Abstract
Stationary liquid cultures of Fusarium tricinctum NRRL 3299 (synonym: F. sporotrichioides) produce T-2 toxin, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and HT-2 toxin when cultured on peptone-enriched Czapek Dox medium. At 15 and 27°C, maximum T-2 toxin yield (265 and 50 μg/ml) was found after 10 to 14 and 7 days, respectively. The T-2 toxin in the culture medium was metabolized rapidly at 27°C and slowly at 15°C. Addition of 0.025% (wt/vol) sorbic acid to the medium resulted in an increased production of trichothecenes at 15°C (400 μg of T-2 per ml after 14 days). Trichothecenes in the culture liquid were determined by the brine shrimp bioassay and physicochemical analysis. The brine shrimp assay was improved by using modern bioassay equipment, including tissue culture trays and multipipettes, and by a standardized approach with positive and negative controls. The physicochemical analysis was based on adsorption of the trichothecenes onto Amberlite XAD-2 columns, derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride followed by capillary gas chromatography, and identification by mass spectrometry (as many as 17 trichothecenes were detected in the culture medium). The brine shrimp assay offers an interesting monitoring system for the quantitation of T-2 toxin and should be useful for studies on production of this toxin in culture. Specific information on less toxic trichothecenes, however, requires a more time-consuming chemical analysis.
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Abbas H. K., Mirocha C. J., Shier W. T. Mycotoxins produced from fungi isolated from foodstuffs and soil: comparison of toxicity in fibroblasts and rat feeding tests. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Sep;48(3):654–661. doi: 10.1128/aem.48.3.654-661.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burmeister H. R. T-2 toxin production by Fusarium tricinctum on solid substrate. Appl Microbiol. 1971 Apr;21(4):739–742. doi: 10.1128/am.21.4.739-742.1971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cullen D., Smalley E. B., Caldwell R. W. New process for T-2 toxin production. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Aug;44(2):371–375. doi: 10.1128/aem.44.2.371-375.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gareis M., Bauer J., von Montgelas A., Gedek B. Stimulation of aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin production by sorbic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Feb;47(2):416–418. doi: 10.1128/aem.47.2.416-418.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harwig J., Scott P. M. Brine shrimp (Artemia salina L.) larvae as a screening system for fungal toxins. Appl Microbiol. 1971 Jun;21(6):1011–1016. doi: 10.1128/am.21.6.1011-1016.1971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Joffe A. Z., Yagen B. Comparative study of the yield of T-2 toxic produced by Fusarium poae, F. sporotrichioides and F. sporotrichioides var. tricinctum strains from different sources. Mycopathologia. 1977 Feb 18;60(2):93–97. doi: 10.1007/BF00490378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Junk G. A., Richard J. J., Grieser M. D., Witiak D., Witiak J. L., Arguello M. D., Vick R., Svec H. J., Fritz J. S., Calder G. V. Use of macroreticular resins in the analysis of water for trace organic contaminants. J Chromatogr. 1974 Nov 6;99(0):745–762. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)90900-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kotsonis F. N., Ellison R. A. Assay and relationship of HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin formation in liquid culture. Appl Microbiol. 1975 Jul;30(1):33–37. doi: 10.1128/am.30.1.33-37.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Scott P. M., Harwig J., Blanchfield B. J. Screening Fusarium strains isolated from overwintered Canadian grains for trichothecenes. Mycopathologia. 1980 Nov 28;72(3):175–180. doi: 10.1007/BF00572661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Siegfried R. Fusarium-Toxine. Naturwissenschaften. 1977 May;64(5):274–274. doi: 10.1007/BF00438309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ueno Y., Sawano M., Ishii K. Production of trichothecene mycotoxins by Fusarium species in shake culture. Appl Microbiol. 1975 Jul;30(1):4–9. doi: 10.1128/am.30.1.4-9.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yoshizawa T., Morooka N. Biological modification of trichothecene mycotoxins: acetylation and deacetylation of deoxynivalenols by Fusarium spp. Appl Microbiol. 1975 Jan;29(1):54–58. doi: 10.1128/am.29.1.54-58.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]