Skip to main content
Microbiological Reviews logoLink to Microbiological Reviews
. 1996 Mar;60(1):135–150. doi: 10.1128/mr.60.1.135-150.1996

Genetic networks that regulate development in Dictyostelium cells.

W F Loomis 1
PMCID: PMC239421  PMID: 8852898

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (2.0 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Berks M., Kay R. R. Combinatorial control of cell differentiation by cAMP and DIF-1 during development of Dictyostelium discoideum. Development. 1990 Nov;110(3):977–984. doi: 10.1242/dev.110.3.977. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Blumberg D. D., Comer J. F., Higinbotham K. G. A Ca2+-dependent signal transduction system participates in coupling expression of some cAMP-dependent prespore genes to the cell surface receptor. Dev Genet. 1988;9(4-5):359–369. doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020090417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Blumer K. J., Johnson G. L. Diversity in function and regulation of MAP kinase pathways. Trends Biochem Sci. 1994 Jun;19(6):236–240. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(94)90147-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bourouis M., Moore P., Ruel L., Grau Y., Heitzler P., Simpson P. An early embryonic product of the gene shaggy encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase related to the CDC28/cdc2+ subfamily. EMBO J. 1990 Sep;9(9):2877–2884. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07477.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bradbury J. M., Gross J. D. The effect of ammonia on cell-type-specific enzyme accumulation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Cell Differ Dev. 1989 Jul;27(2):121–128. doi: 10.1016/0922-3371(89)90741-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Brookman J. J., Town C. D., Jermyn K. A., Kay R. R. Developmental regulation of a stalk cell differentiation-inducing factor in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol. 1982 May;91(1):191–196. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(82)90022-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Carrel F., Dharmawardhane S., Clark A. M., Powell-Coffman J. A., Firtel R. A. Spatial and temporal expression of the Dictyostelium discoideum G alpha protein subunit G alpha 2: expression of a dominant negative protein inhibits proper prestalk to stalk differentiation. Mol Biol Cell. 1994 Jan;5(1):7–16. doi: 10.1091/mbc.5.1.7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Caterina M. J., Milne J. L., Devreotes P. N. Mutation of the third intracellular loop of the cAMP receptor, cAR1, of Dictyostelium yields mutants impaired in multiple signaling pathways. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jan 14;269(2):1523–1532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Ceccarelli A., Mahbubani H. J., Insall R., Schnitzler G., Firtel R. A., Williams J. G. A G-rich sequence element common to Dictyostelium genes which differ radically in their patterns of expression. Dev Biol. 1992 Jul;152(1):188–193. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90169-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Ceccarelli A., Mahbubani H., Williams J. G. Positively and negatively acting signals regulating stalk cell and anterior-like cell differentiation in Dictyostelium. Cell. 1991 Jun 14;65(6):983–989. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90550-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Ceccarelli A., McRobbie S. J., Jermyn K. A., Duffy K., Early A., Williams J. G. Structural and functional characterization of a Dictyostelium gene encoding a DIF inducible, prestalk-enriched mRNA sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Sep 25;15(18):7463–7476. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.18.7463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Chen Q. G., Bleecker A. B. Analysis of ethylene signal-transduction kinetics associated with seedling-growth response and chitinase induction in wild-type and mutant arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 1995 Jun;108(2):597–607. doi: 10.1104/pp.108.2.597. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Clarke M., Dominguez N., Yuen I. S., Gomer R. H. Growing and starving Dictyostelium cells produce distinct density-sensing factors. Dev Biol. 1992 Aug;152(2):403–406. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90147-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Clarke M., Kayman S. C., Riley K. Density-dependent induction of discoidin-I synthesis in exponentially growing cells of Dictyostelium discoideum. Differentiation. 1987;34(2):79–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1987.tb00053.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Clarke M., Yang J., Kayman S. C. Analysis of the prestarvation response in growing cells of Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Genet. 1988;9(4-5):315–326. doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020090413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cooper J. A. MAP kinase pathways. Straight and narrow or tortuous and intersecting? Curr Biol. 1994 Dec 1;4(12):1118–1121. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00251-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Cubitt A. B., Dharmawardhane S., Firtel R. A. Developmentally regulated changes in 1,2-diacylglycerol in Dictyostelium. Regulation by light and G proteins. J Biol Chem. 1993 Aug 15;268(23):17431–17439. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Datta S., Firtel R. A. An 80-bp cis-acting regulatory region controls cAMP and development regulation of a prestalk gene in Dictyostelium. Genes Dev. 1988 Mar;2(3):294–304. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.3.294. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Datta S., Firtel R. A. Identification of the sequences controlling cyclic AMP regulation and cell-type-specific expression of a prestalk-specific gene in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;7(1):149–159. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.1.149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Datta S., Gomer R. H., Firtel R. A. Spatial and temporal regulation of a foreign gene by a prestalk-specific promoter in transformed Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Mar;6(3):811–820. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.3.811. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Davies L., Satre M., Martin J. B., Gross J. D. The target of ammonia action in dictyostelium. Cell. 1993 Oct 22;75(2):321–327. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)80073-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Davis R. J. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jul 15;268(20):14553–14556. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Devreotes P. N. G protein-linked signaling pathways control the developmental program of Dictyostelium. Neuron. 1994 Feb;12(2):235–241. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(94)90267-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Diaz-Benjumea F. J., Cohen S. M. wingless acts through the shaggy/zeste-white 3 kinase to direct dorsal-ventral axis formation in the Drosophila leg. Development. 1994 Jun;120(6):1661–1670. doi: 10.1242/dev.120.6.1661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Dominguez I., Itoh K., Sokol S. Y. Role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta as a negative regulator of dorsoventral axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 29;92(18):8498–8502. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.18.8498. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Drayer A. L., Van der Kaay J., Mayr G. W., Van Haastert P. J. Role of phospholipase C in Dictyostelium: formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and normal development in cells lacking phospholipase C activity. EMBO J. 1994 Apr 1;13(7):1601–1609. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06423.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Dynes J. L., Clark A. M., Shaulsky G., Kuspa A., Loomis W. F., Firtel R. A. LagC is required for cell-cell interactions that are essential for cell-type differentiation in Dictyostelium. Genes Dev. 1994 Apr 15;8(8):948–958. doi: 10.1101/gad.8.8.948. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Early A. E., Gaskell M. J., Traynor D., Williams J. G. Two distinct populations of prestalk cells within the tip of the migratory Dictyostelium slug with differing fates at culmination. Development. 1993 Jun;118(2):353–362. doi: 10.1242/dev.118.2.353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Early A. E., Williams J. G. A Dictyostelium prespore-specific gene is transcriptionally repressed by DIF in vitro. Development. 1988 Jul;103(3):519–524. doi: 10.1242/dev.103.3.519. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Early A. E., Williams J. G. Identification of sequences regulating the transcription of a Dictyostelium gene selectively expressed in prespore cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Aug 25;17(16):6473–6484. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.16.6473. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Early A. E., Williams J. G., Meyer H. E., Por S. B., Smith E., Williams K. L., Gooley A. A. Structural characterization of Dictyostelium discoideum prespore-specific gene D19 and of its product, cell surface glycoprotein PsA. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Aug;8(8):3458–3466. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.8.3458. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Errede B., Levin D. E. A conserved kinase cascade for MAP kinase activation in yeast. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1993 Apr;5(2):254–260. doi: 10.1016/0955-0674(93)90112-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Escalante R., Loomis W. F. Whole-mount in situ hybridization of cell-type-specific mRNAs in Dictyostelium. Dev Biol. 1995 Sep;171(1):262–266. doi: 10.1006/dbio.1995.1278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Esch R. K., Howard P. K., Firtel R. A. Regulation of the Dictyostelium cAMP-induced, prestalk-specific DdrasD gene: identification of cis-acting elements. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Mar 25;20(6):1325–1332. doi: 10.1093/nar/20.6.1325. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Faix J., Gerisch G., Noegel A. A. Overexpression of the csA cell adhesion molecule under its own cAMP-regulated promoter impairs morphogenesis in Dictyostelium. J Cell Sci. 1992 Jun;102(Pt 2):203–214. doi: 10.1242/jcs.102.2.203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Faure M., Franke J., Hall A. L., Podgorski G. J., Kessin R. H. The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase gene of Dictyostelium discoideum contains three promoters specific for growth, aggregation, and late development. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 May;10(5):1921–1930. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.5.1921. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Firtel R. A. Integration of signaling information in controlling cell-fate decisions in Dictyostelium. Genes Dev. 1995 Jun 15;9(12):1427–1444. doi: 10.1101/gad.9.12.1427. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Firtel R. A. Signal transduction pathways controlling multicellular development in Dictyostelium. Trends Genet. 1991 Nov-Dec;7(11-12):381–388. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(91)90260-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Fosnaugh K. L., Loomis W. F. Coordinate regulation of the spore coat genes in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Genet. 1991;12(1-2):123–132. doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020120120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Fosnaugh K. L., Loomis W. F. Enhancer regions responsible for temporal and cell-type-specific expression of a spore coat gene in Dictyostelium. Dev Biol. 1993 May;157(1):38–48. doi: 10.1006/dbio.1993.1110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Fosnaugh K. L., Loomis W. F. Sequence of the Dictyostelium discoideum spore coat gene SP96. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Nov 25;17(22):9489–9489. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.22.9489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Fosnaugh K. L., Loomis W. F. Spore coat genes SP60 and SP70 of Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Nov;9(11):5215–5218. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.11.5215. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Franke J., Faure M., Wu L., Hall A. L., Podgorski G. J., Kessin R. H. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of Dictyostelium discoideum and its glycoprotein inhibitor: structure and expression of their genes. Dev Genet. 1991;12(1-2):104–112. doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020120118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Garrod D. R., Ashworth I. M. Effect of growth conditions on development of the cellular slime mould, Dictyostelium discoideum. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1972 Oct;28(2):463–479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Gaskins C., Clark A. M., Aubry L., Segall J. E., Firtel R. A. The Dictyostelium MAP kinase ERK2 regulates multiple, independent developmental pathways. Genes Dev. 1996 Jan 1;10(1):118–128. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.1.118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Gaskins C., Maeda M., Firtel R. A. Identification and functional analysis of a developmentally regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase gene in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Oct;14(10):6996–7012. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.10.6996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Gee K., Russell F., Gross J. D. Ammonia hypersensitivity of slugger mutants of D. discoideum. J Cell Sci. 1994 Feb;107(Pt 2):701–708. doi: 10.1242/jcs.107.2.701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Gilman A. G. G proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals. Annu Rev Biochem. 1987;56:615–649. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.003151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Gomer R. H., Datta S., Mehdy M., Crowley T., Sivertsen A., Nellen W., Reymond C., Mann S., Firtel R. A. Regulation of cell-type-specific gene expression in Dictyostelium. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1985;50:801–812. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1985.050.01.098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Gomer R. H., Firtel R. A. Cell-autonomous determination of cell-type choice in Dictyostelium development by cell-cycle phase. Science. 1987 Aug 14;237(4816):758–762. doi: 10.1126/science.3039657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Gomer R. H., Yuen I. S., Firtel R. A. A secreted 80 x 10(3) Mr protein mediates sensing of cell density and the onset of development in Dictyostelium. Development. 1991 May;112(1):269–278. doi: 10.1242/dev.112.1.269. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Gross J. D., Bradbury J., Kay R. R., Peacey M. J. Intracellular pH and the control of cell differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Nature. 1983 May 19;303(5914):244–245. doi: 10.1038/303244a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Haberstroh L., Galindo J., Firtel R. A. Developmental and spatial regulation of a Dictyostelium prespore gene: cis-acting elements and a cAMP-induced, developmentally regulated DNA binding activity. Development. 1991 Nov;113(3):947–958. doi: 10.1242/dev.113.3.947. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Harwood A. J., Early A., Williams J. G. A repressor controls the timing and spatial localisation of stalk cell-specific gene expression in Dictyostelium. Development. 1993 Aug;118(4):1041–1048. doi: 10.1242/dev.118.4.1041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Harwood A. J., Hopper N. A., Simon M. N., Bouzid S., Veron M., Williams J. G. Multiple roles for cAMP-dependent protein kinase during Dictyostelium development. Dev Biol. 1992 Jan;149(1):90–99. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90266-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Harwood A. J., Hopper N. A., Simon M. N., Driscoll D. M., Veron M., Williams J. G. Culmination in Dictyostelium is regulated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Cell. 1992 May 15;69(4):615–624. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90225-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Harwood A. J., Plyte S. E., Woodgett J., Strutt H., Kay R. R. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 regulates cell fate in Dictyostelium. Cell. 1995 Jan 13;80(1):139–148. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90458-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. He X., Saint-Jeannet J. P., Woodgett J. R., Varmus H. E., Dawid I. B. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus embryos. Nature. 1995 Apr 13;374(6523):617–622. doi: 10.1038/374617a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Herskowitz I. MAP kinase pathways in yeast: for mating and more. Cell. 1995 Jan 27;80(2):187–197. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90402-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Hjorth A. L., Khanna N. C., Firtel R. A. A trans-acting factor required for cAMP-induced gene expression in Dictyostelium is regulated developmentally and induced by cAMP. Genes Dev. 1989 Jun;3(6):747–759. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.6.747. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Hjorth A. L., Pears C., Williams J. G., Firtel R. A. A developmentally regulated trans-acting factor recognizes dissimilar G/C-rich elements controlling a class of cAMP-inducible Dictyostelium genes. Genes Dev. 1990 Mar;4(3):419–432. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.3.419. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Hopper N. A., Sanders G. M., Fosnaugh K. L., Williams J. G., Loomis W. F. Protein kinase A is a positive regulator of spore coat gene transcription in Dictyostelium. Differentiation. 1995 Feb;58(3):183–188. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1995.5830183.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Hopper N. A., Williams J. A role for cAMP-dependent protein kinase in determining the stability of prespore cell differentiation in Dictyostelium. Dev Biol. 1994 May;163(1):285–287. doi: 10.1006/dbio.1994.1145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Howard P. K., Gamper M., Hunter T., Firtel R. A. Regulation by protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP2 is distinct from that by PTP1 during Dictyostelium growth and development. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Aug;14(8):5154–5164. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.8.5154. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Howard P. K., Sefton B. M., Firtel R. A. Analysis of a spatially regulated phosphotyrosine phosphatase identifies tyrosine phosphorylation as a key regulatory pathway in Dictyostelium. Cell. 1992 Nov 13;71(4):637–647. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90597-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Insall R. H., Soede R. D., Schaap P., Devreotes P. N. Two cAMP receptors activate common signaling pathways in Dictyostelium. Mol Biol Cell. 1994 Jun;5(6):703–711. doi: 10.1091/mbc.5.6.703. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Insall R., Kuspa A., Lilly P. J., Shaulsky G., Levin L. R., Loomis W. F., Devreotes P. CRAC, a cytosolic protein containing a pleckstrin homology domain, is required for receptor and G protein-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase in Dictyostelium. J Cell Biol. 1994 Sep;126(6):1537–1545. doi: 10.1083/jcb.126.6.1537. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Insall R., Nayler O., Kay R. R. DIF-1 induces its own breakdown in Dictyostelium. EMBO J. 1992 Aug;11(8):2849–2854. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05352.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Jain R., Gomer R. H. A developmentally regulated cell surface receptor for a density-sensing factor in Dictyostelium. J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 25;269(12):9128–9136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Jermyn K. A., Duffy K. T., Williams J. G. A new anatomy of the prestalk zone in Dictyostelium. Nature. 1989 Jul 13;340(6229):144–146. doi: 10.1038/340144a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Jermyn K. A., Williams J. G. An analysis of culmination in Dictyostelium using prestalk and stalk-specific cell autonomous markers. Development. 1991 Mar;111(3):779–787. doi: 10.1242/dev.111.3.779. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Johnson R. L., Gundersen R., Hereld D., Pitt G. S., Tugendreich S., Saxe C. L., Kimmel A. R., Devreotes P. N. G-protein-linked signaling pathways mediate development in Dictyostelium. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1992;57:169–176. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1992.057.01.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Johnson R. L., Saxe C. L., 3rd, Gollop R., Kimmel A. R., Devreotes P. N. Identification and targeted gene disruption of cAR3, a cAMP receptor subtype expressed during multicellular stages of Dictyostelium development. Genes Dev. 1993 Feb;7(2):273–282. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.2.273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Kamboj R. K., Lam T. Y., Siu C. H. Regulation of slug size by the cell adhesion molecule gp80 in Dictyostelium discoideum. Cell Regul. 1990 Sep;1(10):715–729. doi: 10.1091/mbc.1.10.715. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Kay R. R., Large S., Traynor D., Nayler O. A localized differentiation-inducing-factor sink in the front of the Dictyostelium slug. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jan 15;90(2):487–491. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.2.487. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Ken R., Singleton C. K. Redundant regulatory elements account for the developmental control of a ribosomal protein gene of Dictyostelium discoideum. Differentiation. 1994 Jan;55(2):97–103. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1994.5520097.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Kieber J. J., Rothenberg M., Roman G., Feldmann K. A., Ecker J. R. CTR1, a negative regulator of the ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis, encodes a member of the raf family of protein kinases. Cell. 1993 Feb 12;72(3):427–441. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90119-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Kimmel A. R., Firtel R. A. cAMP signal transduction pathways regulating development of Dictyostelium discoideum. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1991 Oct;1(3):383–390. doi: 10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80304-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Knecht D. A., Fuller D. L., Loomis W. F. Surface glycoprotein, gp24, involved in early adhesion of Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol. 1987 May;121(1):277–283. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90160-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Kumagai A., Hadwiger J. A., Pupillo M., Firtel R. A. Molecular genetic analysis of two G alpha protein subunits in Dictyostelium. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jan 15;266(2):1220–1228. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Kumagai A., Pupillo M., Gundersen R., Miake-Lye R., Devreotes P. N., Firtel R. A. Regulation and function of G alpha protein subunits in Dictyostelium. Cell. 1989 Apr 21;57(2):265–275. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90964-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Kuspa A., Loomis W. F. Tagging developmental genes in Dictyostelium by restriction enzyme-mediated integration of plasmid DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Sep 15;89(18):8803–8807. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.18.8803. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Kuwayama H., Ishida S., Van Haastert P. J. Non-chemotactic Dictyostelium discoideum mutants with altered cGMP signal transduction. J Cell Biol. 1993 Dec;123(6 Pt 1):1453–1462. doi: 10.1083/jcb.123.6.1453. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Lilly P. J., Devreotes P. N. Identification of CRAC, a cytosolic regulator required for guanine nucleotide stimulation of adenylyl cyclase in Dictyostelium. J Biol Chem. 1994 May 13;269(19):14123–14129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Lilly P., Wu L., Welker D. L., Devreotes P. N. A G-protein beta-subunit is essential for Dictyostelium development. Genes Dev. 1993 Jun;7(6):986–995. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.6.986. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Loomis W. F. Genetic tools for Dictyostelium discoideum. Methods Cell Biol. 1987;28:31–65. doi: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)61636-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Loomis W. F., Klein C., Brachet P. The effect of divalent cations on aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum. Differentiation. 1978;12(2):83–89. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1979.tb00993.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Loomis W. F. Lateral inhibition and pattern formation in Dictyostelium. Curr Top Dev Biol. 1993;28:1–46. doi: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60208-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Louis J. M., Saxe C. L., 3rd, Kimmel A. R. Two transmembrane signaling mechanisms control expression of the cAMP receptor gene CAR1 during Dictyostelium development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jul 1;90(13):5969–5973. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.13.5969. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. MONOD J., JACOB F. Teleonomic mechanisms in cellular metabolism, growth, and differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1961;26:389–401. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1961.026.01.048. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Maeda M., Aubry L., Insall R., Gaskins C., Devreotes P. N., Firtel R. A. Seven helix chemoattractant receptors transiently stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase in Dictyostelium. Role of heterotrimeric G proteins. J Biol Chem. 1996 Feb 16;271(7):3351–3354. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.7.3351. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Maeda T., Takekawa M., Saito H. Activation of yeast PBS2 MAPKK by MAPKKKs or by binding of an SH3-containing osmosensor. Science. 1995 Jul 28;269(5223):554–558. doi: 10.1126/science.7624781. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Mann S. K., Firtel R. A. A developmentally regulated, putative serine/threonine protein kinase is essential for development in Dictyostelium. Mech Dev. 1991 Sep;35(2):89–101. doi: 10.1016/0925-4773(91)90060-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Mann S. K., Firtel R. A. cAMP-dependent protein kinase differentially regulates prestalk and prespore differentiation during Dictyostelium development. Development. 1993 Sep;119(1):135–146. doi: 10.1242/dev.119.1.135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Mann S. K., Richardson D. L., Lee S., Kimmel A. R., Firtel R. A. Expression of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in prespore cells is sufficient to induce spore cell differentiation in Dictyostelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Oct 25;91(22):10561–10565. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.22.10561. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Mann S. K., Yonemoto W. M., Taylor S. S., Firtel R. A. DdPK3, which plays essential roles during Dictyostelium development, encodes the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):10701–10705. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.22.10701. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. McDonald S. A. Cell-cycle regulation of center initiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol. 1986 Oct;117(2):546–549. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90322-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. McRobbie S. J., Jermyn K. A., Duffy K., Blight K., Williams J. G. Two DIF-inducible, prestalk-specific mRNAs of Dictyostelium encode extracellular matrix proteins of the slug. Development. 1988 Oct;104(2):275–284. doi: 10.1242/dev.104.2.275. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. McRobbie S. J., Tilly R., Blight K., Ceccarelli A., Williams J. G. Identification and localization of proteins encoded by two DIF-inducible genes of Dictyostelium. Dev Biol. 1988 Jan;125(1):59–63. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90058-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Mehdy M. C., Firtel R. A. A secreted factor and cyclic AMP jointly regulate cell-type-specific gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Apr;5(4):705–713. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.4.705. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Milne J. L., Devreotes P. N. The surface cyclic AMP receptors, cAR1, cAR2, and cAR3, promote Ca2+ influx in Dictyostelium discoideum by a G alpha 2-independent mechanism. Mol Biol Cell. 1993 Mar;4(3):283–292. doi: 10.1091/mbc.4.3.283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Morris H. R., Taylor G. W., Masento M. S., Jermyn K. A., Kay R. R. Chemical structure of the morphogen differentiation inducing factor from Dictyostelium discoideum. 1987 Aug 27-Sep 2Nature. 328(6133):811–814. doi: 10.1038/328811a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Morrison A., Blanton R. L., Grimson M., Fuchs M., Williams K., Williams J. Disruption of the gene encoding the EcmA, extracellular matrix protein of Dictyostelium alters slug morphology. Dev Biol. 1994 Jun;163(2):457–466. doi: 10.1006/dbio.1994.1162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Morrissey J. H., Devine K. M., Loomis W. F. The timing of cell-type-specific differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol. 1984 Jun;103(2):414–424. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(84)90329-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Morrissey J. H., Farnsworth P. A., Loomis W. F. Pattern formation in Dictyostelium discoideum: an analysis of mutants altered in cell proportioning. Dev Biol. 1981 Apr 15;83(1):1–8. doi: 10.1016/s0012-1606(81)80002-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Morrissey J. H., Loomis W. F. Parasexual Genetic Analysis of Cell Proportioning Mutants of DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM. Genetics. 1981 Oct;99(2):183–196. doi: 10.1093/genetics/99.2.183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Murray B. A., Wheeler S., Jongens T., Loomis W. F. Mutations affecting a surface glycoprotein, gp80, of Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Mar;4(3):514–519. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.3.514. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Murray B. A., Yee L. D., Loomis W. F. Immunological analysis of glycoprotein (contact sites A) involved in intercellular adhesion of Dictyostelium discoideum. J Supramol Struct Cell Biochem. 1981;17(3):197–211. doi: 10.1002/jsscb.380170302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Mutzel R., Simon M. N., Lacombe M. L., Véron M. Expression and properties of the regulatory subunit of Dictyostelium cAMP-dependent protein kinase encoded by lambda gt11 cDNA clones. Biochemistry. 1988 Jan 12;27(1):481–486. doi: 10.1021/bi00401a069. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Ochiai H., Stadler J., Westphal M., Wagle G., Merkl R., Gerisch G. Monoclonal antibodies against contact sites A of Dictyostelium discoideum: detection of modifications of the glycoprotein in tunicamycin-treated cells. EMBO J. 1982;1(8):1011–1016. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01286.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Okaichi K., Cubitt A. B., Pitt G. S., Firtel R. A. Amino acid substitutions in the Dictyostelium G alpha subunit G alpha 2 produce dominant negative phenotypes and inhibit the activation of adenylyl cyclase, guanylyl cyclase, and phospholipase C. Mol Biol Cell. 1992 Jul;3(7):735–747. doi: 10.1091/mbc.3.7.735. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Oyama M., Kubota K., Okamoto K. Regulation of guanylate cyclase by a guanine nucleotide binding protein, G alpha 2, in Dictyostelium discoideum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 May 15;176(3):1245–1249. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)90419-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Ozaki T., Nakao H., Orii H., Morio T., Takeuchi I., Tasaka M. Developmental regulation of transcription of a novel prespore-specific gene (Dp87) in Dictyostelium discoideum. Development. 1993 Apr;117(4):1299–1308. doi: 10.1242/dev.117.4.1299. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Pavlovic J., Haribabu B., Dottin R. P. Identification of a signal transduction response sequence element necessary for induction of a Dictyostelium discoideum gene by extracellular cyclic AMP. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Nov;9(11):4660–4669. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.11.4660. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Pears C. J., Mahbubani H. M., Williams J. G. Characterization of two highly diverged but developmentally co-regulated cysteine proteinase genes in Dictyostelium discoideum. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Dec 20;13(24):8853–8866. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.24.8853. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Pears C. J., Williams J. G. Identification of a DNA sequence element required for efficient expression of a developmentally regulated and cAMP-inducible gene of Dictyostelium discoideum. EMBO J. 1987 Jan;6(1):195–200. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04738.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Pierce S. B., Kimelman D. Regulation of Spemann organizer formation by the intracellular kinase Xgsk-3. Development. 1995 Mar;121(3):755–765. doi: 10.1242/dev.121.3.755. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Pitt G. S., Milona N., Borleis J., Lin K. C., Reed R. R., Devreotes P. N. Structurally distinct and stage-specific adenylyl cyclase genes play different roles in Dictyostelium development. Cell. 1992 Apr 17;69(2):305–315. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90411-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Podgorski G. J., Faure M., Franke J., Kessin R. H. The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of Dictyostelium discoideum: the structure of the gene and its regulation and role in development. Dev Genet. 1988;9(4-5):267–278. doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020090409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Powell-Coffman J. A., Firtel R. A. Characterization of a novel Dictyostelium discoideum prespore-specific gene, PspB, reveals conserved regulatory sequences. Development. 1994 Jun;120(6):1601–1611. doi: 10.1242/dev.120.6.1601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Powell-Coffman J. A., Schnitzler G. R., Firtel R. A. A GBF-binding site and a novel AT element define the minimal sequences sufficient to direct prespore-specific expression in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Sep;14(9):5840–5849. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.9.5840. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Rathi A., Kayman S. C., Clarke M. Induction of gene expression in Dictyostelium by prestarvation factor, a factor secreted by growing cells. Dev Genet. 1991;12(1-2):82–87. doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020120115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Reymond C. D., Gomer R. H., Mehdy M. C., Firtel R. A. Developmental regulation of a Dictyostelium gene encoding a protein homologous to mammalian ras protein. Cell. 1984 Nov;39(1):141–148. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90199-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Reymond C. D., Gomer R. H., Nellen W., Theibert A., Devreotes P., Firtel R. A. Phenotypic changes induced by a mutated ras gene during the development of Dictyostelium transformants. 1986 Sep 25-Oct 1Nature. 323(6086):340–343. doi: 10.1038/323340a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Richardson D. L., Loomis W. F. Disruption of the sporulation-specific gene spiA in Dictyostelium discoideum leads to spore instability. Genes Dev. 1992 Jun;6(6):1058–1070. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.6.1058. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Richardson D. L., Loomis W. F., Kimmel A. R. Progression of an inductive signal activates sporulation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Development. 1994 Oct;120(10):2891–2900. doi: 10.1242/dev.120.10.2891. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Saxe C. L., 3rd, Ginsburg G. T., Louis J. M., Johnson R., Devreotes P. N., Kimmel A. R. CAR2, a prestalk cAMP receptor required for normal tip formation and late development of Dictyostelium discoideum. Genes Dev. 1993 Feb;7(2):262–272. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.2.262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Saxe C. L., 3rd, Johnson R., Devreotes P. N., Kimmel A. R. Multiple genes for cell surface cAMP receptors in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Genet. 1991;12(1-2):6–13. doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020120104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Schnitzler G. R., Briscoe C., Brown J. M., Firtel R. A. Serpentine cAMP receptors may act through a G protein-independent pathway to induce postaggregative development in Dictyostelium. Cell. 1995 Jun 2;81(5):737–745. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90535-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Schnitzler G. R., Fischer W. H., Firtel R. A. Cloning and characterization of the G-box binding factor, an essential component of the developmental switch between early and late development in Dictyostelium. Genes Dev. 1994 Feb 15;8(4):502–514. doi: 10.1101/gad.8.4.502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Segall J. E., Kuspa A., Shaulsky G., Ecke M., Maeda M., Gaskins C., Firtel R. A., Loomis W. F. A MAP kinase necessary for receptor-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase in Dictyostelium. J Cell Biol. 1995 Feb;128(3):405–413. doi: 10.1083/jcb.128.3.405. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Shaulsky G., Kuspa A., Loomis W. F. A multidrug resistance transporter/serine protease gene is required for prestalk specialization in Dictyostelium. Genes Dev. 1995 May 1;9(9):1111–1122. doi: 10.1101/gad.9.9.1111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Shaulsky G., Loomis W. F. Cell type regulation in response to expression of ricin A in Dictyostelium. Dev Biol. 1993 Nov;160(1):85–98. doi: 10.1006/dbio.1993.1288. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Shaulsky G., Loomis W. F. Mitochondrial DNA replication but no nuclear DNA replication during development of Dictyostelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jun 6;92(12):5660–5663. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.12.5660. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Singleton C. K., McPherson C. E., Manning S. S. Deactivation of gene expression upon the onset of development in dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Genet. 1988;9(4-5):327–335. doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020090414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Snaar-Jagalska B. E., Kesbeke F., Van Haastert P. J. G-proteins in the signal-transduction pathways of Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Genet. 1988;9(4-5):215–226. doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020090404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Soede R. D., Insall R. H., Devreotes P. N., Schaap P. Extracellular cAMP can restore development in Dictyostelium cells lacking one, but not two subtypes of early cAMP receptors (cARs). Evidence for involvement of cAR1 in aggregative gene expression. Development. 1994 Jul;120(7):1997–2002. doi: 10.1242/dev.120.7.1997. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Sun T. J., Devreotes P. N. Gene targeting of the aggregation stage cAMP receptor cAR1 in Dictyostelium. Genes Dev. 1991 Apr;5(4):572–582. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.4.572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Sussman M. Cultivation and synchronous morphogenesis of Dictyostelium under controlled experimental conditions. Methods Cell Biol. 1987;28:9–29. doi: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)61635-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. TAKEUCHI I. The correlation of cellular changes with succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities in the development of the cellular slime molds. Dev Biol. 1960 Aug;2:343–366. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(60)90021-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Valkema R., Van Haastert P. J. Inhibition of receptor-stimulated guanylyl cyclase by intracellular calcium ions in Dictyostelium cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Jul 15;186(1):263–268. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80802-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Vaughan R. A., Devreotes P. N. Ligand-induced phosphorylation of the cAMP receptor from Dictyostelium discoideum. J Biol Chem. 1988 Oct 5;263(28):14538–14543. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Vaughan R. A., Rutherford C. L. Distribution of cAMP-dependent protein kinase during development in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol. 1987 Jun;121(2):359–367. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90172-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Wang M., Roelfsema J. H., Williams J. G., Schaap P. Cytoplasmic acidification facilitates but does not mediate DIF-induced prestalk gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol. 1990 Jul;140(1):182–188. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(90)90065-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Weijer C. J., Duschl G., David C. N. Dependence of cell-type proportioning and sorting on cell cycle phase in Dictyostelium discoideum. J Cell Sci. 1984 Aug;70:133–145. doi: 10.1242/jcs.70.1.133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Williams J. G., Ceccarelli A., McRobbie S., Mahbubani H., Kay R. R., Early A., Berks M., Jermyn K. A. Direct induction of Dictyostelium prestalk gene expression by DIF provides evidence that DIF is a morphogen. Cell. 1987 Apr 24;49(2):185–192. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90559-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Williams J. G., Duffy K. T., Lane D. P., McRobbie S. J., Harwood A. J., Traynor D., Kay R. R., Jermyn K. A. Origins of the prestalk-prespore pattern in Dictyostelium development. Cell. 1989 Dec 22;59(6):1157–1163. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90771-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Wu L., Valkema R., Van Haastert P. J., Devreotes P. N. The G protein beta subunit is essential for multiple responses to chemoattractants in Dictyostelium. J Cell Biol. 1995 Jun;129(6):1667–1675. doi: 10.1083/jcb.129.6.1667. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Yoder B. K., Blumberg D. D. The promoter of a gene encoding a novel Dictyostelium spore coat protein. Dev Biol. 1994 May;163(1):38–48. doi: 10.1006/dbio.1994.1121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Yoder B. K., Mao J., Erdos G. W., West C. M., Blumberg D. D. Identification of a new spore coat protein gene in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol. 1994 May;163(1):49–65. doi: 10.1006/dbio.1994.1122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Yuen I. S., Taphouse C., Halfant K. A., Gomer R. H. Regulation and processing of a secreted protein that mediates sensing of cell density in Dictyostelium. Development. 1991 Dec;113(4):1375–1385. doi: 10.1242/dev.113.4.1375. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. de Groot R. P., Auwerx J., Bourouis M., Sassone-Corsi P. Negative regulation of Jun/AP-1: conserved function of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and the Drosophila kinase shaggy. Oncogene. 1993 Apr;8(4):841–847. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Microbiological Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES