Abstract
The management of genital herpesvirus infections in pregnancy has seen many changes over the past decade as we have continued to learn more about the epidemiology of the disease. This article reviews these changes and highlights ongoing controversies. Clinical management schemes are proposed based upon this most recent information.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (1.2 MB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Andrews E. B., Yankaskas B. C., Cordero J. F., Schoeffler K., Hampp S. Acyclovir in pregnancy registry: six years' experience. The Acyclovir in Pregnancy Registry Advisory Committee. Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Jan;79(1):7–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Arvin A. M., Hensleigh P. A., Prober C. G., Au D. S., Yasukawa L. L., Wittek A. E., Palumbo P. E., Paryani S. G., Yeager A. S. Failure of antepartum maternal cultures to predict the infant's risk of exposure to herpes simplex virus at delivery. N Engl J Med. 1986 Sep 25;315(13):796–800. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198609253151303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Baldwin S., Whitley R. J. Intrauterine herpes simplex virus infection. Teratology. 1989 Jan;39(1):1–10. doi: 10.1002/tera.1420390102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bernstein D. I., Lovett M. A., Bryson Y. J. The effects of acyclovir on antibody response to herpes simplex virus in primary genital herpetic infections. J Infect Dis. 1984 Jul;150(1):7–13. doi: 10.1093/infdis/150.1.7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Binkin N. J., Koplan J. P., Cates W., Jr Preventing neonatal herpes. The value of weekly viral cultures in pregnant women with recurrent genital herpes. JAMA. 1984 Jun 1;251(21):2816–2821. doi: 10.1001/jama.251.21.2816. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boucher F. D., Yasukawa L. L., Bronzan R. N., Hensleigh P. A., Arvin A. M., Prober C. G. A prospective evaluation of primary genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infections acquired during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990 Jul;9(7):499–504. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199007000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bradley J. S., Yeager A. S., Dyson D. C., Hensleigh P. A., Medearis A. L. Neutralization of herpes simplex virus by antibody in amniotic fluid. Obstet Gynecol. 1982 Sep;60(3):318–321. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brown Z. A., Benedetti J., Ashley R., Burchett S., Selke S., Berry S., Vontver L. A., Corey L. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in relation to asymptomatic maternal infection at the time of labor. N Engl J Med. 1991 May 2;324(18):1247–1252. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199105023241804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brown Z. A., Vontver L. A., Benedetti J., Critchlow C. W., Hickok D. E., Sells C. J., Berry S., Corey L. Genital herpes in pregnancy: risk factors associated with recurrences and asymptomatic viral shedding. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985 Sep 1;153(1):24–30. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(85)90584-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brown Z. A., Vontver L. A., Benedetti J., Critchlow C. W., Sells C. J., Berry S., Corey L. Effects on infants of a first episode of genital herpes during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1987 Nov 12;317(20):1246–1251. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198711123172002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chuang T. Y. Neonatal herpes: incidence, prevention, and consequences. Am J Prev Med. 1988 Jan-Feb;4(1):47–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Corey L., Adams H. G., Brown Z. A., Holmes K. K. Genital herpes simplex virus infections: clinical manifestations, course, and complications. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Jun;98(6):958–972. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-958. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Corey L., Whitley R. J., Stone E. F., Mohan K. Difference between herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 neonatal encephalitis in neurological outcome. Lancet. 1988 Jan 2;1(8575-6):1–4. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90997-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gibbs R. S., Amstey M. S., Sweet R. L., Mead P. B., Sever J. L. Management of genital herpes infection in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1988 May;71(5):779–780. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gibbs R. S., Mead P. B. Preventing neonatal herpes--current strategies. N Engl J Med. 1992 Apr 2;326(14):946–947. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199204023261409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Haddad J., Langer B., Astruc D., Messer J., Lokiec F. Oral acyclovir and recurrent genital herpes during late pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Jul;82(1):102–104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hardy D. A., Arvin A. M., Yasukawa L. L., Bronzan R. N., Lewinsohn D. M., Hensleigh P. A., Prober C. G. Use of polymerase chain reaction for successful identification of asymptomatic genital infection with herpes simplex virus in pregnant women at delivery. J Infect Dis. 1990 Nov;162(5):1031–1035. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.5.1031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harger J. H., Amortegui A. J., Meyer M. P., Pazin G. J. Characteristics of recurrent genital herpes simplex infections in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Mar;73(3 Pt 1):367–372. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hutto C., Arvin A., Jacobs R., Steele R., Stagno S., Lyrene R., Willett L., Powell D., Andersen R., Werthammer J. Intrauterine herpes simplex virus infections. J Pediatr. 1987 Jan;110(1):97–101. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80298-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnson R. E., Nahmias A. J., Magder L. S., Lee F. K., Brooks C. A., Snowden C. B. A seroepidemiologic survey of the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jul 6;321(1):7–12. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198907063210102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kulhanjian J. A., Soroush V., Au D. S., Bronzan R. N., Yasukawa L. L., Weylman L. E., Arvin A. M., Prober C. G. Identification of women at unsuspected risk of primary infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1992 Apr 2;326(14):916–920. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199204023261403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lafferty W. E., Coombs R. W., Benedetti J., Critchlow C., Corey L. Recurrences after oral and genital herpes simplex virus infection. Influence of site of infection and viral type. N Engl J Med. 1987 Jun 4;316(23):1444–1449. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198706043162304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moseley R. C., Corey L., Benjamin D., Winter C., Remington M. L. Comparison of viral isolation, direct immunofluorescence, and indirect immunoperoxidase techniques for detection of genital herpes simplex virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 May;13(5):913–918. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.5.913-918.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mudido P., Marshall G. S., Howell R. S., Schmid D. S., Steger S., Adams G. Disseminated herpes simplex virus infection during pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med. 1993 Dec;38(12):964–968. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nahmias A. J., Josey W. E., Naib Z. M., Freeman M. G., Fernandez R. J., Wheeler J. H. Perinatal risk associated with maternal genital herpes simplex virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971 Jul 15;110(6):825–837. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(71)90580-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Prober C. G., Hensleigh P. A., Boucher F. D., Yasukawa L. L., Au D. S., Arvin A. M. Use of routine viral cultures at delivery to identify neonates exposed to herpes simplex virus. N Engl J Med. 1988 Apr 7;318(14):887–891. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198804073181404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Prober C. G., Sullender W. M., Yasukawa L. L., Au D. S., Yeager A. S., Arvin A. M. Low risk of herpes simplex virus infections in neonates exposed to the virus at the time of vaginal delivery to mothers with recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infections. N Engl J Med. 1987 Jan 29;316(5):240–244. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198701293160503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Randolph A. G., Washington A. E., Prober C. G. Cesarean delivery for women presenting with genital herpes lesions. Efficacy, risks, and costs. JAMA. 1993 Jul 7;270(1):77–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reeves W. C., Corey L., Adams H. G., Vontver L. A., Holmes K. K. Risk of recurrence after first episodes of genital herpes. Relation to HSV type and antibody response. N Engl J Med. 1981 Aug 6;305(6):315–319. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198108063050604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stone K. M., Brooks C. A., Guinan M. E., Alexander E. R. National surveillance for neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. Sex Transm Dis. 1989 Jul-Sep;16(3):152–156. doi: 10.1097/00007435-198907000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stray-Pedersen B. Acyclovir in late pregnancy to prevent neonatal herpes simplex. Lancet. 1990 Sep 22;336(8717):756–756. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92255-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sullender W. M., Yasukawa L. L., Schwartz M., Pereira L., Hensleigh P. A., Prober C. G., Arvin A. M. Type-specific antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein G in pregnant women, infants exposed to maternal HSV-2 infection at delivery, and infants with neonatal herpes. J Infect Dis. 1988 Jan;157(1):164–171. doi: 10.1093/infdis/157.1.164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sullivan-Bolyai J., Hull H. F., Wilson C., Corey L. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in King County, Washington. Increasing incidence and epidemiologic correlates. JAMA. 1983 Dec 9;250(22):3059–3062. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Trofatter K. F., Jr, Daniels C. A., Williams R. J., Jr, Gall S. A. Growth of type 2 herpes simplex virus in newborn and adult mononuclear leukocytes. Intervirology. 1979;11(2):117–123. doi: 10.1159/000149022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Utley K., Bromberger P., Wagner L., Schneider H. Management of primary herpes in pregnancy complicated by ruptured membranes and extreme prematurity: case report. Obstet Gynecol. 1987 Mar;69(3 Pt 2):471–473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vontver L. A., Hickok D. E., Brown Z., Reid L., Corey L. Recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy: infant outcome and frequency of asymptomatic recurrences. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982 May 1;143(1):75–84. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90686-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whitley R. J., Corey L., Arvin A., Lakeman F. D., Sumaya C. V., Wright P. F., Dunkle L. M., Steele R. W., Soong S. J., Nahmias A. J. Changing presentation of herpes simplex virus infection in neonates. J Infect Dis. 1988 Jul;158(1):109–116. doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.1.109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whitley R., Arvin A., Prober C., Corey L., Burchett S., Plotkin S., Starr S., Jacobs R., Powell D., Nahmias A. Predictors of morbidity and mortality in neonates with herpes simplex virus infections. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991 Feb 14;324(7):450–454. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199102143240704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wittek A. E., Yeager A. S., Au D. S., Hensleigh P. A. Asymptomatic shedding of herpes simplex virus from the cervix and lesion site during pregnancy. Correlation of antepartum shedding with shedding at delivery. Am J Dis Child. 1984 May;138(5):439–442. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1984.02140430017005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
