Abstract
We have recently reported that a cellular factor, the leaky-late binding factor (LBF), binds to sites in a number of leaky-late (beta gamma or gamma 1) genes of herpes simplex virus type 1 and that an LBF site is essential for maximum viral transactivation of the major capsid protein (VP5) gene. The results of binding competition, partial proteolysis, and monoclonal antibody inhibition assays presented here establish that LBF is identical to the transcription factor YY1. This, along with our previous observations, suggests that YY1 plays a role in herpes simplex virus type 1 gene regulation.
Full text
PDF![1234](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/da5e/236568/04a93a299c0f/jvirol00011-0666.png)
![1235](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/da5e/236568/57650c92570e/jvirol00011-0667.png)
![1236](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/da5e/236568/7c5373beed2c/jvirol00011-0668.png)
![1237](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/da5e/236568/798b6c904798/jvirol00011-0669.png)
![1238](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/da5e/236568/cb0d38b6e45e/jvirol00011-0670.png)
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Bauknecht T., Angel P., Royer H. D., zur Hausen H. Identification of a negative regulatory domain in the human papillomavirus type 18 promoter: interaction with the transcriptional repressor YY1. EMBO J. 1992 Dec;11(12):4607–4617. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05563.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blair E. D., Wagner E. K. A single regulatory region modulates both cis activation and trans activation of the herpes simplex virus VP5 promoter in transient-expression assays in vivo. J Virol. 1986 Nov;60(2):460–469. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.2.460-469.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen S., Mills L., Perry P., Riddle S., Wobig R., Lown R., Millette R. L. Transactivation of the major capsid protein gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 requires a cellular transcription factor. J Virol. 1992 Jul;66(7):4304–4314. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.7.4304-4314.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Everett R. D. A detailed analysis of an HSV-1 early promoter: sequences involved in trans-activation by viral immediate-early gene products are not early-gene specific. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Apr 11;12(7):3037–3056. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.7.3037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flanagan J. R., Becker K. G., Ennist D. L., Gleason S. L., Driggers P. H., Levi B. Z., Appella E., Ozato K. Cloning of a negative transcription factor that binds to the upstream conserved region of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Jan;12(1):38–44. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.1.38. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hay N., Bishop J. M., Levens D. Regulatory elements that modulate expression of human c-myc. Genes Dev. 1987 Sep;1(7):659–671. doi: 10.1101/gad.1.7.659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee T. C., Chow K. L., Fang P., Schwartz R. J. Activation of skeletal alpha-actin gene transcription: the cooperative formation of serum response factor-binding complexes over positive cis-acting promoter serum response elements displaces a negative-acting nuclear factor enriched in replicating myoblasts and nonmyogenic cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Oct;11(10):5090–5100. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.10.5090. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee T. C., Schwartz R. J. Using proteases to avoid false identification of DNA-protein complexes in gel shift assays. Biotechniques. 1992 Apr;12(4):486–490. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee T. C., Shi Y., Schwartz R. J. Displacement of BrdUrd-induced YY1 by serum response factor activates skeletal alpha-actin transcription in embryonic myoblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 15;89(20):9814–9818. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.20.9814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Montalvo E. A., Shi Y., Shenk T. E., Levine A. J. Negative regulation of the BZLF1 promoter of Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol. 1991 Jul;65(7):3647–3655. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.7.3647-3655.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Park K., Atchison M. L. Isolation of a candidate repressor/activator, NF-E1 (YY-1, delta), that binds to the immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer and the immunoglobulin heavy-chain mu E1 site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Nov 1;88(21):9804–9808. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.21.9804. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Riggs K. J., Merrell K. T., Wilson G., Calame K. Common factor 1 is a transcriptional activator which binds in the c-myc promoter, the skeletal alpha-actin promoter, and the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Mar;11(3):1765–1769. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.3.1765. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Riggs K. J., Saleque S., Wong K. K., Merrell K. T., Lee J. S., Shi Y., Calame K. Yin-yang 1 activates the c-myc promoter. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Dec;13(12):7487–7495. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.12.7487. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schreiber E., Matthias P., Müller M. M., Schaffner W. Identification of a novel lymphoid specific octamer binding protein (OTF-2B) by proteolytic clipping bandshift assay (PCBA). EMBO J. 1988 Dec 20;7(13):4221–4229. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03319.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Seto E., Shi Y., Shenk T. YY1 is an initiator sequence-binding protein that directs and activates transcription in vitro. Nature. 1991 Nov 21;354(6350):241–245. doi: 10.1038/354241a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shi Y., Seto E., Chang L. S., Shenk T. Transcriptional repression by YY1, a human GLI-Krüppel-related protein, and relief of repression by adenovirus E1A protein. Cell. 1991 Oct 18;67(2):377–388. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90189-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Walsh K., Schimmel P. Two nuclear factors compete for the skeletal muscle actin promoter. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jul 15;262(20):9429–9432. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]