Skip to main content
Postgraduate Medical Journal logoLink to Postgraduate Medical Journal
. 1995 Sep;71(839):513–524. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.71.839.513

Renal dysfunction associated with liver transplantation.

R M Jindal 1, I Popescu 1
PMCID: PMC2398230  PMID: 7479462

Abstract

It has been known for some time that a variety of liver diseases affect kidney function, but renal dysfunction associated with orthotopic liver transplantation has received scant attention. Although the mechanisms mediating these abnormalities are incompletely defined, advances in the understanding of renal pathophysiology after liver transplantation have made it possible to develop new treatment strategies. Aggressive and early intervention to diagnose and treat renal complications associated with liver transplantation should be the goal for transplant centres.

Full text

PDF
513

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adams M. B. Enisoprost in renal transplantation. The Enisoprost Renal Transplant Study Group. Transplantation. 1992 Feb;53(2):338–345. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Agnello V., Chung R. T., Kaplan L. M. A role for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med. 1992 Nov 19;327(21):1490–1495. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199211193272104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Arroyo V., Ginés P. Prostaglandins and the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1990 Sep;11(2):142–144. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(90)90104-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Benigni A., Morigi M., Perico N., Zoja C., Amuchastegui C. S., Piccinelli A., Donadelli R., Remuzzi G. The acute effect of FK506 and cyclosporine on endothelial cell function and renal vascular resistance. Transplantation. 1992 Nov;54(5):775–780. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199211000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Benoit J. N., Granger D. N. Splanchnic hemodynamics in chronic portal hypertension. Semin Liver Dis. 1986 Nov;6(4):287–298. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1040611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cacoub P., Lunel F., Musset L., Opolon P., Piette J. C. Hepatitis C virus and cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med. 1993 Apr 15;328(15):1121–1124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cakaloglu Y., Devlin J., O'Grady J., Sutherland S., Portmann B. C., Heaton N., Tan K. C., Williams R. Importance of concomitant viral infection during late acute liver allograft rejection. Transplantation. 1995 Jan 15;59(1):40–45. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199501150-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chari R. S., Collins B. H., Magee J. C., DiMaio J. M., Kirk A. D., Harland R. C., McCann R. L., Platt J. L., Meyers W. C. Brief report: treatment of hepatic failure with ex vivo pig-liver perfusion followed by liver transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jul 28;331(4):234–237. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199407283310404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Coffman T. M., Carr D. R., Yarger W. E., Klotman P. E. Evidence that renal prostaglandin and thromboxane production is stimulated in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Transplantation. 1987 Feb;43(2):282–285. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198702000-00023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Conn H. O. Transjugular intrahepatic portal-systemic shunts: the state of the art. Hepatology. 1993 Jan;17(1):148–158. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Demetris A. J., Fung J. J., Todo S., McCauley J., Jain A., Takaya S., Alessiani M., Abu-Elmagd K., Van Thiel D. H., Starzl T. E. Conversion of liver allograft recipients from cyclosporine to FK506 immunosuppressive therapy--a clinicopathologic study of 96 patients. Transplantation. 1992 May;53(5):1056–1062. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199205000-00017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Duarte R. Cyclosporine: renal effects and prostacyclin. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Mar;102(3):420–420. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-102-3-420_1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. First M. R., Schroeder T. J., Hurtubise P. E., Mansour M. E., Penn I., Munda R., Balistreri W. F., Alexander J. W., Melvin D. B., Fidler J. P. Successful retreatment of allograft rejection with OKT3. Transplantation. 1989 Jan;47(1):88–91. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198901000-00020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Forns X., Ginès A., Ginès P., Arroyo V. Management of ascites and renal failure in cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis. 1994 Feb;14(1):82–96. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1007300. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Fulenwider J. T., Galambos J. D., Smith R. B., 3rd, Henderson J. M., Warren W. D. LeVeen vs Denver peritoneovenous shunts for intractable ascites of cirrhosis. A randomized, prospective trial. Arch Surg. 1986 Mar;121(3):351–355. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1986.01400030113018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Gentilini P., Laffi G., Buzzelli G., Stefani P., Scarpelli P., Paladini S., Smorlesi C., La Villa G., Forti G. Functional renal alterations in chronic liver diseases. Digestion. 1980;20(2):73–78. doi: 10.1159/000198421. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Ginès P., Arroyo V., Vargas V., Planas R., Casafont F., Panés J., Hoyos M., Viladomiu L., Rimola A., Morillas R. Paracentesis with intravenous infusion of albumin as compared with peritoneovenous shunting in cirrhosis with refractory ascites. N Engl J Med. 1991 Sep 19;325(12):829–835. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199109193251201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gonwa T. A., Morris C. A., Goldstein R. M., Husberg B. S., Klintmalm G. B. Long-term survival and renal function following liver transplantation in patients with and without hepatorenal syndrome--experience in 300 patients. Transplantation. 1991 Feb;51(2):428–430. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199102000-00030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gonwa T. A., Nery J. R., Husberg B. S., Klintmalm G. B. Simultaneous liver and renal transplantation in man. Transplantation. 1988 Nov;46(5):690–693. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198811000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gonwa T. A., Poplawski S., Paulsen W., Brajtbord D., Goldstein R., Husberg B., Klintmalm G. B. Pathogenesis and outcome of hepatorenal syndrome in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplant. Transplantation. 1989 Feb;47(2):395–397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Grazi G. L., Mazziotti A., Sama C., Stefanini G. F., Gozzetti G. Reversal of primary liver graft non-function using prostaglandins. Hepatogastroenterology. 1991 Jun;38(3):254–256. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Greig P. D., Woolf G. M., Sinclair S. B., Abecassis M., Strasberg S. M., Taylor B. R., Blendis L. M., Superina R. A., Glynn M. F., Langer B. Treatment of primary liver graft nonfunction with prostaglandin E1. Transplantation. 1989 Sep;48(3):447–453. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198909000-00020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hakim R. M., Wingard R. L., Parker R. A. Effect of the dialysis membrane in the treatment of patients with acute renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 17;331(20):1338–1342. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199411173312003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hamilton D. V., Calne R. Y., Evans D. B., Henderson R. G., Thiru S., White D. J. The effect of long-term cyclosporin A on renal function. Lancet. 1981 May 30;1(8231):1218–1219. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92392-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hamilton G., Mühlbacher F., Steininger R., Havel M., Kreuzer S., Laengle F., Piza F. Lymphocyte parameters in liver graft recipients receiving prophylactic OKT3 or conventional triple therapy. Transplant Proc. 1989 Feb;21(1 Pt 2):2255–2256. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Houghton S., Frei J. V., Ghent C. N. Use of OKT3 in liver transplant patients. Transplantation. 1989 Dec;48(6):1079–1079. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198912000-00043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Iwatsuki S., Esquivel C. O., Gordon R. D., Shaw B. W., Jr, Starzl T. E., Shade R. R., Van Thiel D. H. Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Semin Liver Dis. 1985 Nov;5(4):325–328. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1040628. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Iwatsuki S., Esquivel C. O., Klintmalm G. B., Gordon R. D., Shaw B. W., Jr, Starzl T. E. Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1985 Aug;17(4 Suppl 1):191–195. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Iwatsuki S., Popovtzer M. M., Corman J. L., Ishikawa M., Putnam C. W., Katz F. H., Starzl T. E. Recovery from "hepatorenal syndrome" after orthotopic liver transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1973 Nov 29;289(22):1155–1159. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197311292892201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Jindal R. M., Popescu I., Emre S., Schwartz M. E., Boccagni P., Meneses P., Mor E., Sheiner P., Miller C. M. Serum lipid changes in liver transplant recipients in a prospective trial of cyclosporine versus FK506. Transplantation. 1994 May 15;57(9):1395–1398. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199405150-00020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Jindal R. M. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus--a review. Transplantation. 1994 Dec 27;58(12):1289–1298. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Jindal R. M., Tepper M. A., Soltys K., Cho S. I. Deoxyspergualin--a novel immunosuppressant. Mt Sinai J Med. 1994 Jan;61(1):51–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kanazi G., Stowe N., Steinmuller D., Hwieh H. H., Novick A. C. Effect of cyclosporine upon the function of ischemically damaged kidneys in the rat. Transplantation. 1986 Jun;41(6):782–784. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198606000-00023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kaufman R. P., Jr, Anner H., Kobzik L., Valeri C. R., Shepro D., Hechtman H. B. Vasodilator prostaglandins (PG) prevent renal damage after ischemia. Ann Surg. 1987 Feb;205(2):195–198. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198702000-00015. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Knechtle S. J., Kalayoglu M., D'Alessandro A. M., Pirsch J. D., Armbrust M. J., Sproat I. A., Wojtowycz M. M., McDermott J. C., Crummy A. B., Belzer F. O. Portal hypertension: surgical management in the 1990s. Surgery. 1994 Oct;116(4):687–695. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Koppel M. H., Coburn J. W., Mims M. M., Goldstein H., Boyle J. D., Rubini M. E. Transplantation of cadaveric kidneys from patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Evidence for the functionalnature of renal failure in advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med. 1969 Jun 19;280(25):1367–1371. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196906192802501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Laffi G., La Villa G., Gentilini P. Pathogenesis and management of the hepatorenal syndrome. Semin Liver Dis. 1994 Feb;14(1):71–81. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1007299. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Lumsden A. B., Henderson J. M., Kutner M. H. Endotoxin levels measured by a chromogenic assay in portal, hepatic and peripheral venous blood in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1988 Mar-Apr;8(2):232–236. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840080207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Margreiter R., Kramar R., Huber C., Steiner E., Niederwieser D., Judmaier G., Vogel W. Combined liver and kidney transplantation. Lancet. 1984 May 12;1(8385):1077–1078. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91486-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. McCauley J., Fung J. J., Todo S., Jain A., Deballi P., Starzl T. E. Changes in renal function after liver transplantation under FK 506. Transplant Proc. 1991 Dec;23(6):3143–3145. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. McCauley J., Gaynord M., Hrinya M., Starzl T. E. Dialysis in liver failure and liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1993 Apr;25(2):1740–1740. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. McCauley J., Van Thiel D. H., Starzl T. E., Puschett J. B. Acute and chronic renal failure in liver transplantation. Nephron. 1990;55(2):121–128. doi: 10.1159/000185938. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. McDiarmid S. V., Millis M. J., Terasaki P. I., Ament M. E., Busuttil R. W. OKT3 prophylaxis in liver transplantation. Dig Dis Sci. 1991 Oct;36(10):1418–1426. doi: 10.1007/BF01296809. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. McDiarmid S. V., Millis M., Terashita G., Ament M. E., Busuttil R., Terasaki P. Low serum OKT3 levels correlate with failure to prevent rejection in orthotopic liver transplant patients. Transplant Proc. 1990 Aug;22(4):1774–1776. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. McDonald J. C., Landreneau M. D., Rohr M. S., DeVault G. A., Jr Reversal by liver transplantation of the complications of primary hyperoxaluria as well as the metabolic defect. N Engl J Med. 1989 Oct 19;321(16):1100–1103. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198910193211607. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Millis J. M., Baquerizo A., Saleh S., Danovitch G. M., Busuttil R. W. Preservation of renal function using OKT3 in liver transplant patients. Transplant Proc. 1989 Jun;21(3):3551–3552. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Millis J. M., McDiarmid S. V., Hiatt J. R., Brems J. J., Colonna J. O., 2nd, Klein A. S., Ashizawa T., Hart J., Lewin K., Goldstein L. I. Randomized prospective trial of OKT3 for early prophylaxis of rejection after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 1989 Jan;47(1):82–88. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198901000-00019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Misiani R., Bellavita P., Fenili D., Borelli G., Marchesi D., Massazza M., Vendramin G., Comotti B., Tanzi E., Scudeller G. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Oct 1;117(7):573–577. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-117-7-573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Misiani R., Bellavita P., Fenili D. Hepatitis C virus and cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med. 1993 Apr 15;328(15):1121–1124. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199304153281511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Miyazaki M., Makowka L., Falk R. E., Falk J. A., McDonell M., Venturi D. Protection of thermochemotherapeutic-induced lethal acute hepatic necrosis in the rat by 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2. J Surg Res. 1983 May;34(5):415–426. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(83)90090-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Moran M., Mozes M. F., Maddux M. S., Veremis S., Bartkus C., Ketel B., Pollak R., Wallemark C., Jonasson O. Prevention of acute graft rejection by the prostaglandin E1 analogue misoprostol in renal-transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine and prednisone. N Engl J Med. 1990 Apr 26;322(17):1183–1188. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199004263221703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Morris P. J. Cyclosporine, FK-506 and other drugs in organ transplantation. Curr Opin Immunol. 1991 Oct;3(5):748–751. doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(91)90107-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Moutabarrik A., Ishibashi M., Fukunaga M., Kameoka H., Kawaguchi N., Takano Y., Kokado Y., Sonoda T., Onishi S., Takahara S. FK506-induced kidney tubular cell injury. Transplantation. 1992 Dec;54(6):1041–1047. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199212000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Myers B. D., Newton L., Boshkos C., Macoviak J. A., Frist W. H., Derby G. C., Perlroth M. G., Sibley R. K. Chronic injury of human renal microvessels with low-dose cyclosporine therapy. Transplantation. 1988 Nov;46(5):694–703. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198811000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Neuhaus P., Blumhardt G., Bechstein W. O., Platz K. P., Jonas S., Mueller A. R., Langrehr J. M., Lohmann R., Schattenfroh N., Knoop M. Comparison of FK506- and cyclosporine-based immunosuppression in primary orthotopic liver transplantation. A single center experience. Transplantation. 1995 Jan 15;59(1):31–40. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199501150-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Newell G. C. Cirrhotic glomerulonephritis: incidence, morphology, clinical features, and pathogenesis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1987 Mar;9(3):183–190. doi: 10.1016/s0272-6386(87)80053-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Ochiai T., Hamaguchi K., Isono K. Histopathologic studies in renal transplant recipient dogs receiving treatment with FK-506. Transplant Proc. 1987 Oct;19(5 Suppl 6):93–97. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Opolon P., Rapin J. R., Huguet C., Granger A., Delorme M. L., Boschat M., Sausse A. Hepatic failure coma (HFC) treated by polyacrylonitrile membrane (PAN) hemodialysis (HD). Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1976;22:701–710. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Otte J. B., de Ville de Goyet J., Alberti D., Balladur P., de Hemptinne B. The concept and technique of the split liver in clinical transplantation. Surgery. 1990 Jun;107(6):605–612. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. PAPPER S., ROSENBAUM J. D. Abnormalities in the excretion of water and sodium in compensated cirrhosis of the liver. J Lab Clin Med. 1952 Oct;40(4):523–530. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Platz K. P., Eckhoff D. E., Hullett D. A., Sollinger H. W. RS-61443 studies: review and proposal. Transplant Proc. 1991 Apr;23(2 Suppl 2):33–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Platz K. P., Mueller A. R., Blumhardt G., Bachmann S., Bechstein W. O., Kahl A., Neuhaus P. Nephrotoxicity following orthotopic liver transplantation. A comparison between cyclosporine and FK506. Transplantation. 1994 Jul 27;58(2):170–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Pomer S., Röhl L., Hull W., Behringer J., Schmidt-Gayk H. Reduction of cyclosporine nephrotoxicity by prostaglandin E2 after experimental renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1987 Oct;19(5):4041–4042. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Powell-Jackson P. R., Young B., Calne R. Y., Williams R. Nephrotoxicity of parenterally administered cyclosporine after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation. 1983 Nov;36(5):505–508. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198311000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Pérez-Ayuso R. M., Arroyo V., Camps J., Rimola A., Costa J., Gaya J., Rivera F., Rodés J. Renal kallikrein excretion in cirrhotics with ascites: relationship to renal hemodynamics. Hepatology. 1984 Mar-Apr;4(2):247–252. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840040213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Renard T. H., Andrews W. S., Foster M. E. Relationship between OKT3 administration, EBV seroconversion, and the lymphoproliferative syndrome in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 1991 Feb;23(1 Pt 2):1473–1476. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Rimola A., Gavaler J. S., Schade R. R., el-Lankany S., Starzl T. E., Van Thiel D. H. Effects of renal impairment on liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 1987 Jul;93(1):148–156. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90327-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Ring-Larsen H., Palazzo U. Renal failure in fulminant hepatic failure and terminal cirrhosis: a comparison between incidence, types, and prognosis. Gut. 1981 Jul;22(7):585–591. doi: 10.1136/gut.22.7.585. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Ring E. J., Lake J. R., Roberts J. P., Gordon R. L., LaBerge J. M., Read A. E., Sterneck M. R., Ascher N. L. Using transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts to control variceal bleeding before liver transplantation. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Feb 15;116(4):304–309. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-116-4-304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Rozga J., Podesta L., LePage E., Hoffman A., Morsiani E., Sher L., Woolf G. M., Makowka L., Demetriou A. A. Control of cerebral oedema by total hepatectomy and extracorporeal liver support in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet. 1993 Oct 9;342(8876):898–899. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91947-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Rozga J., Podesta L., LePage E., Morsiani E., Moscioni A. D., Hoffman A., Sher L., Villamil F., Woolf G., McGrath M. A bioartificial liver to treat severe acute liver failure. Ann Surg. 1994 May;219(5):538–546. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199405000-00012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. SHERLOCK S., SHALDON S. The aetiology and management of ascites in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: a review. Gut. 1963 Jun;4:95–105. doi: 10.1136/gut.4.2.95. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Sandborn W. J., Hay J. E., Porayko M. K., Gores G. J., Steers J. L., Krom R. A., Wiesner R. H. Cyclosporine withdrawal for nephrotoxicity in liver transplant recipients does not result in sustained improvement in kidney function and causes cellular and ductopenic rejection. Hepatology. 1994 Apr;19(4):925–932. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Sandborn W. J., Lawson G. M., Cody T. J., Porayko M. K., Hay J. E., Gores G. J., Steers J. L., Krom R. A., Wiesner R. H. Early cellular rejection after orthotopic liver transplantation correlates with low concentrations of FK506 in hepatic tissue. Hepatology. 1995 Jan;21(1):70–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Scheinman J. I. Primary hyperoxaluria: therapeutic strategies for the 90's. Kidney Int. 1991 Sep;40(3):389–399. doi: 10.1038/ki.1991.224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Schiffl H., Lang S. M., König A., Strasser T., Haider M. C., Held E. Biocompatible membranes in acute renal failure: prospective case-controlled study. Lancet. 1994 Aug 27;344(8922):570–572. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91964-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Schrier R. W., Arroyo V., Bernardi M., Epstein M., Henriksen J. H., Rodés J. Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1988 Sep-Oct;8(5):1151–1157. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840080532. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Schrier R. W., Niederberger M., Weigert A., Ginès P. Peripheral arterial vasodilatation: determinant of functional spectrum of cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis. 1994 Feb;14(1):14–22. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1007294. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Sheiner P. A., Schwartz M. E., Mor E., Schluger L. K., Theise N., Kishikawa K., Kolesnikov V., Bodenheimer H., Emre S., Miller C. M. Severe or multiple rejection episodes are associated with early recurrence of hepatitis C after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1995 Jan;21(1):30–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Siekierka J. J., Hung S. H., Poe M., Lin C. S., Sigal N. H. A cytosolic binding protein for the immunosuppressant FK506 has peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity but is distinct from cyclophilin. Nature. 1989 Oct 26;341(6244):755–757. doi: 10.1038/341755a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Simpson K. M., Bunch D. L., Amemiya H., Boehmig H. J., Wilson C. B., Dixon F. J., Coburg A. J., Hathaway W. E., Giles G. R., Starzl T. E. Humoral antibodies and coagulation mechanisms in the accelerated or hyperacute rejection of renal homografts in sensitized canine recipients. Surgery. 1970 Jul;68(1):77–85. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Sinclair S. B., Greig P. D., Blendis L. M., Abecassis M., Roberts E. A., Phillips M. J., Cameron R., Levy G. A. Biochemical and clinical response of fulminant viral hepatitis to administration of prostaglandin E. A preliminary report. J Clin Invest. 1989 Oct;84(4):1063–1069. doi: 10.1172/JCI114268. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Starzl T. E., Demetris A. J., Van Thiel D. Liver transplantation (1). N Engl J Med. 1989 Oct 12;321(15):1014–1022. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198910123211505. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Starzl T. E., Demetris A. J., Van Thiel D. Liver transplantation (2). N Engl J Med. 1989 Oct 19;321(16):1092–1099. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198910193211606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Starzl T. E., Fung J., Tzakis A., Todo S., Demetris A. J., Marino I. R., Doyle H., Zeevi A., Warty V., Michaels M. Baboon-to-human liver transplantation. Lancet. 1993 Jan 9;341(8837):65–71. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92553-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Starzl T. E., Klintmalm G. B., Porter K. A., Iwatsuki S., Schröter G. P. Liver transplantation with use of cyclosporin a and prednisone. N Engl J Med. 1981 Jul 30;305(5):266–269. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198107303050507. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Stephen M., Woo J., Hasan N. U., Whiting P. H., Thomson A. W. Immunosuppressive activity, lymphocyte subset analysis, and acute toxicity of FK-506 in the rat. A comparative and combination study with cyclosporine. Transplantation. 1989 Jan;47(1):60–65. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198901000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Taylor J. E., Calne R. Y., Stewart W. K. Massive cystic hepatomegaly in a female patient with polycystic kidney disease treated by combined hepatic and renal transplantation. Q J Med. 1991 Sep;80(293):771–775. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Textor S. C., Wiesner R., Wilson D. J., Porayko M., Romero J. C., Burnett J. C., Jr, Gores G., Hay E., Dickson E. R., Krom R. A. Systemic and renal hemodynamic differences between FK506 and cyclosporine in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation. 1993 Jun;55(6):1332–1339. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199306000-00023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Titó L., Ginès P., Arroyo V., Planas R., Panés J., Rimola A., Llach J., Humbert P., Badalamenti S., Jiménez W. Total paracentesis associated with intravenous albumin management of patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Gastroenterology. 1990 Jan;98(1):146–151. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)91303-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Todo S., Fung J. J., Demetris A. J., Jain A., Venkataramanan R., Starzl T. E. Early trials with FK 506 as primary treatment in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1990 Feb;22(1):13–16. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Todo S., Fung J. J., Starzl T. E., Tzakis A., Doyle H., Abu-Elmagd K., Jain A., Selby R., Bronsther O., Marsh W. Single-center experience with primary orthotopic liver transplantation with FK 506 immunosuppression. Ann Surg. 1994 Sep;220(3):297–309. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199409000-00006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Todo S., Ueda Y., Demetris J. A., Imventarza O., Nalesnik M., Venkataramanan R., Makowka L., Starzl T. E. Immunosuppression of canine, monkey, and baboon allografts by FK 506: with special reference to synergism with other drugs and to tolerance induction. Surgery. 1988 Aug;104(2):239–249. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Tomita K., Ujiie K., Nakanishi T., Tomura S., Matsuda O., Ando K., Shichiri M., Hirata Y., Marumo F. Plasma endothelin levels in patients with acute renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1989 Oct 19;321(16):1127–1127. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198910193211615. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Toto R. D. The role of prostaglandins in NSAID induced renal dysfunction. J Rheumatol Suppl. 1991 Mar;28:22–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Tygstrup N., Ranek L. Assessment of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Semin Liver Dis. 1986 May;6(2):129–137. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1040596. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Uribarri J., Miller C., Burrows L. Combined liver-kidney transplantation. For the genetic disorder primary hyperoxaluria type I. Mt Sinai J Med. 1994 Jan;61(1):32–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Venkataramanan R., Burckhart G. J., Ptachcinski R. J. Pharmacokinetics and monitoring of cyclosporine following orthotopic liver transplantation. Semin Liver Dis. 1985 Nov;5(4):357–368. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1040633. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Wagner K., Henkel M., Heinemeyer G., Neumayer H. H. Interaction of calcium blockers and cyclosporine. Transplant Proc. 1988 Apr;20(2 Suppl 2):561–568. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Watts R. W., Calne R. Y., Williams R., Mansell M. A., Veall N., Purkiss P., Rolles K. Primary hyperoxaluria (type I): attempted treatment by combined hepatic and renal transplantation. Q J Med. 1985 Oct;57(222):697–703. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Werner C., Joller-Jemelka H. I., Fontana A. Hepatitis C virus and cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med. 1993 Apr 15;328(15):1122–1124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Williams R., Blackburn A., Neuberger J., Calne R. Y. Long-term use of cyclosporin in liver grafting. Q J Med. 1985 Dec;57(224):897–905. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Wong F., Blendis L. Pathophysiology of sodium retention and ascites formation in cirrhosis: role of atrial natriuretic factor. Semin Liver Dis. 1994 Feb;14(1):59–70. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1007298. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Wood R. P., Ellis D., Starzl T. E. The reversal of the hepatorenal syndrome in four pediatric patients following successful orthotopic liver transplantation. Ann Surg. 1987 Apr;205(4):415–419. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198704000-00012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Postgraduate Medical Journal are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES