Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) induces T-cell leukemia and transforms human T cells in vitro. A recently identified protein with a molecular weight of 12,000 (12K) (p12I), encoded by single- and double-spliced mRNAs transcribed from the 3' end of the HTLV-I genome, has been shown to localize in the perinuclear compartment and in the cellular endomembranes. The p12I protein exhibits significant amino acid sequence similarity to the E5 oncoprotein of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1). Both proteins are very hydrophobic, contain a glutamine residue in the middle of a potential transmembrane region(s), and are localized in similar cellular compartments. Because of these observations, we investigated whether the p12I resemblance to E5 correlated with a similarity in their biological behavior. We expressed the p12I protein to evaluate its ability to functionally cooperate with the BPV-1 E5 oncoprotein and to bind to a cellular target of the E5 protein, the 16K component of the vacuolar H+ ATPase. Cotransfection of the mouse C127 cell line with the p12I and E5 cDNAs showed that although p12I alone could not induce focus formation, it strongly potentiated the transforming activity of E5. In addition, the p12I protein bound to the 16K protein as efficiently as the E5 protein. These findings might provide new insight for potential mechanisms of HTLV-I transformation and suggest that p12I and E5 represent an example of convergent evolution between RNA and DNA viruses.
Full text
PDFImages in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Berneman Z. N., Gartenhaus R. B., Reitz M. S., Jr, Blattner W. A., Manns A., Hanchard B., Ikehara O., Gallo R. C., Klotman M. E. Expression of alternatively spliced human T-lymphotropic virus type I pX mRNA in infected cell lines and in primary uncultured cells from patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and healthy carriers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 1;89(7):3005–3009. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.7.3005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ciminale V., Pavlakis G. N., Derse D., Cunningham C. P., Felber B. K. Complex splicing in the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) family of retroviruses: novel mRNAs and proteins produced by HTLV type I. J Virol. 1992 Mar;66(3):1737–1745. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.3.1737-1745.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- D'Andrea A. D. The interaction of the erythropoietin receptor and gp55. Cancer Surv. 1992;15:19–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Felber B. K., Paskalis H., Kleinman-Ewing C., Wong-Staal F., Pavlakis G. N. The pX protein of HTLV-I is a transcriptional activator of its long terminal repeats. Science. 1985 Aug 16;229(4714):675–679. doi: 10.1126/science.2992082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gallo R. C. The first human retrovirus. Sci Am. 1986 Dec;255(6):88–98. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican1286-88. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gessain A., Barin F., Vernant J. C., Gout O., Maurs L., Calender A., de Thé G. Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet. 1985 Aug 24;2(8452):407–410. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92734-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goldstein D. J., Andresson T., Sparkowski J. J., Schlegel R. The BPV-1 E5 protein, the 16 kDa membrane pore-forming protein and the PDGF receptor exist in a complex that is dependent on hydrophobic transmembrane interactions. EMBO J. 1992 Dec;11(13):4851–4859. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05591.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goldstein D. J., Kulke R., Dimaio D., Schlegel R. A glutamine residue in the membrane-associating domain of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 E5 oncoprotein mediates its binding to a transmembrane component of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. J Virol. 1992 Jan;66(1):405–413. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.1.405-413.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goldstein D. J., Schlegel R. The E5 oncoprotein of bovine papillomavirus binds to a 16 kd cellular protein. EMBO J. 1990 Jan;9(1):137–145. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08089.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grassmann R., Dengler C., Müller-Fleckenstein I., Fleckenstein B., McGuire K., Dokhelar M. C., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A. Transformation to continuous growth of primary human T lymphocytes by human T-cell leukemia virus type I X-region genes transduced by a Herpesvirus saimiri vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(9):3351–3355. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.9.3351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Greene W. C., Leonard W. J., Wano Y., Svetlik P. B., Peffer N. J., Sodroski J. G., Rosen C. A., Goh W. C., Haseltine W. A. Trans-activator gene of HTLV-II induces IL-2 receptor and IL-2 cellular gene expression. Science. 1986 May 16;232(4752):877–880. doi: 10.1126/science.3010456. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hidaka M., Inoue J., Yoshida M., Seiki M. Post-transcriptional regulator (rex) of HTLV-1 initiates expression of viral structural proteins but suppresses expression of regulatory proteins. EMBO J. 1988 Feb;7(2):519–523. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02840.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hinuma Y., Nagata K., Hanaoka M., Nakai M., Matsumoto T., Kinoshita K. I., Shirakawa S., Miyoshi I. Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Oct;78(10):6476–6480. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.10.6476. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inoue J., Seiki M., Taniguchi T., Tsuru S., Yoshida M. Induction of interleukin 2 receptor gene expression by p40x encoded by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. EMBO J. 1986 Nov;5(11):2883–2888. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04583.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inoue J., Yoshida M., Seiki M. Transcriptional (p40x) and post-transcriptional (p27x-III) regulators are required for the expression and replication of human T-cell leukemia virus type I genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jun;84(11):3653–3657. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.11.3653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kiyokawa T., Seiki M., Iwashita S., Imagawa K., Shimizu F., Yoshida M. p27x-III and p21x-III, proteins encoded by the pX sequence of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8359–8363. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8359. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koralnik I. J., Fullen J., Franchini G. The p12I, p13II, and p30II proteins encoded by human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I open reading frames I and II are localized in three different cellular compartments. J Virol. 1993 Apr;67(4):2360–2366. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.4.2360-2366.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koralnik I. J., Gessain A., Klotman M. E., Lo Monico A., Berneman Z. N., Franchini G. Protein isoforms encoded by the pX region of human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Sep 15;89(18):8813–8817. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.18.8813. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koralnik I. J., Lemp J. F., Jr, Gallo R. C., Franchini G. In vitro infection of human macrophages by human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1992 Nov;8(11):1845–1849. doi: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1845. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kulke R., DiMaio D. Biological properties of the deer papillomavirus E5 gene in mouse C127 cells: growth transformation, induction of DNA synthesis, and activation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. J Virol. 1991 Sep;65(9):4943–4949. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.9.4943-4949.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mandel M., Moriyama Y., Hulmes J. D., Pan Y. C., Nelson H., Nelson N. cDNA sequence encoding the 16-kDa proteolipid of chromaffin granules implies gene duplication in the evolution of H+-ATPases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(15):5521–5524. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.15.5521. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Markham P. D., Salahuddin S. Z., Kalyanaraman V. S., Popovic M., Sarin P., Gallo R. C. Infection and transformation of fresh human umbilical cord blood cells by multiple sources of human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV). Int J Cancer. 1983 Apr 15;31(4):413–420. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910310404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martin P., Vass W. C., Schiller J. T., Lowy D. R., Velu T. J. The bovine papillomavirus E5 transforming protein can stimulate the transforming activity of EGF and CSF-1 receptors. Cell. 1989 Oct 6;59(1):21–32. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90866-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miyoshi I., Kubonishi I., Yoshimoto S., Akagi T., Ohtsuki Y., Shiraishi Y., Nagata K., Hinuma Y. Type C virus particles in a cord T-cell line derived by co-cultivating normal human cord leukocytes and human leukaemic T cells. Nature. 1981 Dec 24;294(5843):770–771. doi: 10.1038/294770a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nelson N. Structure, molecular genetics, and evolution of vacuolar H+-ATPases. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 1989 Oct;21(5):553–571. doi: 10.1007/BF00808113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Osame M., Usuku K., Izumo S., Ijichi N., Amitani H., Igata A., Matsumoto M., Tara M. HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity. Lancet. 1986 May 3;1(8488):1031–1032. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91298-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Petti L., DiMaio D. Stable association between the bovine papillomavirus E5 transforming protein and activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor in transformed mouse cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):6736–6740. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.15.6736. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Petti L., Nilson L. A., DiMaio D. Activation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor by the bovine papillomavirus E5 transforming protein. EMBO J. 1991 Apr;10(4):845–855. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb08017.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Poiesz B. J., Ruscetti F. W., Gazdar A. F., Bunn P. A., Minna J. D., Gallo R. C. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7415–7419. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Popovic M., Lange-Wantzin G., Sarin P. S., Mann D., Gallo R. C. Transformation of human umbilical cord blood T cells by human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Sep;80(17):5402–5406. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.17.5402. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rodgers-Johnson P., Gajdusek D. C., Morgan O. S., Zaninovic V., Sarin P. S., Graham D. S. HTLV-I and HTLV-III antibodies and tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet. 1985 Nov 30;2(8466):1247–1248. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90778-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schlegel R., Wade-Glass M., Rabson M. S., Yang Y. C. The E5 transforming gene of bovine papillomavirus encodes a small, hydrophobic polypeptide. Science. 1986 Jul 25;233(4762):464–467. doi: 10.1126/science.3014660. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sodroski J. G., Rosen C. A., Haseltine W. A. Trans-acting transcriptional activation of the long terminal repeat of human T lymphotropic viruses in infected cells. Science. 1984 Jul 27;225(4660):381–385. doi: 10.1126/science.6330891. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weiss R. A., Schulz T. F. Transforming properties of the HTLV-I tax gene. Cancer Cells. 1990 Aug-Sep;2(8-9):281–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilson I. A., Niman H. L., Houghten R. A., Cherenson A. R., Connolly M. L., Lerner R. A. The structure of an antigenic determinant in a protein. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):767–778. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90412-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]