protein and skeletal morbidity in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1992;28(2-3):690–692. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(05)80127-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Busch M., Rave-Fränk M., Hille A., Dühmke E. Influence of clodronate on breast cancer cells in vitro. Eur J Med Res. 1998 Sep 17;3(9):427–431. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coleman R. E., Rubens R. D. Bone metastases and breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 1985 Dec;12(4):251–270. doi: 10.1016/0305-7372(85)90008-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coleman R. E., Rubens R. D. The clinical course of bone metastases from breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1987 Jan;55(1):61–66. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1987.13. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Delmas P. D., Balena R., Confravreux E., Hardouin C., Hardy P., Bremond A. Bisphosphonate risedronate prevents bone loss in women with artificial menopause due to chemotherapy of breast cancer: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Mar;15(3):955–962. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.3.955. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Diel I. J., Kaufmann M., Costa S. D., Holle R., von Minckwitz G., Solomayer E. F., Kaul S., Bastert G. Micrometastatic breast cancer cells in bone marrow at primary surgery: prognostic value in comparison with nodal status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996 Nov 20;88(22):1652–1658. doi: 10.1093/jnci/88.22.1652. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Diel I. J., Solomayer E. F., Costa S. D., Gollan C., Goerner R., Wallwiener D., Kaufmann M., Bastert G. Reduction in new metastases in breast cancer with adjuvant clodronate treatment. N Engl J Med. 1998 Aug 6;339(6):357–363. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199808063390601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Diel I. J., Solomayer E. F., Seibel M. J., Pfeilschifter J., Maisenbacher H., Gollan C., Pecherstorfer M., Conradi R., Kehr G., Boehm E. Serum bone sialoprotein in patients with primary breast cancer is a prognostic marker for subsequent bone metastasis. Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Dec;5(12):3914–3919. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Elomaa I., Blomqvist C., Gröhn P., Porkka L., Kairento A. L., Selander K., Lamberg-Allardt C., Holmström T. Long-term controlled trial with diphosphonate in patients with osteolytic bone metastases. Lancet. 1983 Jan 22;1(8317):146–149. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92755-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eventov I., Frisch B., Cohen Z., Hammel I. Osteopenia, hematopoiesis, and bone remodelling in iliac crest and femoral biopsies: a prospective study of 102 cases of femoral neck fractures. Bone. 1991;12(1):1–6. doi: 10.1016/8756-3282(91)90047-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Frith J. C., Mönkkönen J., Blackburn G. M., Russell R. G., Rogers M. J. Clodronate and liposome-encapsulated clodronate are metabolized to a toxic ATP analog, adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-dichloromethylene) triphosphate, by mammalian cells in vitro. J Bone Miner Res. 1997 Sep;12(9):1358–1367. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.9.1358. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guise T. A., Yin J. J., Taylor S. D., Kumagai Y., Dallas M., Boyce B. F., Yoneda T., Mundy G. R. Evidence for a causal role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer-mediated osteolysis. J Clin Invest. 1996 Oct 1;98(7):1544–1549. doi: 10.1172/JCI118947. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hall D. G., Stoica G. Effect of the bisphosphonate risedronate on bone metastases in a rat mammary adenocarcinoma model system. J Bone Miner Res. 1994 Feb;9(2):221–230. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hortobagyi G. N., Theriault R. L., Lipton A., Porter L., Blayney D., Sinoff C., Wheeler H., Simeone J. F., Seaman J. J., Knight R. D. Long-term prevention of skeletal complications of metastatic breast cancer with pamidronate. Protocol 19 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Jun;16(6):2038–2044. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.6.2038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hortobagyi G. N., Theriault R. L., Porter L., Blayney D., Lipton A., Sinoff C., Wheeler H., Simeone J. F., Seaman J., Knight R. D. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal complications in patients with breast cancer and lytic bone metastases. Protocol 19 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 Dec 12;335(24):1785–1791. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199612123352401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hughes D. E., Wright K. R., Uy H. L., Sasaki A., Yoneda T., Roodman G. D., Mundy G. R., Boyce B. F. Bisphosphonates promote apoptosis in murine osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo. J Bone Miner Res. 1995 Oct;10(10):1478–1487. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.5650101008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jung A., Bornand J., Mermillod B., Edouard C., Meunier P. J. Inhibition by diphosphonates of bone resorption induced by the Walker tumor of the rat. Cancer Res. 1984 Jul;44(7):3007–3011. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kanis J. A. Bone and cancer: pathophysiology and treatment of metastases. Bone. 1995 Aug;17(2 Suppl):101S–105S. doi: 10.1016/8756-3282(95)00194-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kanis J. A., Powles T., Paterson A. H., McCloskey E. V., Ashley S. Clodronate decreases the frequency of skeletal metastases in women with breast cancer. Bone. 1996 Dec;19(6):663–667. doi: 10.1016/s8756-3282(96)00285-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Krempien B., Manegold C. Prophylactic treatment of skeletal metastases, tumor-induced osteolysis, and hypercalcemia in rats with the bisphosphonate Cl2MBP. Cancer. 1993 Jul 1;72(1):91–98. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19930701)72:1<91::aid-cncr2820720118>3.0.co;2-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Krempien B., Wingen F., Eichmann T., Müller M., Schmähl D. Protective effects of a prophylactic treatment with the bisphosphonate 3-amino-1-hydroxypropane-1,1-bisphosphonic acid on the development of tumor osteopathies in the rat: experimental studies with the Walker carcinosarcoma 256. Oncology. 1988;45(1):41–46. doi: 10.1159/000226528. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Luckman S. P., Hughes D. E., Coxon F. P., Graham R., Russell G., Rogers M. J. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates inhibit the mevalonate pathway and prevent post-translational prenylation of GTP-binding proteins, including Ras. J Bone Miner Res. 1998 Apr;13(4):581–589. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.4.581. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McCloskey E. V., MacLennan I. C., Drayson M. T., Chapman C., Dunn J., Kanis J. A. A randomized trial of the effect of clodronate on skeletal morbidity in multiple myeloma. MRC Working Party on Leukaemia in Adults. Br J Haematol. 1998 Feb;100(2):317–325. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00567.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mönkkönen J., Taskinen M., Auriola S. O., Urtti A. Growth inhibition of macrophage-like and other cell types by liposome-encapsulated, calcium-bound, and free bisphosphonates in vitro. J Drug Target. 1994;2(4):299–308. doi: 10.3109/10611869409015910. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nemoto R., Uchida K., Tsutsumi M., Koiso K., Satou S., Satou T. A model of localized osteolysis induced by the MBT-2 tumor in mice and its responsiveness to etidronate disodium. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1987;113(6):539–543. doi: 10.1007/BF00390862. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Paterson A. H., Powles T. J., Kanis J. A., McCloskey E., Hanson J., Ashley S. Double-blind controlled trial of oral clodronate in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Jan;11(1):59–65. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.1.59. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reitsma P. H., Teitelbaum S. L., Bijvoet O. L., Kahn A. J. Differential action of the bisphosphonates (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD) and disodium dichloromethylidene bisphosphonate (Cl2MDP) on rat macrophage-mediated bone resorption in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1982 Nov;70(5):927–933. doi: 10.1172/JCI110704. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rodan G. A., Fleisch H. A. Bisphosphonates: mechanisms of action. J Clin Invest. 1996 Jun 15;97(12):2692–2696. doi: 10.1172/JCI118722. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rogers M. J., Chilton K. M., Coxon F. P., Lawry J., Smith M. O., Suri S., Russell R. G. Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis in mouse macrophage-like cells in vitro by a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Oct;11(10):1482–1491. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.5650111015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rogers M. J., Frith J. C., Luckman S. P., Coxon F. P., Benford H. L., Mönkkönen J., Auriola S., Chilton K. M., Russell R. G. Molecular mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates. Bone. 1999 May;24(5 Suppl):73S–79S. doi: 10.1016/s8756-3282(99)00070-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Saarto T., Blomqvist C., Välimäki M., Mäkelä P., Sarna S., Elomaa I. Chemical castration induced by adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil chemotherapy causes rapid bone loss that is reduced by clodronate: a randomized study in premenopausal breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Apr;15(4):1341–1347. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.4.1341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Saarto T., Blomqvist C., Välimäki M., Mäkelä P., Sarna S., Elomaa I. Clodronate improves bone mineral density in post-menopausal breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant antioestrogens. Br J Cancer. 1997;75(4):602–605. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1997.105. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sasaki A., Boyce B. F., Story B., Wright K. R., Chapman M., Boyce R., Mundy G. R., Yoneda T. Bisphosphonate risedronate reduces metastatic human breast cancer burden in bone in nude mice. Cancer Res. 1995 Aug 15;55(16):3551–3557. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Selander K. S., Mönkkönen J., Karhukorpi E. K., Härkönen P., Hannuniemi R., Vänänen H. K. Characteristics of clodronate-induced apoptosis in osteoclasts and macrophages. Mol Pharmacol. 1996 Nov;50(5):1127–1138. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shipman C. M., Croucher P. I., Russell R. G., Helfrich M. H., Rogers M. J. The bisphosphonate incadronate (YM175) causes apoptosis of human myeloma cells in vitro by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway. Cancer Res. 1998 Dec 1;58(23):5294–5297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shipman C. M., Rogers M. J., Apperley J. F., Russell R. G., Croucher P. I. Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis in human myeloma cell lines: a novel anti-tumour activity. Br J Haematol. 1997 Sep;98(3):665–672. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.2713086.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stearns M. E., Wang M. Effects of alendronate and taxol on PC-3 ML cell bone metastases in SCID mice. Invasion Metastasis. 1996;16(3):116–131. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Theriault R. L., Hortobagyi G. N. Bone metastasis in breast cancer. Anticancer Drugs. 1992 Oct;3(5):455–462. doi: 10.1097/00001813-199210000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wingen F., Eichmann T., Manegold C., Krempien B. Effects of new bisphosphonic acids on tumor-induced bone destruction in the rat. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1986;111(1):35–41. doi: 10.1007/BF00402773. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wingen F., Pool B. L., Klein P., Klenner T., Schmähl D. Anticancer activity of bisphosphonic acids in methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinoma of the rat--benefit of combining bisphosphonates with cytostatic agents. Invest New Drugs. 1988 Sep;6(3):155–167. doi: 10.1007/BF00175392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yoneda T., Sasaki A., Dunstan C., Williams P. J., Bauss F., De Clerck Y. A., Mundy G. R. Inhibition of osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer by combined treatment with the bisphosphonate ibandronate and tissue inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinase-2. J Clin Invest. 1997 May 15;99(10):2509–2517. doi: 10.1172/JCI119435. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van Holten-Verzantvoort A. T., Hermans J., Beex L. V., Blijham G., Cleton F. J., van Eck-Smit B. C., Sleeboom H. P., Papapoulos S. E. Does supportive pamidronate treatment prevent or delay the first manifestation of bone metastases in breast cancer patients? Eur J Cancer. 1996 Mar;32A(3):450–454. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00564-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van Holten-Verzantvoort A. T., Kroon H. M., Bijvoet O. L., Cleton F. J., Beex L. V., Blijham G., Hermans J., Neijt J. P., Papapoulos S. E., Sleeboom H. P. Palliative pamidronate treatment in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Mar;11(3):491–498. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.3.491. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van der Pluijm G., Vloedgraven H., van Beek E., van der Wee-Pals L., Löwik C., Papapoulos S. Bisphosphonates inhibit the adhesion of breast cancer cells to bone matrices in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1996 Aug 1;98(3):698–705. doi: 10.1172/JCI118841. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]