Abstract
The major structural proteins capsid and nucleocapsid (NC) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae retroviruslike element Ty3 are produced as domains within the Gag3 and Gag3-Pol3 precursor polyproteins. Ty3 NC contains one copy of the conserved motif CX2CX4HX4C found in most retroviral NC proteins. We show here that NC proteins derived by processing of these different precursor species differ at their carboxyl termini. To determine whether the Cys-His motifs of these nascent NC domains contribute differently to replication, Gag3 and Gag3-Pol3 fusion proteins containing wild-type or mutant Cys-His domains were expressed from separate constructs. Although the Cys-His box was shown to be essential for polyprotein processing of a wild-type Ty3 element, this domain could be contributed from Gag3 or as part of Gag3-Pol3. These data suggest that the functions of the retroviral NC Cys-His domain contributed from Gag and Gag-Pol are redundant.
Full text
PDF














Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aldovini A., Young R. A. Mutations of RNA and protein sequences involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 packaging result in production of noninfectious virus. J Virol. 1990 May;64(5):1920–1926. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.5.1920-1926.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- All-Robyn J. A., Brown N., Otaka E., Liebman S. W. Sequence and functional similarity between a yeast ribosomal protein and the Escherichia coli S5 ram protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Dec;10(12):6544–6553. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.12.6544. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Araya A., Sarih L., Litvak S. Reverse transcriptase mediated binding of primer tRNA to the viral genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Aug 24;6(12):3831–3843. doi: 10.1093/nar/6.12.3831. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Aronoff R., Hajjar A. M., Linial M. L. Avian retroviral RNA encapsidation: reexamination of functional 5' RNA sequences and the role of nucleocapsid Cys-His motifs. J Virol. 1993 Jan;67(1):178–188. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.1.178-188.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Aronoff R., Linial M. Specificity of retroviral RNA packaging. J Virol. 1991 Jan;65(1):71–80. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.71-80.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bess J. W., Jr, Powell P. J., Issaq H. J., Schumack L. J., Grimes M. K., Henderson L. E., Arthur L. O. Tightly bound zinc in human immunodeficiency virus type 1, human T-cell leukemia virus type I, and other retroviruses. J Virol. 1992 Feb;66(2):840–847. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.840-847.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bieth E., Gabus C., Darlix J. L. A study of the dimer formation of Rous sarcoma virus RNA and of its effect on viral protein synthesis in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Jan 11;18(1):119–127. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.1.119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bilanchone V. W., Claypool J. A., Kinsey P. T., Sandmeyer S. B. Positive and negative regulatory elements control expression of the yeast retrotransposon Ty3. Genetics. 1993 Jul;134(3):685–700. doi: 10.1093/genetics/134.3.685. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boeke J. D., LaCroute F., Fink G. R. A positive selection for mutants lacking orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase activity in yeast: 5-fluoro-orotic acid resistance. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;197(2):345–346. doi: 10.1007/BF00330984. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boeke J. D., Styles C. A., Fink G. R. Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT3 gene is required for transposition and transpositional recombination of chromosomal Ty elements. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Nov;6(11):3575–3581. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.11.3575. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bowles N. E., Damay P., Spahr P. F. Effect of rearrangements and duplications of the Cys-His motifs of Rous sarcoma virus nucleocapsid protein. J Virol. 1993 Feb;67(2):623–631. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.2.623-631.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248–254. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chalker D. L., Sandmeyer S. B. Transfer RNA genes are genomic targets for de Novo transposition of the yeast retrotransposon Ty3. Genetics. 1990 Dec;126(4):837–850. doi: 10.1093/genetics/126.4.837. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clark D. J., Bilanchone V. W., Haywood L. J., Dildine S. L., Sandmeyer S. B. A yeast sigma composite element, TY3, has properties of a retrotransposon. J Biol Chem. 1988 Jan 25;263(3):1413–1423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coleman J. E. Zinc proteins: enzymes, storage proteins, transcription factors, and replication proteins. Annu Rev Biochem. 1992;61:897–946. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.61.070192.004341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Copeland T. D., Morgan M. A., Oroszlan S. Complete amino acid sequence of the basic nucleic acid binding protein of feline leukemia virus. Virology. 1984 Feb;133(1):137–145. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90432-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Covey S. N. Amino acid sequence homology in gag region of reverse transcribing elements and the coat protein gene of cauliflower mosaic virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jan 24;14(2):623–633. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.2.623. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Rocquigny H., Ficheux D., Gabus C., Allain B., Fournie-Zaluski M. C., Darlix J. L., Roques B. P. Two short basic sequences surrounding the zinc finger of nucleocapsid protein NCp10 of Moloney murine leukemia virus are critical for RNA annealing activity. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Feb 25;21(4):823–829. doi: 10.1093/nar/21.4.823. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Rocquigny H., Gabus C., Vincent A., Fournié-Zaluski M. C., Roques B., Darlix J. L. Viral RNA annealing activities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein require only peptide domains outside the zinc fingers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jul 15;89(14):6472–6476. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.14.6472. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dupraz P., Oertle S., Meric C., Damay P., Spahr P. F. Point mutations in the proximal Cys-His box of Rous sarcoma virus nucleocapsid protein. J Virol. 1990 Oct;64(10):4978–4987. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.10.4978-4987.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Elder R. T., Loh E. Y., Davis R. W. RNA from the yeast transposable element Ty1 has both ends in the direct repeats, a structure similar to retrovirus RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 May;80(9):2432–2436. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.9.2432. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Farabaugh P. J., Zhao H., Vimaladithan A. A novel programed frameshift expresses the POL3 gene of retrotransposon Ty3 of yeast: frameshifting without tRNA slippage. Cell. 1993 Jul 16;74(1):93–103. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90297-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. "A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity". Addendum. Anal Biochem. 1984 Feb;137(1):266–267. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90381-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal Biochem. 1983 Jul 1;132(1):6–13. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90418-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fields S., Song O. A novel genetic system to detect protein-protein interactions. Nature. 1989 Jul 20;340(6230):245–246. doi: 10.1038/340245a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gorelick R. J., Chabot D. J., Rein A., Henderson L. E., Arthur L. O. The two zinc fingers in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein are not functionally equivalent. J Virol. 1993 Jul;67(7):4027–4036. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.7.4027-4036.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gorelick R. J., Nigida S. M., Jr, Bess J. W., Jr, Arthur L. O., Henderson L. E., Rein A. Noninfectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants deficient in genomic RNA. J Virol. 1990 Jul;64(7):3207–3211. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.7.3207-3211.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hansen L. J., Chalker D. L., Orlinsky K. J., Sandmeyer S. B. Ty3 GAG3 and POL3 genes encode the components of intracellular particles. J Virol. 1992 Mar;66(3):1414–1424. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.3.1414-1424.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hansen L. J., Chalker D. L., Sandmeyer S. B. Ty3, a yeast retrotransposon associated with tRNA genes, has homology to animal retroviruses. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Dec;8(12):5245–5256. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.12.5245. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hansen L. J., Sandmeyer S. B. Characterization of a transpositionally active Ty3 element and identification of the Ty3 integrase protein. J Virol. 1990 Jun;64(6):2599–2607. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.6.2599-2607.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Henderson L. E., Sowder R., Copeland T. D., Smythers G., Oroszlan S. Quantitative separation of murine leukemia virus proteins by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography reveals newly described gag and env cleavage products. J Virol. 1984 Nov;52(2):492–500. doi: 10.1128/jvi.52.2.492-500.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jacks T., Power M. D., Masiarz F. R., Luciw P. A., Barr P. J., Varmus H. E. Characterization of ribosomal frameshifting in HIV-1 gag-pol expression. Nature. 1988 Jan 21;331(6153):280–283. doi: 10.1038/331280a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jacks T. Translational suppression in gene expression in retroviruses and retrotransposons. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1990;157:93–124. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-75218-6_4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnston M., Davis R. W. Sequences that regulate the divergent GAL1-GAL10 promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Aug;4(8):1440–1448. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.8.1440. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Karpel R. L., Henderson L. E., Oroszlan S. Interactions of retroviral structural proteins with single-stranded nucleic acids. J Biol Chem. 1987 Apr 15;262(11):4961–4967. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kirchner J., Sandmeyer S. B., Forrest D. B. Transposition of a Ty3 GAG3-POL3 fusion mutant is limited by availability of capsid protein. J Virol. 1992 Oct;66(10):6081–6092. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.10.6081-6092.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kirchner J., Sandmeyer S. Proteolytic processing of Ty3 proteins is required for transposition. J Virol. 1993 Jan;67(1):19–28. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.1.19-28.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Luban J., Alin K. B., Bossolt K. L., Humaran T., Goff S. P. Genetic assay for multimerization of retroviral gag polyproteins. J Virol. 1992 Aug;66(8):5157–5160. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.8.5157-5160.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Luban J., Goff S. P. Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA to recombinant HIV-1 gag polyprotein. J Virol. 1991 Jun;65(6):3203–3212. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.3203-3212.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maurer B., Bannert H., Darai G., Flügel R. M. Analysis of the primary structure of the long terminal repeat and the gag and pol genes of the human spumaretrovirus. J Virol. 1988 May;62(5):1590–1597. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.5.1590-1597.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McMaster G. K., Carmichael G. G. Analysis of single- and double-stranded nucleic acids on polyacrylamide and agarose gels by using glyoxal and acridine orange. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Nov;74(11):4835–4838. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.11.4835. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Méric C., Goff S. P. Characterization of Moloney murine leukemia virus mutants with single-amino-acid substitutions in the Cys-His box of the nucleocapsid protein. J Virol. 1989 Apr;63(4):1558–1568. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.4.1558-1568.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Méric C., Gouilloud E., Spahr P. F. Mutations in Rous sarcoma virus nucleocapsid protein p12 (NC): deletions of Cys-His boxes. J Virol. 1988 Sep;62(9):3328–3333. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.9.3328-3333.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Méric C., Spahr P. F. Rous sarcoma virus nucleic acid-binding protein p12 is necessary for viral 70S RNA dimer formation and packaging. J Virol. 1986 Nov;60(2):450–459. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.2.450-459.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Panet A., Haseltine W. A., Baltimore D., Peters G., Harada F., Dahlberg J. E. Specific binding of tryptophan transfer RNA to avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Jul;72(7):2535–2539. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.7.2535. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Prats A. C., Roy C., Wang P. A., Erard M., Housset V., Gabus C., Paoletti C., Darlix J. L. cis elements and trans-acting factors involved in dimer formation of murine leukemia virus RNA. J Virol. 1990 Feb;64(2):774–783. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.2.774-783.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Prats A. C., Sarih L., Gabus C., Litvak S., Keith G., Darlix J. L. Small finger protein of avian and murine retroviruses has nucleic acid annealing activity and positions the replication primer tRNA onto genomic RNA. EMBO J. 1988 Jun;7(6):1777–1783. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03008.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roy C., Tounekti N., Mougel M., Darlix J. L., Paoletti C., Ehresmann C., Ehresmann B., Paoletti J. An analytical study of the dimerization of in vitro generated RNA of Moloney murine leukemia virus MoMuLV. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Dec 25;18(24):7287–7292. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.24.7287. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schulein M., Burnette W. N., August J. T. Stoichiometry and specificity of binding of Rauscher oncovirus 10,000-dalton (p10) structural protein to nucleic acids. J Virol. 1978 Apr;26(1):54–60. doi: 10.1128/jvi.26.1.54-60.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schägger H., von Jagow G. Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa. Anal Biochem. 1987 Nov 1;166(2):368–379. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90587-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shinnick T. M., Lerner R. A., Sutcliffe J. G. Nucleotide sequence of Moloney murine leukaemia virus. Nature. 1981 Oct 15;293(5833):543–548. doi: 10.1038/293543a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith A. J., Srinivasakumar N., Hammarskjöld M. L., Rekosh D. Requirements for incorporation of Pr160gag-pol from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into virus-like particles. J Virol. 1993 Apr;67(4):2266–2275. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.4.2266-2275.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thomas P. S. Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Sep;77(9):5201–5205. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.9.5201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Towbin H., Gordon J. Immunoblotting and dot immunobinding--current status and outlook. J Immunol Methods. 1984 Sep 4;72(2):313–340. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(84)90001-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Winston F., Minehart P. L. Analysis of the yeast SPT3 gene and identification of its product, a positive regulator of Ty transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Sep 11;14(17):6885–6900. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.17.6885. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]