Skip to main content

Some NLM-NCBI services and products are experiencing heavy traffic, which may affect performance and availability. We apologize for the inconvenience and appreciate your patience. For assistance, please contact our Help Desk at info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1991 Jan;65(1):281–291. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.281-291.1991

Attenuation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cytopathic effect by a mutation affecting the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein.

M Kowalski 1, L Bergeron 1, T Dorfman 1, W Haseltine 1, J Sodroski 1
PMCID: PMC240515  PMID: 1702159

Abstract

The cytopathic effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are specific for cells that express the CD4 viral receptor and consist of syncytium formation and single-cell lysis. Here we report that a mutation (517A) affecting the amino terminus of the HIV-1 gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein resulted in a virus that was markedly less cytopathic than was wild-type HIV-1. In systems in which cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 occurred, the replication ability of the 517A virus was comparable with that of the wild-type virus. Even though the levels of viral protein expression, virion production, and interaction of the envelope glycoproteins with CD4 were similar for the 517A and wild-type viruses, both syncytium formation and single-cell lysis were attenuated for the 517A mutant virus. These results demonstrate that an envelope glycoprotein region important for mediating post-receptor binding events in cell membrane fusion is important for the induction of cytopathic effects by HIV-1. These results also indicate that levels of HIV-1 viral proteins or viral particles produced in infected cells are in themselves not sufficient to induce cytopathic effects.

Full text

PDF
281

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Allan J. S., Coligan J. E., Barin F., McLane M. F., Sodroski J. G., Rosen C. A., Haseltine W. A., Lee T. H., Essex M. Major glycoprotein antigens that induce antibodies in AIDS patients are encoded by HTLV-III. Science. 1985 May 31;228(4703):1091–1094. doi: 10.1126/science.2986290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anand R., Siegal F., Reed C., Cheung T., Forlenza S., Moore J. Non-cytocidal natural variants of human immunodeficiency virus isolated from AIDS patients with neurological disorders. Lancet. 1987 Aug 1;2(8553):234–238. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90826-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Asjö B., Morfeldt-Månson L., Albert J., Biberfeld G., Karlsson A., Lidman K., Fenyö E. M. Replicative capacity of human immunodeficiency virus from patients with varying severity of HIV infection. Lancet. 1986 Sep 20;2(8508):660–662. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barré-Sinoussi F., Chermann J. C., Rey F., Nugeyre M. T., Chamaret S., Gruest J., Dauguet C., Axler-Blin C., Vézinet-Brun F., Rouzioux C. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science. 1983 May 20;220(4599):868–871. doi: 10.1126/science.6189183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Camerini D., Seed B. A CD4 domain important for HIV-mediated syncytium formation lies outside the virus binding site. Cell. 1990 Mar 9;60(5):747–754. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90089-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chiodi F., Bredberg-Råden U., Biberfeld G., Böttiger B., Albert J., Asjö B., Fenyö E. M., Norrby E. Radioimmunoprecipitation and Western blotting with sera of human immunodeficiency virus infected patients: a comparative study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1987 Summer;3(2):165–176. doi: 10.1089/aid.1987.3.165. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Coombs R. W., Collier A. C., Allain J. P., Nikora B., Leuther M., Gjerset G. F., Corey L. Plasma viremia in human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1989 Dec 14;321(24):1626–1631. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198912143212402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dalgleish A. G., Beverley P. C., Clapham P. R., Crawford D. H., Greaves M. F., Weiss R. A. The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus. Nature. 1984 Dec 20;312(5996):763–767. doi: 10.1038/312763a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Evans L. A., Moreau J., Odehouri K., Legg H., Barboza A., Cheng-Mayer C., Levy J. A. Characterization of a noncytopathic HIV-2 strain with unusual effects on CD4 expression. Science. 1988 Jun 10;240(4858):1522–1525. doi: 10.1126/science.2836951. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Fisher A. G., Ratner L., Mitsuya H., Marselle L. M., Harper M. E., Broder S., Gallo R. C., Wong-Staal F. Infectious mutants of HTLV-III with changes in the 3' region and markedly reduced cytopathic effects. Science. 1986 Aug 8;233(4764):655–659. doi: 10.1126/science.3014663. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gallaher W. R. Detection of a fusion peptide sequence in the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus. Cell. 1987 Jul 31;50(3):327–328. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90485-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gallo R. C., Salahuddin S. Z., Popovic M., Shearer G. M., Kaplan M., Haynes B. F., Palker T. J., Redfield R., Oleske J., Safai B. Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science. 1984 May 4;224(4648):500–503. doi: 10.1126/science.6200936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gonzalez-Scarano F., Waxham M. N., Ross A. M., Hoxie J. A. Sequence similarities between human immunodeficiency virus gp41 and paramyxovirus fusion proteins. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1987 Fall;3(3):245–252. doi: 10.1089/aid.1987.3.245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gottlieb M. S. Immunologic aspects of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and male homosexuality. Med Clin North Am. 1986 May;70(3):651–664. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30944-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Gowda S. D., Stein B. S., Mohagheghpour N., Benike C. J., Engleman E. G. Evidence that T cell activation is required for HIV-1 entry in CD4+ lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1989 Feb 1;142(3):773–780. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Helseth E., Kowalski M., Gabuzda D., Olshevsky U., Haseltine W., Sodroski J. Rapid complementation assays measuring replicative potential of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein mutants. J Virol. 1990 May;64(5):2416–2420. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.5.2416-2420.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hirt B. Selective extraction of polyoma DNA from infected mouse cell cultures. J Mol Biol. 1967 Jun 14;26(2):365–369. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90307-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Ho D. D., Moudgil T., Alam M. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the blood of infected persons. N Engl J Med. 1989 Dec 14;321(24):1621–1625. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198912143212401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hoxie J. A., Alpers J. D., Rackowski J. L., Huebner K., Haggarty B. S., Cedarbaum A. J., Reed J. C. Alterations in T4 (CD4) protein and mRNA synthesis in cells infected with HIV. Science. 1986 Nov 28;234(4780):1123–1127. doi: 10.1126/science.3095925. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hufert F. T., von Laer D., Schramm C., Tárnok A., Schmitz H. Detection of HIV-1 DNA in different subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using the polymerase chain reaction. Rapid communication. Arch Virol. 1989;106(3-4):341–345. doi: 10.1007/BF01313963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Kawamura I., Koga Y., Oh-Hori N., Onodera K., Kimura G., Nomoto K. Depletion of the surface CD4 molecule by the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus expressed in a human CD4+ monocytoid cell line. J Virol. 1989 Sep;63(9):3748–3754. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.3748-3754.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Klatzmann D., Barré-Sinoussi F., Nugeyre M. T., Danquet C., Vilmer E., Griscelli C., Brun-Veziret F., Rouzioux C., Gluckman J. C., Chermann J. C. Selective tropism of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) for helper-inducer T lymphocytes. Science. 1984 Jul 6;225(4657):59–63. doi: 10.1126/science.6328660. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Klatzmann D., Champagne E., Chamaret S., Gruest J., Guetard D., Hercend T., Gluckman J. C., Montagnier L. T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV. Nature. 1984 Dec 20;312(5996):767–768. doi: 10.1038/312767a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Koga Y., Sasaki M., Yoshida H., Wigzell H., Kimura G., Nomoto K. Cytopathic effect determined by the amount of CD4 molecules in human cell lines expressing envelope glycoprotein of HIV. J Immunol. 1990 Jan 1;144(1):94–102. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kong L. I., Lee S. W., Kappes J. C., Parkin J. S., Decker D., Hoxie J. A., Hahn B. H., Shaw G. M. West African HIV-2-related human retrovirus with attenuated cytopathicity. Science. 1988 Jun 10;240(4858):1525–1529. doi: 10.1126/science.3375832. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Kowalski M., Potz J., Basiripour L., Dorfman T., Goh W. C., Terwilliger E., Dayton A., Rosen C., Haseltine W., Sodroski J. Functional regions of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Science. 1987 Sep 11;237(4820):1351–1355. doi: 10.1126/science.3629244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Lane H. C., Depper J. M., Greene W. C., Whalen G., Waldmann T. A., Fauci A. S. Qualitative analysis of immune function in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Evidence for a selective defect in soluble antigen recognition. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jul 11;313(2):79–84. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198507113130204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Lee S. J., Hu W., Fisher A. G., Looney D. J., Kao V. F., Mitsuya H., Ratner L., Wong-Staal F. Role of the carboxy-terminal portion of the HIV-1 transmembrane protein in viral transmission and cytopathogenicity. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1989 Aug;5(4):441–449. doi: 10.1089/aid.1989.5.441. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lifson J. D., Feinberg M. B., Reyes G. R., Rabin L., Banapour B., Chakrabarti S., Moss B., Wong-Staal F., Steimer K. S., Engleman E. G. Induction of CD4-dependent cell fusion by the HTLV-III/LAV envelope glycoprotein. Nature. 1986 Oct 23;323(6090):725–728. doi: 10.1038/323725a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. McDougal J. S., Kennedy M. S., Sligh J. M., Cort S. P., Mawle A., Nicholson J. K. Binding of HTLV-III/LAV to T4+ T cells by a complex of the 110K viral protein and the T4 molecule. Science. 1986 Jan 24;231(4736):382–385. doi: 10.1126/science.3001934. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Pinter A., Honnen W. J., Tilley S. A., Bona C., Zaghouani H., Gorny M. K., Zolla-Pazner S. Oligomeric structure of gp41, the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol. 1989 Jun;63(6):2674–2679. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.6.2674-2679.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Popovic M., Sarngadharan M. G., Read E., Gallo R. C. Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science. 1984 May 4;224(4648):497–500. doi: 10.1126/science.6200935. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Queen C., Baltimore D. Immunoglobulin gene transcription is activated by downstream sequence elements. Cell. 1983 Jul;33(3):741–748. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90016-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Ratner L., Fisher A., Jagodzinski L. L., Mitsuya H., Liou R. S., Gallo R. C., Wong-Staal F. Complete nucleotide sequences of functional clones of the AIDS virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1987 Spring;3(1):57–69. doi: 10.1089/aid.1987.3.57. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Rho H. M., Poiesz B., Ruscetti F. W., Gallo R. C. Characterization of the reverse transcriptase from a new retrovirus (HTLV) produced by a human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cell line. Virology. 1981 Jul 15;112(1):355–360. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90642-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Rimsky L., Hauber J., Dukovich M., Malim M. H., Langlois A., Cullen B. R., Greene W. C. Functional replacement of the HIV-1 rev protein by the HTLV-1 rex protein. Nature. 1988 Oct 20;335(6192):738–740. doi: 10.1038/335738a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Robey W. G., Safai B., Oroszlan S., Arthur L. O., Gonda M. A., Gallo R. C., Fischinger P. J. Characterization of envelope and core structural gene products of HTLV-III with sera from AIDS patients. Science. 1985 May 3;228(4699):593–595. doi: 10.1126/science.2984774. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Schnittman S. M., Psallidopoulos M. C., Lane H. C., Thompson L., Baseler M., Massari F., Fox C. H., Salzman N. P., Fauci A. S. The reservoir for HIV-1 in human peripheral blood is a T cell that maintains expression of CD4. Science. 1989 Jul 21;245(4915):305–308. doi: 10.1126/science.2665081. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Siekevitz M., Josephs S. F., Dukovich M., Peffer N., Wong-Staal F., Greene W. C. Activation of the HIV-1 LTR by T cell mitogens and the trans-activator protein of HTLV-I. Science. 1987 Dec 11;238(4833):1575–1578. doi: 10.1126/science.2825351. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Sodroski J., Goh W. C., Rosen C., Dayton A., Terwilliger E., Haseltine W. A second post-transcriptional trans-activator gene required for HTLV-III replication. Nature. 1986 May 22;321(6068):412–417. doi: 10.1038/321412a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Sodroski J., Goh W. C., Rosen C., Tartar A., Portetelle D., Burny A., Haseltine W. Replicative and cytopathic potential of HTLV-III/LAV with sor gene deletions. Science. 1986 Mar 28;231(4745):1549–1553. doi: 10.1126/science.3006244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Sodroski J., Patarca R., Rosen C., Wong-Staal F., Haseltine W. Location of the trans-activating region on the genome of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III. Science. 1985 Jul 5;229(4708):74–77. doi: 10.1126/science.2990041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Somasundaran M., Robinson H. L. A major mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus-induced cell killing does not involve cell fusion. J Virol. 1987 Oct;61(10):3114–3119. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.10.3114-3119.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Somasundaran M., Robinson H. L. Unexpectedly high levels of HIV-1 RNA and protein synthesis in a cytocidal infection. Science. 1988 Dec 16;242(4885):1554–1557. doi: 10.1126/science.3201245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Stein B. S., Gowda S. D., Lifson J. D., Penhallow R. C., Bensch K. G., Engleman E. G. pH-independent HIV entry into CD4-positive T cells via virus envelope fusion to the plasma membrane. Cell. 1987 Jun 5;49(5):659–668. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90542-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Tersmette M., Gruters R. A., de Wolf F., de Goede R. E., Lange J. M., Schellekens P. T., Goudsmit J., Huisman H. G., Miedema F. Evidence for a role of virulent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: studies on sequential HIV isolates. J Virol. 1989 May;63(5):2118–2125. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.5.2118-2125.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Tersmette M., de Goede R. E., Al B. J., Winkel I. N., Gruters R. A., Cuypers H. T., Huisman H. G., Miedema F. Differential syncytium-inducing capacity of human immunodeficiency virus isolates: frequent detection of syncytium-inducing isolates in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. J Virol. 1988 Jun;62(6):2026–2032. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.6.2026-2032.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Terwilliger E. F., Godin B., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A. Construction and use of a replication-competent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) that expresses the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(10):3857–3861. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.10.3857. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Veronese F. D., DeVico A. L., Copeland T. D., Oroszlan S., Gallo R. C., Sarngadharan M. G. Characterization of gp41 as the transmembrane protein coded by the HTLV-III/LAV envelope gene. Science. 1985 Sep 27;229(4720):1402–1405. doi: 10.1126/science.2994223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Weller S. K., Joy A. E., Temin H. M. Correlation between cell killing and massive second-round superinfection by members of some subgroups of avian leukosis virus. J Virol. 1980 Jan;33(1):494–506. doi: 10.1128/jvi.33.1.494-506.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES