Skip to main content
Bulletin of the World Health Organization logoLink to Bulletin of the World Health Organization
. 1975;52(Suppl 3):1–61.

Safety evaluation of chemicals in food: toxicological data profiles for pesticides

1. Carbamate and organophosphorus insecticides used in agriculture and public health

G Vettorazzi, P Miles-Vettorazzi
PMCID: PMC2373428  PMID: 779805

Abstract

The sources of the scientific information used over the past several years by the Joint FAO/WHO Meetings on Pesticide Residues in carrying out toxicological evaluations are classified systematically according to compound and subject for the first time in this paper. It is hoped that those engaged in the toxicological assessment of pesticide chemicals, for the purpose of standardizing pesticide tolerances or for developing criteria of acceptability, will profit from this classification.

Full text

PDF
1

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ALDRIDGE W. N., DAVISON A. N. The inhibition of erythrocyte cholinesterase by tri-esters of phosphoric acid. II. Diethyl p-nitrophenyl thionphosphate (E605) and analogues. Biochem J. 1952 Dec;52(4):663–671. doi: 10.1042/bj0520663. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aal A. M., el-Hawary M. F., Kamel H., Abdel-Khalek M. K., el-Diwany K. M. Blood cholinesterases, hepatic renal and haemopoietic functions in children receiving repeated doses of "dipterex". J Egypt Med Assoc. 1970;53(3):265–271. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Abdalla A., Saif M., Taha A., Ashmawy H., Tawfik J., Abdel-Fattah F., Sabet S., Abdel-Meguid M. Evaluation of an organo-phosphorus compound, Dipterex in the treatment of bilharziasis. J Egypt Med Assoc. 1965;48(4):262–273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Abou-Donia M. B., Dieckert J. W. Gossypol: subcellular localization and stimulation of rat liver microsomal oxidases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1971 Mar;18(3):507–516. doi: 10.1016/s0041-008x(71)80003-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Aharoni A. H., O'Brien R. D. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by anionic organophosphorus compounds. Biochemistry. 1968 Apr;7(4):1538–1545. doi: 10.1021/bi00844a042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Ambrose A. M., Larson P. S., Borzelleca J. F., Hennigar G. R., Jr Toxicologic studies on diethyl-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-chlorovinyl phosphate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1970 Sep;17(2):323–336. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(70)90189-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Andrawes N. R., Chancey E. L., Crabtree R. J., Herrett R. A., Weiden M. H. Fate of naphthyl-1- 14 C carbaryl in laying chickens. J Agric Food Chem. 1972 May-Jun;20(3):608–617. doi: 10.1021/jf60181a044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. BAR F. Fütterungsversuche mit Systoxbehandelten Zuckerrüben. Arzneimittelforschung. 1954 Nov;4(11):668–672. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. BARNES J. M., DENZ F. A. The chronic toxicity of p-nitrophenyl diethyl thiophosphate (E. 605); a long-term feeding experiment with rats. J Hyg (Lond) 1951 Dec;49(4):430–441. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400066742. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. BARON R. L., CASTERLINE J. L., Jr, FITZHUGH O. G. SPECIFICITY OF CARBAMATE-INDUCED ESTERASE INHIBITION IN MICE. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1964 Jul;6:402–410. doi: 10.1016/s0041-008x(64)80005-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. BENES V., CERNA V. P R'ISP EVEK K OT'AZCE REZIDU'I DIPTEREXU. Cesk Hyg. 1965 May;10:209–212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. BEST E. M., Jr, MURRAY B. L. Observations on workers exposed to Sevin insecticide: a preliminary report. J Occup Med. 1962 Oct;4:507–517. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. BOCKEL P. Vergiftung mit einem Phosphorsäureesterpräparat der Diazinon-Gruppe; Basudin. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1957 Jul 26;82(30):1230–1231. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1116858. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. BOMBINSKI T. J., DUBOIS K. P. Toxicity and mechanism of action of di-syston. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1958 Mar;17(3):192–199. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. BRODEUR J., DUBOIS K. P. COMPARISON OF ACUTE TOXICITY OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE INSECTICIDES TO WEANLING AND ADULT MALE RATS. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1963 Nov;114:509–511. doi: 10.3181/00379727-114-28716. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. BRODEUR J., DUBOIS K. P. STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACQUIRED TOLERANCE BY RATS OF 0,0-DIETHYL S-2-(ETHYLTHIO)ETHYL PHOSPHORODITHIOATE (DI-SYSTON). Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1964 Jun 1;149:560–570. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. BULL D. L. METABOLISM OF DI-SYSTON BY INSECTS, ISOLATED COTTON LEAVES, AND RATS. J Econ Entomol. 1965 Apr;58:249–254. doi: 10.1093/jee/58.2.249. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Boyd E. M., Carsky E. Kwashiorigenic diet and diazinon toxicity. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1969;27(4):284–294. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1969.tb00514.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Brust R. A., Miyazaki S., Hodgson G. C. Effect of Dursban in the drinking water of chicks. J Econ Entomol. 1971 Oct;64(5):1179–1183. doi: 10.1093/jee/64.5.1179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Budreau C. H., Singh R. P. Teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of demeton and fenthion in CF 1 mouse embryos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1973 Feb;24(2):324–332. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(73)90152-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. CASIDA J. E. Isomeric substituted-vinyl phosphates as systemic insecticides. Science. 1955 Sep 30;122(3170):597–598. doi: 10.1126/science.122.3170.597-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. CASIDA J. E., SANDERSON D. M. Toxic hazard from formulating the insecticide dimethoate in methyl 'Cellosolve'. Nature. 1961 Feb 11;189:507–508. doi: 10.1038/189507a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cabejszek I., Rybak M., Szuliński S. Wpływ tiometonu (0,0-dwumetylodwutiofosforan 2-etylomerkaptoetylu) w wodzie do picia na zwierzeta stałocieplne. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 1967;18(3):257–265. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Cavagna G., Locati G., Vigliani E. C. Clinical effects of exposure to DDVP (Vapona) insecticide in hospital wards. Arch Environ Health. 1969 Jul;19(1):112–123. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1969.10666812. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cavagna G., Locati G., Vigliani E. C. Exposure of newborn babies to "Vapona" insecticide. Eur J Toxicol. 1970 Jan-Feb;3(1):49–57. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Cavagna G., Vigliani E. C. Problemes d'hygiene et de securitè dans l'emploi du Vapona comme insecticide dans les locaux domestiques. Med Lav. 1970 Aug-Sep;61(8):409–423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. DAVISON A. N. Return of cholinesterase activity in the rat after inhibition by organophosphorus compounds. 2. A comparative study of true and pseudo cholinesterase. Biochem J. 1955 Jun;60(2):339–346. doi: 10.1042/bj0600339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. DAVISON A. N. The conversion of schra dan (OMPA) and parathion into inhibitors of cholinesterase by mammalian liver. Biochem J. 1955 Oct;61(2):203–209. doi: 10.1042/bj0610203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. DEICHMANN W. B., PUGLIESE W., CASSIDY J. Effects of dimethyl and diethyl paranitrophenyl thiophosphate on experimental animals. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med. 1952 Jan;5(1):44–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. DEICHMANN W. B., RAKOCZY R. Toxicity and mechanism of action of systox. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1955 Apr;11(4):324–331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. DUBOIS K. P., COTTER G. J. Studies on the toxicity and mechanism of action of dipterex. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1955 Jan;11(1):53–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. DUBOIS K. P., KINOSHITA F. ACUTE TOXICITY AND ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTION OF O,O-DIETHYL O-P-(METHYLSULFINYL)PHENYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE (DMSP) AND SOME RELATED COMPOUNDS. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1964 Jan;6:78–85. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(64)90024-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. DUBOIS K. P., KINOSHITA F. ACUTE TOXICITY AND ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTION OF O,O-DIMETHYL O-(4-(METHYLTHIO)-M-TOLYL) PHOSPHOROTHIOATE (DMTP; BAYTEX) AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1964 Jan;6:86–95. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(64)90025-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. DUBOIS K. P., MURPHY S. D., THURSH D. R. Toxicity and mechanism of action of some metabolites of systox. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1956 Jun;13(6):606–612. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. DUBOIS K. P., PLAZAK G. J. The acute toxicity and anticholinesterase action of O, O-dimethyl S-ethyl-2-sulfinylethyl phosphorothioate (Meta-Systox R) and related compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1962 Sep;4:621–630. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(62)90089-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. DUBOIS K. P. Potentiation of the toxicity of insecticidal organic phosphates. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1958 Dec;18(6):488–496. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. DUBOIS K. P., THURSH D. R., MURPHY S. D. Studies on the toxicity and pharmacologic actions of the dimethoxy ester of benzotriazine dithiophosphoric acid (DBD, guthion). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1957 Feb;119(2):208–218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. DURHAM W. F., GAINES T. B., MCCAULEY R. H., Jr, SEDLAK V. A., MATTSON A. M., HAYES W. J., Jr Studies on the toxicity of O, O-dimethyl-2, 2-dichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP). AMA Arch Ind Health. 1957 Apr;15(4):340–349. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. DURHAM W. F., HAYES W. J., Jr, MATTSON A. M. Toxicological studies of O,O-dimethyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP) in tobacco warehouses. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1959 Sep;20:202–210. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Davis A., Bailey D. R. Metrifonate in urinary schistosomiasis. Bull World Health Organ. 1969;41(2):209–224. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Dinerman A. A., Lavrent'eva N. A., Il'inskaia N. A. K voprosu ob émbriotoksicheskom deistvii nekotorykh pestitsidov. Gig Sanit. 1970 Jul;35(7):39–42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Dorough H. W., Leeling N. C., Casida J. E. Nonhydrolytic Pathway in Metabolism of N-Methylcarbamate Insecticides. Science. 1963 Apr 12;140(3563):170–171. doi: 10.1126/science.140.3563.170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Dorough H. W., Mehendale H. M., Lin T. Modification of carbaryl metabolism in rats with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J Econ Entomol. 1972 Aug;65(4):958–962. doi: 10.1093/jee/65.4.958. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. DuBOIS K. P., COON J. M. Toxicology of organic phosphorus-containing insecticides to mammals. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med. 1952 Jul;6(1):9–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. DuBOIS K. P., DOULL J. Studies on the toxicity and mechanism of action of p-nitrophenyl diethyl thionophosphate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1949 Jan;95(1):79–91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Dupuis G., Muecke W., Esser H. O. The metabolic behavior of the insecticidal phosphorus ester GS-13005. J Econ Entomol. 1971 Jun;64(3):588–597. doi: 10.1093/jee/64.3.588. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. EDSON E. F., NOAKES D. N. The comparative toxicity of six organophosphorus insecticides in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1960 Sep;2:523–539. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(60)90019-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. ENGBAEK L., JENSEN O. S. Toxic and cholinesterase inhibitory action of diethyl p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate (parathion). Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1951;7(2):189–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. ERDMANN W. D., LENDLE L. Vergiftungen mit esteraseblockierenden Insecticiden aus der Gruppe der organischen Phosphorsäure-Ester (E 605 und Verwandte). Ergeb Inn Med Kinderheilkd. 1958;10:104–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Earl F. L., Melveger B. E., Reinwall J. E., Bierbower G. W., Curtis J. M. Diazinon toxicity--comparative studies in dogs and miniature swine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1971 Feb;18(2):285–295. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(71)90120-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Esser H. O., Mücke W., Alt K. O. Der Abbau des Insektizides GS 13005 in der Ratte. Strukturaufklärung der wichtigsten Metabolite. Helv Chim Acta. 1968 Apr 20;51(3):513–517. doi: 10.1002/hlca.19680510313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. FRANCIS J. I., BARNES J. M. STUDIES ON THE MAMMALIAN TOXICITY OF FENTHION. Bull World Health Organ. 1963;29:205–212. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. FRAWLEY J. P., HAGAN E. C., FITZHUGH O. G. A comparative pharmacological and toxicological study of organic phosphate-anticholinesterase compounds. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1952 Jun;105(2):156–165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. FRAWLEY J. P., WEIR R., TUSING T., DUBOIS K. P., CALANDRA J. C. TOXICOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS ON DELNAV. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1963 Sep;5:605–624. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(63)90006-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. FREDRIKSSON T., BIGELOW J. K. Tissue distribution of P32-labeled parathion. Autoradiographic technique. Arch Environ Health. 1961 Jun;2:663–667. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1961.10662923. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. FUNCKES A. J., MILLER S., HAYES W. J., Jr INITIAL FIELD STUDIES IN UPPER VOLTA WITH DICHLORVOS RESIDUAL FUMIGANT AS A MALARIA ERADICATION TECHNIQUE. 3. TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION. Bull World Health Organ. 1963;29:243–246. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Fish S. A. Organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors and fetal development. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1966 Dec 15;96(8):1148–1154. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(66)90526-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Fitzhugh O. G. Problems related to the use of pesticides. Can Med Assoc J. 1966 Mar 19;94(12):598–604. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. GALVIN T. J., BELL R. R., TURK R. D. Anthelmintics for ruminants. II. Anthelmintic activity and toxicity of ruelene in sheep. Am J Vet Res. 1960 Nov;21:1058–1061. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. GARDOCKI J. F., HAZLETON L. W. Urinary excretion of the metabolic products of parathion following its intravenous injection. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc. 1951 Oct;40(10):491–494. doi: 10.1002/jps.3030401004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. GASSMANN R. Uber Vergiftungen mit Insektiziden vom Typus der Anticholinesterasen im Zeitraum von 1950-1956. Praxis. 1957 May 9;46(19):416–concl. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. GOLDBERG M. E., JOHNSON H. E. BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF A CHOLINERGIC STIMULANT IN COMBINATION WITH VARIOUS PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1964 Sep;145:367–372. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. GOLDBERG M. E., JOHNSON H. E., KNAAK J. B. INFLUENCE OF SKF525-A ON THE BEHAVIORAL AND ANTICHOLINESTERASE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN CARBAMATES. Biochem Pharmacol. 1964 Nov;13:1483–1488. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(64)90198-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. GOLDBERG M. E., JOHNSON H. E. POTENTIATION OF CHLORPROMAZINE-INDUCED BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES BY ANTICHOLINESTERASE AGENTS. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1964 Jan;16:60–61. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1964.tb07378.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. GRATZ N. G., BRACHA P., CARMICHAEL A. A VILLAGE-SCALE TRIAL WITH DICHLORVOS AS A RESIDUAL FUMIGANT INSECTICIDE IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA. Bull World Health Organ. 1963;29:251–270. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Gaines T. B. Acute toxicity of pesticides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1969 May;14(3):515–534. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(69)90013-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Gaines T. B., Hayes W. J., Jr, Linder R. E. Liver metabolism of anticholinesterase compounds in live rats: relation to toxicity. Nature. 1966 Jan 1;209(5018):88–89. doi: 10.1038/209088a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Gibel W., Lohs K., Wildner G. P., Ziebarth D. Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen über die hepatotoxische und kanzerogene Wirkung phosphororganischer Verbindungen. I. Trichlorphon. Arch Geschwulstforsch. 1971;37(4):303–312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Goldberg M. E., Johnson H. E., Knaak J. B. Inhibition of discrete avoidance behavior by three anticholinesterase agents. Psychopharmacologia. 1965 Jan 14;7(1):72–76. doi: 10.1007/BF00404167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. HAYES W. J., Jr Safety of DDVP for the disinsection of aircraft. Bull World Health Organ. 1961;24:629–633. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. HAZLETON L. W., HOLLAND E. G. Toxicity of malathon; summary of mammalian investigations. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med. 1953 Nov;8(5):399–405. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. HEARN C. E. Trithion poisoning. Br J Ind Med. 1961 Jul;18:231–233. doi: 10.1136/oem.18.3.231. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. HEATH D. F., VANDEKAR M. Some spontaneous reactions of 00-dimethyl S-ethylthioethyl phosphorothiolate and related compounds in water and on storage, and their effects on the toxicological properties of the compounds. Biochem J. 1957 Oct;67(2):187–201. doi: 10.1042/bj0670187. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Hahn H. L., Henschler D. Zur Reaktivierbarkeit phosphorylierter Cholinesterasen durch Obidoximchlorid (Toxogonin) in vivo. Arch Toxikol. 1969;24(2):147–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Hanna S., Basmy K., Selim O., Shoeb S. M., Awny A. Y. Effects of administration of an organo-phosphorus compound as an antibilharzial agent, with special reference to plasma cholinesterase. Br Med J. 1966 Jun 4;1(5500):1390–1392. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5500.1390. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Hashimoto Y., Makita T., Onuma N., Noguchi T. Acute toxicity on dimethyl 4,4'-o-phenylene bis(3-thioallophanate), thiophanate-methyl fungicide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1972 Dec;23(4):606–615. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(72)90101-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Hashimoto Y., Mori T., Onuma N., Noguchi T. Some pharmacologic properties of a new fungicide thiophanate-methyl. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1972 Dec;23(4):616–622. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(72)90102-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Hassan A., Zayed S. M., Abdel-Hamid F. M. Metabolism of organophosphorus insecticides. V. Mechanism of detoxification of Dipterex in Prodenia litura F. Biochem Pharmacol. 1965 Nov;14(11):1577–1584. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(65)90012-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Hassan A., Zayed S. M., Bahig M. R. Metabolism of organophosphorus insecticides. XI. Metabolic fate of dimethoate in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol. 1969 Oct;18(10):2429–2438. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(69)90359-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Hassan A., Zayed S. M., Hashish S. Metabolism of organophophorus insecticides. VI. Mechanism of detoxification of Dipterex in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol. 1965 Nov;14(11):1692–1694. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(65)90029-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Hladká A., Nosál M. Tth determination of the exposition to metathion (fenitrotion) on the basis of excreting its metabolite p-nitro-m-cresol through urine in rats. Int Arch Arbeitsmed. 1967;23(3):209–214. doi: 10.1007/BF00368120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Hunter C. G. Dermal toxicity of chlorfenvinphos (CFVP). IMS Ind Med Surg. 1969 Jan;38(1):49–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Hutson D. H., Akintonwa D. A., Hathway D. E. The metabolism of 2-chloro-1-(2',4'-dichlorophenyl)vinyl diethyl phosphate (Chlorfenvinphos) in the dog and rat. Biochem J. 1967 Jan;102(1):133–142. doi: 10.1042/bj1020133. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Hutson D. H., Hathway D. E. Toxic effects of chlorfenvinphos in dogs and rats. Biochem Pharmacol. 1967 Jun;16(6):949–962. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(67)90267-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Hutson D. H., Pickering B. A., Donninger C. Phosphoric acid triester glutathione alkyltransferase. A mechanism for the detoxification of dimethyl phosphate triesters. Biochem J. 1972 Mar;127(1):285–293. doi: 10.1042/bj1270285. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. JUCKER O. Thiometon; verhalten in aer Pflanze, Bestimmung von Spritzrückstanden. Mitt Geb Lebensmittelunters Hyg. 1958;49(5):299–322. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Johnsen R. E., Dahm P. A. Activation and degradation efficiencies of liver microsomes from eight vertebrate species, using organophosphates as substrates. J Econ Entomol. 1966 Dec;59(6):1437–1442. doi: 10.1093/jee/59.6.1437. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. KALOW W., MARTON A. Second-generation toxicity of malathion in rats. Nature. 1961 Nov 4;192:464–465. doi: 10.1038/192464a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. KAPLANIS J. N., LOULOUDES S. J., ROAN C. C. The distribution and excretion of P32-labeled diazinon in guinea pigs. Trans Kans Acad Sci. 1962;65:70–75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. KLIMMER O. R., PFAFF W. Untersuchungen über die Toxicität des neuen Kontaktinsekticides 0, 0-Dimethyl-thiophosphorsäure-0-(beta-S-äthyl)-äthylester (Metasystox). Arzneimittelforschung. 1955 Oct;5(10):584–587. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. KLIMMER O. R., PFAFF W. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Toxicität organischer Thiophosphorsäureester. I. Arzneimittelforschung. 1955 Nov;5(11):626–630. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. KLOTZSCHE C. Thiometon, ein neuer systemischer Phosphorsäureester. Mitt Geb Lebensmittelunters Hyg. 1958;49(1):72–77. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. KLOTZSCHE C. ZUR TOXIKOLOGISCHEN PRUEFUNG NEUER INSECTICIDER PHOSPHORSAEUREESTER. Int Arch Gewerbepathol Gewerbehyg. 1964 Nov 3;21:92–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Kimmerle G. Comparison of the antidotal actions of tetraethylammonium chloride and atropine in acute poisoning of carbamate insecticides in rats. Arch Toxikol. 1971;27(3):311–314. doi: 10.1007/BF00315052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Laws E. R., Jr Route of absorption of DDVP after oral administration to rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1966 Mar;8(2):193–196. doi: 10.1016/s0041-008x(66)80003-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Lillie R. J. Studies on the reproductive performance and progeny performance of caged White Leghorns fed malathion and carbaryl. Poult Sci. 1973 Jan;52(1):266–272. doi: 10.3382/ps.0520266. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Locke R. K. Thin-layer chromatography of 1-naphthyl N-hydroxy,N-methylcarbamate and its application in two in vitro studies involving carbaryl. J Agric Food Chem. 1972 Sep-Oct;20(5):1078–1080. doi: 10.1021/jf60183a031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Lorke D., Kimmerle G. Die Wirkung von Reaktivatoren bei der Vergiftung mit Phosphorsäureestern. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol. 1969;263(1):237–238. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Lu F. C., Jessup D. C., Lavallée A. Toxicity of pesticides in young versus adult rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1965 Oct;3(4):591–596. doi: 10.1016/s0015-6264(65)80206-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Lucier G. W., Menzer R. E. Nature of oxidative metabolites of dimethoate formed in rats, liver microsomes, and bean plants. J Agric Food Chem. 1970 Jul-Aug;18(4):698–704. doi: 10.1021/jf60170a034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Löfroth G. Alkylation of DNA by dichlorvos. Naturwissenschaften. 1970 Aug;57(8):393–394. doi: 10.1007/BF00599981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. MCCOLLISTER D. D., LOCKWOOD D. T., ROWE V. K. Toxicologic information of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1961 Jan;3:63–70. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(61)90009-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. MELIS R., MONTANELLI P., MELIS G. I rischi dovuti alla presenza di residui di parathion e di diazinone nell'olio di oliva destinato all'alimentazione: ricerche sperimentali sul ratto albino. Ann Sanita Pubblica. 1959 Jan-Feb;20(1):5–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. MOELLER H. C., RIDER J. A. Plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase activity as indications of the threshold of incipient toxicity of ethyl-p-nitrophenyl thionobenzenephosphonate (EPN) and malathion in human beings. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1962 Jan;4:123–130. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(62)90081-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Makita T., Hashimoto Y., Noguchi T. Mutagenic, cytogenetic and teratogenic studies on thiophanate-methyl. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1973 Feb;24(2):206–215. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(73)90141-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. McCollister D. D., Olson K. J., Rowe V. K., Paynter O. E., Weir R. J., Dieterick W. H. Toxicology of 4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate (Ruelene) in laboratory animals. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1968 Aug;6(2):185–198. doi: 10.1016/0015-6264(68)90200-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Metcalf R. L. Structure-activity relationships for insecticidal carbamates. Bull World Health Organ. 1971;44(1-3):43–78. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Misu Y., Segawa T., Kuruma I., Kojima M., Takagi H. Subacute toxicity of O, o-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate (Sumithion) in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1966 Jul;9(1):17–26. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(66)90025-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Miyamoto J. Mechanism of low toxicity of Sumithion toward mammals. Residue Rev. 1969;25:251–264. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8443-8_19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Morello A., Vardanis A., Spencer E. Y. Differential glutathione-dependent detoxication of two geometrical vinyl organophosphorus (mevinphos) isomers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1967 Oct 26;29(2):241–245. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(67)90594-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Morello A., Vardanis A., Spencer E. Y. Mechanism of detoxication of some organophosphorus compounds: the role of glutathione-dependent demethylation. Can J Biochem. 1968 Aug;46(8):885–892. doi: 10.1139/o68-132. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Murphy S. D., Lauwerys R. R., Cheever K. L. Comparative anticholinesterase action of organophosphorus insecticides in vertebrates. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1968 Jan;12(1):22–35. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(68)90172-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Murphy S. D. Response of adaptive rat liver enzymes to acute poisoning by organophosphate insecticides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1966 Mar;8(2):266–276. doi: 10.1016/s0041-008x(66)80013-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Mücke W., Alt K. O., Esser H. O. Degradation of 14 C-labeled Diazinon in the rat. J Agric Food Chem. 1970 Mar-Apr;18(2):208–212. doi: 10.1021/jf60168a020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Nakatsugawa T., Tolman N. M., Dahm P. A. Oxidative degradation of diazinon by rat liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1969 Mar;18(3):685–688. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(69)90096-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Natoff I. L. Influence of the route of administration on the toxicity of some cholinesterase inhibitors. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1967 Sep;19(9):612–616. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1967.tb09598.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Natoff I. L., Reiff B. Effect of oximes on the acute toxicity of anticholinesterase carbamates. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1973 Aug;25(4):569–575. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(73)90026-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Neal R. A. Studies on the metabolism of diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphorothionate (parathion) in vitro. Biochem J. 1967 Apr;103(1):183–191. doi: 10.1042/bj1030183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Nosál M., Hladká A. Determination of the exposure to fenitrothion (0,0-dimethyl-0-3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl-thiophosphate) on the basis of the excretion of p-nitro-m-cresol by the urine of the persons tested. Int Arch Arbeitsmed. 1968;25(1):28–38. doi: 10.1007/BF00404665. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. O'BRIEN R. D. Activation of thionophosphates by liver microsomes. Nature. 1959 Jan 10;183(4654):121–122. doi: 10.1038/183121a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Olefir A. I., Vinogradova V. Kh. Embriotropnoe deistvie pestitsidov sevina i tsirama. Vrach Delo. 1968 Nov;11:103–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Orlova N. V., Zhalbé E. P. Eksperimental'nye materialy k voprosu o predel'no podustimykh kolichestvakh sevina v pishchevykh produktakh. Vopr Pitan. 1968 Nov-Dec;27(6):49–55. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Pekas J. C. Intestinal metabolism and trsport of naphthyl N-methylcarbamate in vitro (rat). Am J Physiol. 1971 Jun;220(6):2008–2012. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.6.2008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Pekas J. C., Paulson G. D. Intestinal hydrolysis and conjugation of a pesticidal carbamate in vitro. Science. 1970 Oct 2;170(3953):77–78. doi: 10.1126/science.170.3953.77. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Pickering E. N. Organic phosphate insecticide poisoning. Laboratory aspects. Can J Med Technol. 1966 Aug;28(4):174–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Pickering W. R. The acute toxicity of chlorfenvinphos to sheep and cattle when applied dermally. Vet Rec. 1965 Sep 25;77(39):1140–1144. doi: 10.1136/vr.77.39.1140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Polan C. E., Chandler P. T. Metabolism of 14 C-carbonyl labeled supracide by lactating cows. J Dairy Sci. 1971 Jun;54(6):847–853. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(71)85930-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Preussmann R. Direct alkylating agents as carcinogens. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1968 Dec;6(5):576–577. doi: 10.1016/0015-6264(68)90297-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. RADELEFF R. D., JACKSON J. B., BUCK W. B., YOUNGER R. L., WEIDENBACH C. P., ROBERTS R. H. Toxicity studies of Bayer 21/199 in livestock. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1963 Mar 15;142:624–631. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. RASMUSSEN W. A., JENSEN J. A., STEIN W. J., HAYES W. J., Jr Toxicological studies of DDVP for disinsection of aircraft. Aerosp Med. 1963 Jul;34:593–600. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. ROGER J. C., CHAMBERS H., CASIDA J. E. NICOTINIC ACID ANALOGS: EFFECTS ON RESPONSE OF CHICK EMBRYOS AND HENS TO ORGANOPHOSPHATE TOXICANTS. Science. 1964 May 1;144(3618):539–540. doi: 10.1126/science.144.3618.539. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Rappoport M. B. Mikroskopicheskie i ul'trastrukturnye izmeneniia shchitovidnoi zhelezy pri vozdeistvii na organizm insektitsida sevina. Vrach Delo. 1969 May;5:102–105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Reiner E., Simeon V. The inhibitory power of 2-isopropoxyphenyl-N-methylcarbamate against serum cholinesterase of various individuals. Arch Toxikol. 1968;23(3):237–239. doi: 10.1007/BF00577402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Richey F. A., Jr, Bartley W. J., Fitzpatrick J. T., Kurtz A. P. Chemical synthesis of the carbaryl metabolite trans-5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1-naphthyl methylcarbamate. J Agric Food Chem. 1972 Jul-Aug;20(4):825–828. doi: 10.1021/jf60182a032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Robens J. F. Teratologic studies of carbaryl, diazinon, norea, disulfiram, and thiram in small laboratory animals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1969 Jul;15:152–163. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(69)90143-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Roger J. C., Upshall D. G., Casida J. E. Structure--activity and metabolism studies on organophosphate teratogens and their alleviating agents in developing hen eggs with special emphasis on Bidrin. Biochem Pharmacol. 1969 Feb;18(2):373–392. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(69)90215-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Rybakova M. N. O toksicheskom deistvii sevina na zhivotnyi orrganizm. Gig Sanit. 1966 Sep;31(9):42–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. SANDERSON D. M., EDSON E. F. TOXICOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF THE ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE DIMETHOATE. Br J Ind Med. 1964 Jan;21:52–64. doi: 10.1136/oem.21.1.52. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. SANTI R., DE PIETRI-TONELLI P. Mode of action and biological properties of the S-(methylcarbamyl) methyl O, O-dimethyl-dithiophosphate. Nature. 1959 Feb 7;183(4658):398–398. doi: 10.1038/183398a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. SHAFFER C. B., WEST B. The acute and subacute toxicity of technical O,O-diethyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl phosphorothioat hydrogen oxalate (tetram). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1960 Jan;2:1–13. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(60)90065-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Sachsse K. R., Voss G. Toxicology of phosphamidon. Residue Rev. 1971;37:61–88. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8473-5_5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Sasinovich L. M. K obosnovaniiu predel'no dopustimoi kontsentratsii ddvo v vozdukhe rabochei zony. Gig Sanit. 1968 Dec;33(12):35–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Schlinke J. C. Chronic toxicity of Dursban in chickens, 1969. J Econ Entomol. 1970 Feb;63(1):319–319. doi: 10.1093/jee/63.1.319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Schwarz H., Dedek W. Das Verhalten von radioaktiv markiertem Trichlorphon nach Pour-on-Applikation (Aufgiessverfahren) zur Dassellarvenbekämpfung beim Rind. Monatsh Veterinarmed. 1965 Dec 1;20(23):958–960. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Schwarz H., Dedek W. Untersuchungen über den Abbau und die Ausscheidungen von 32P-markiertem Trichlorphon beim Schwein. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1965 Dec;12(7):653–660. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Shellenberger T. E., Newell G. W., Adams R. F., Barbaccia J. Cholinesterase inhibition and toxicologic evaluation of two organophosphate pesticides in Japanese quail. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1966 Jan;8(1):22–28. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(66)90096-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Sherman M., Herrick R. B., Ross E., Chang M. T. Further studies on the acute and subacute toxicity of insecticides to chicks. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1967 Jul;11(1):49–67. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(67)90026-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Shimamoto K., Hattori K. Chronic feeding of Bayten (O,O-dimethyl-O-(4-methylmercapto-3-methyl)phenyl-thiophosphate) in rats. Acta Sch Med Univ Kioto. 1968 Dec;40(2):163–171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Shtenberg A. I., Orlova N. V. K voprosu o mekhanizme toksicheskogo deistviia sevina--pestitsida iz gruppy karbaminovykh soedinenii. Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR. 1970;25(12):72–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Shtenberg A. I., Rybakova M. N. Effect of carbaryl on the neuroendocrine system of rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1968 Dec;6(4):461–467. doi: 10.1016/0015-6264(68)90136-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Sideroff S. I., Santolucito J. A. Behavioral and physiological effects of the cholinesterase inhibitor carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate). Physiol Behav. 1972 Sep;9(3):459–462. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(72)90175-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Smalley H. E., Curtis J. M., Earl F. L. Teratogenic action of carbaryl in beagle dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1968 Nov;13(3):392–403. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(68)90115-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Soda H. Note on the history of Japanese drug manufacture (Part II) II. Transmission of the Western medicine and new development of drug manufacture. (Jpn) Igakushi Kenkyu. 1972;39:421–429. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Stavinoha W. B., Ryan L. C., Smith P. W. Biochemical effects of an organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor on the rat brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1969;160(1):378–382. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb15859.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Strother A. In vitro metabolism of methylcarbamate insecticides by human and rat liver fraction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1972 Jan;21(1):112–129. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(72)90033-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Su M. Q., Kinoshita F. K., Frawley J. P., DuBois K. P. Comparative inhibition of aliesterases and cholinesterase in rats fed eighteen organophosphorus insecticides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1971 Oct;20(2):241–249. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(71)90050-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Sullivan L. J., Eldridge J. M., Knaak J. B., Tallant M. J. 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxycarbaryl glucuronide as a significant metabolite of carbaryl in the rat. J Agric Food Chem. 1972 Sep-Oct;20(5):980–985. doi: 10.1021/jf60183a039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Syrowatka T., Jurek A., Nazarewicz T. Chroniczna krótkookresowa toksycznoś o-izopropoksyfenylo-N-metylokarbaminianu (propoksuru. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 1971;22(5):579–589. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. TAYLOR A. OBSERVATIONS ON HUMAN EXPOSURE TO THE ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE FENTHION IN NIGERIA. Bull World Health Organ. 1963;29:213–218. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Tanimura T., Katsuya T., Nishimura H. Embryotoxicity of acute exposure to methyl parathion in rats and mice. Arch Environ Health. 1967 Nov;15(5):609–613. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1967.10664976. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. VANDEKAR M. The toxic properties of demeton-methyl (metasystox) and some related compounds. Br J Ind Med. 1958 Jul;15(3):158–167. doi: 10.1136/oem.15.3.158. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Vandekar M. Observations on the toxicity of carbaryl, folithion and 3-isopropylphenyl n-methylcarbamate in a village-scale trial in Southern Nigeria. Bull World Health Organ. 1965;33(1):107–115. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Vandekar M., Plestina R., Wilhelm K. Toxicity of carbamates for mammals. Bull World Health Organ. 1971;44(1-3):241–249. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Vandekar M., Reiner E., Svetlicić B., Fajdetić T. Value of ED50 testing in assessing hazards of acute poisoning by carbamates and organophosphates. Br J Ind Med. 1965 Oct;22(4):317–320. doi: 10.1136/oem.22.4.317. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Vandekar M., Wilford K. The effect on cholinesterase activity of storage of undiluted whole blood sampled from men exposed to o-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate (OMS-33). Bull World Health Organ. 1969;40(1):91–96. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. WEST B., VIDONE L. B., SHAFFER C. B. Acute and subacute toxicity of dimethoate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1961 Mar;3:210–223. doi: 10.1016/s0041-008x(61)80007-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. WILLIAMS M. W., COOK J. W., BLAKE J. R., JORGENSEN P. S., FRAWLEY J. P., RIDER J. A., MOELLER H. C., SWADER J., WEILERSTEIN R. W. The effect of parathion on human red blood cell and plasma cholinesterase. AMA Arch Ind Health. 1958 Nov;18(5):441–445. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. WILLS J. H. Recent studies of organic phosphate poisoning. Fed Proc. 1959 Dec;18:1020–1025. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. WIRTH W. Zur Wirkung System-insecticider Phosphorsäure-Ester im Warmblüter-Stoffwechsel. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol. 1958;234(4):352–363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. WITTER R. F., GAINES T. B. RATE OF FORMATION IN VIVO OF THE UNREACTIVATABLE FORMS OF BRAIN CHOLINESTERASE IN CHICKENS GIVEN DDVP OR MALATHION. Biochem Pharmacol. 1963 Dec;12:1421–1427. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(63)90212-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. WITTER R. F., GAINES T. B. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION OF BRAIN OR PLASMA CHOLINESTERASE AND PARALYSIS IN CHICKENS CAUSED BY CERTAIN ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS. Biochem Pharmacol. 1963 Dec;12:1377–1386. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(63)90207-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. WITTER R. F., GAINES T. B., SHORT J. G., SEDLAK V. A., MADDOCK D. R. Studies on the safety of DDVP for the disinsection of commercial aircraft. Bull World Health Organ. 1961;24:635–642. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Weil C. S., Condra N. I., Carpenter C. P. Correlation of 4-hour vs. 24-hour contact skin penetration toxicity in the rat and rabbit and use of the former for predictions of relative hazard of pesticide formulations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1971 Mar;18(3):734–742. doi: 10.1016/s0041-008x(71)80028-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Weil C. S., Woodside M. D., Carpenter C. P., Smyth H. F., Jr Current status of tests of carbaryl for reproductive and teratogenic effect. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1972 Mar;21(3):390–404. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(72)90159-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. YAMASHITA K. Toxicity of dipterex and its vinyl derivative (DDVP). Ind Med Surg. 1962 Apr;31:170–173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Zhdanovich N. V., Udalov Iu F. O roli tiamina i piridoksina pri ostroi i podostroi intoksikatsii fosfororganicheskim insektitsidom diptereksom. Vopr Pitan. 1970 Jan-Feb;29(1):28–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. von Clarmann M., Geldmacher-von Mallinck Uber eine erfolgreich behandelte akute orale Vergiftung durch Fenthion und dessen Nachweis in Mageninhalt und Harn. Arch Toxikol. 1966;22(1):2–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Bulletin of the World Health Organization are provided here courtesy of World Health Organization

RESOURCES