Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1991 Jun;65(6):3203–3212. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.3203-3212.1991

Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA to recombinant HIV-1 gag polyprotein.

J Luban 1, S P Goff 1
PMCID: PMC240977  PMID: 2033671

Abstract

We have expressed the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gag polyprotein (Pr55gag) in bacteria under the control of the T7 phage gene 10 promoter. When the gene encoding the viral protease is included in cis, in the -1 reading frame, the expected proteolytic cleavage products MA and CA are produced. Disruption of the protease-coding sequence prevents proteolytic processing, and full-length polyprotein is produced. Pr55gag, separated from bacterial proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes, binds RNA containing sequences from the 5' end of the HIV-1 genome. This binding is tolerant of a wide range of pH and temperature but has distinct salt preferences. Conditions were identified which prevented nonspecific binding of RNA to bacterial proteins but still allowed binding to Pr55gag. Under these conditions, irrelevant RNA probes lacking HIV-1 sequences bound Pr55gag less efficiently. Quantitation of binding to Pr55gag by HIV-1 RNA probes with deletions mutations demonstrated that there are two regions lying within the HIV-1 gag gene which independently promote binding of RNA to Pr55gag.

Full text

PDF
3203

Images in this article

3206Image
on p.3206
3206Image
on p.3206
3207Image
on p.3207
3207Image
on p.3207

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adam M. A., Miller A. D. Identification of a signal in a murine retrovirus that is sufficient for packaging of nonretroviral RNA into virions. J Virol. 1988 Oct;62(10):3802–3806. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.10.3802-3806.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aldovini A., Young R. A. Mutations of RNA and protein sequences involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 packaging result in production of noninfectious virus. J Virol. 1990 May;64(5):1920–1926. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.5.1920-1926.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Armentano D., Yu S. F., Kantoff P. W., von Ruden T., Anderson W. F., Gilboa E. Effect of internal viral sequences on the utility of retroviral vectors. J Virol. 1987 May;61(5):1647–1650. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.5.1647-1650.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Aronoff R., Linial M. Specificity of retroviral RNA packaging. J Virol. 1991 Jan;65(1):71–80. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.71-80.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barkley M. D., Lewis P. A., Sullivan G. E. Ion effects on the lac repressor--operator equilibrium. Biochemistry. 1981 Jun 23;20(13):3842–3851. doi: 10.1021/bi00516a027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bender M. A., Palmer T. D., Gelinas R. E., Miller A. D. Evidence that the packaging signal of Moloney murine leukemia virus extends into the gag region. J Virol. 1987 May;61(5):1639–1646. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.5.1639-1646.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Berg J. M. Potential metal-binding domains in nucleic acid binding proteins. Science. 1986 Apr 25;232(4749):485–487. doi: 10.1126/science.2421409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Blinkowa A. L., Walker J. R. Programmed ribosomal frameshifting generates the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III gamma subunit from within the tau subunit reading frame. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Apr 11;18(7):1725–1729. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.7.1725. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Burnette W. N. "Western blotting": electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A. Anal Biochem. 1981 Apr;112(2):195–203. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90281-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Clavel F., Orenstein J. M. A mutant of human immunodeficiency virus with reduced RNA packaging and abnormal particle morphology. J Virol. 1990 Oct;64(10):5230–5234. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.10.5230-5234.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Colicelli J., Goff S. P. Sequence and spacing requirements of a retrovirus integration site. J Mol Biol. 1988 Jan 5;199(1):47–59. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90378-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Covey S. N. Amino acid sequence homology in gag region of reverse transcribing elements and the coat protein gene of cauliflower mosaic virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jan 24;14(2):623–633. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.2.623. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Craigen W. J., Cook R. G., Tate W. P., Caskey C. T. Bacterial peptide chain release factors: conserved primary structure and possible frameshift regulation of release factor 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(11):3616–3620. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.11.3616. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Crawford S., Goff S. P. A deletion mutation in the 5' part of the pol gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus blocks proteolytic processing of the gag and pol polyproteins. J Virol. 1985 Mar;53(3):899–907. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.3.899-907.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Darke P. L., Nutt R. F., Brady S. F., Garsky V. M., Ciccarone T. M., Leu C. T., Lumma P. K., Freidinger R. M., Veber D. F., Sigal I. S. HIV-1 protease specificity of peptide cleavage is sufficient for processing of gag and pol polyproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Oct 14;156(1):297–303. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80839-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Davis J., Scherer M., Tsai W. P., Long C. Low-molecular- weight Rauscher leukemia virus protein with preferential binding for single-stranded RNA and DNA. J Virol. 1976 May;18(2):709–718. doi: 10.1128/jvi.18.2.709-718.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Dunn J. J., Studier F. W. Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage T7 DNA and the locations of T7 genetic elements. J Mol Biol. 1983 Jun 5;166(4):477–535. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(83)80282-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Dupraz P., Oertle S., Meric C., Damay P., Spahr P. F. Point mutations in the proximal Cys-His box of Rous sarcoma virus nucleocapsid protein. J Virol. 1990 Oct;64(10):4978–4987. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.10.4978-4987.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Eisenman R. N., Mason W. S., Linial M. Synthesis and processing of polymerase proteins of wild-type and mutant avian retroviruses. J Virol. 1980 Oct;36(1):62–78. doi: 10.1128/jvi.36.1.62-78.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Embretson J. E., Temin H. M. Lack of competition results in efficient packaging of heterologous murine retroviral RNAs and reticuloendotheliosis virus encapsidation-minus RNAs by the reticuloendotheliosis virus helper cell line. J Virol. 1987 Sep;61(9):2675–2683. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.9.2675-2683.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fisher A. G., Collalti E., Ratner L., Gallo R. C., Wong-Staal F. A molecular clone of HTLV-III with biological activity. Nature. 1985 Jul 18;316(6025):262–265. doi: 10.1038/316262a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Flexner C., Broyles S. S., Earl P., Chakrabarti S., Moss B. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus gag/pol gene products expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses. Virology. 1988 Oct;166(2):339–349. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90504-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gheysen D., Jacobs E., de Foresta F., Thiriart C., Francotte M., Thines D., De Wilde M. Assembly and release of HIV-1 precursor Pr55gag virus-like particles from recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells. Cell. 1989 Oct 6;59(1):103–112. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90873-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gorelick R. J., Henderson L. E., Hanser J. P., Rein A. Point mutants of Moloney murine leukemia virus that fail to package viral RNA: evidence for specific RNA recognition by a "zinc finger-like" protein sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(22):8420–8424. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.22.8420. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gorelick R. J., Nigida S. M., Jr, Bess J. W., Jr, Arthur L. O., Henderson L. E., Rein A. Noninfectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants deficient in genomic RNA. J Virol. 1990 Jul;64(7):3207–3211. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.7.3207-3211.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Göttlinger H. G., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A. Role of capsid precursor processing and myristoylation in morphogenesis and infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Aug;86(15):5781–5785. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.15.5781. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hansen J., Billich S., Schulze T., Sukrow S., Moelling K. Partial purification and substrate analysis of bacterially expressed HIV protease by means of monoclonal antibody. EMBO J. 1988 Jun;7(6):1785–1791. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03009.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hsu H. W., Schwartzberg P., Goff S. P. Point mutations in the P30 domain of the gag gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Virology. 1985 Apr 15;142(1):211–214. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90435-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Jacks T., Power M. D., Masiarz F. R., Luciw P. A., Barr P. J., Varmus H. E. Characterization of ribosomal frameshifting in HIV-1 gag-pol expression. Nature. 1988 Jan 21;331(6153):280–283. doi: 10.1038/331280a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Jacobs E., Gheysen D., Thines D., Francotte M., de Wilde M. The HIV-1 Gag precursor Pr55gag synthesized in yeast is myristoylated and targeted to the plasma membrane. Gene. 1989 Jun 30;79(1):71–81. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90093-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Jentoft J. E., Smith L. M., Fu X. D., Johnson M., Leis J. Conserved cysteine and histidine residues of the avian myeloblastosis virus nucleocapsid protein are essential for viral replication but are not "zinc-binding fingers". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Oct;85(19):7094–7098. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.19.7094. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Karpel R. L., Henderson L. E., Oroszlan S. Interactions of retroviral structural proteins with single-stranded nucleic acids. J Biol Chem. 1987 Apr 15;262(11):4961–4967. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Katz R. A., Terry R. W., Skalka A. M. A conserved cis-acting sequence in the 5' leader of avian sarcoma virus RNA is required for packaging. J Virol. 1986 Jul;59(1):163–167. doi: 10.1128/jvi.59.1.163-167.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Koyama T., Harada F., Kawai S. Characterization of a Rous sarcoma virus mutant defective in packaging its own genomic RNA: biochemical properties of mutant TK15 and mutant-induced transformants. J Virol. 1984 Jul;51(1):154–162. doi: 10.1128/jvi.51.1.154-162.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kramer R. A., Schaber M. D., Skalka A. M., Ganguly K., Wong-Staal F., Reddy E. P. HTLV-III gag protein is processed in yeast cells by the virus pol-protease. Science. 1986 Mar 28;231(4745):1580–1584. doi: 10.1126/science.2420008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kräusslich H. G., Schneider H., Zybarth G., Carter C. A., Wimmer E. Processing of in vitro-synthesized gag precursor proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 by HIV proteinase generated in Escherichia coli. J Virol. 1988 Nov;62(11):4393–4397. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.11.4393-4397.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kunkel T. A. Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jan;82(2):488–492. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.2.488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Lever A., Gottlinger H., Haseltine W., Sodroski J. Identification of a sequence required for efficient packaging of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA into virions. J Virol. 1989 Sep;63(9):4085–4087. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.4085-4087.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Levin J. G., Grimley P. M., Ramseur J. M., Berezesky I. K. Deficiency of 60 to 70S RNA in murine leukemia virus particles assembled in cells treated with actinomycin D. J Virol. 1974 Jul;14(1):152–161. doi: 10.1128/jvi.14.1.152-161.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Linial M., Fenno J., Burnette W. N., Rohrschneider L. Synthesis and processing of viral glycoproteins in two nonconditional mutants of Rous sarcoma virus. J Virol. 1980 Oct;36(1):280–290. doi: 10.1128/jvi.36.1.280-290.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Linial M., Medeiros E., Hayward W. S. An avian oncovirus mutant (SE 21Q1b) deficient in genomic RNA: biological and biochemical characterization. Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1371–1381. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90062-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Madisen L., Travis B., Hu S. L., Purchio A. F. Expression of the human immunodeficiency virus gag gene in insect cells. Virology. 1987 May;158(1):248–250. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90262-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Mann R., Baltimore D. Varying the position of a retrovirus packaging sequence results in the encapsidation of both unspliced and spliced RNAs. J Virol. 1985 May;54(2):401–407. doi: 10.1128/jvi.54.2.401-407.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Mann R., Mulligan R. C., Baltimore D. Construction of a retrovirus packaging mutant and its use to produce helper-free defective retrovirus. Cell. 1983 May;33(1):153–159. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90344-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Murphy J. E., Goff S. P. Construction and analysis of deletion mutations in the U5 region of Moloney murine leukemia virus: effects on RNA packaging and reverse transcription. J Virol. 1989 Jan;63(1):319–327. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.1.319-327.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Méric C., Darlix J. L., Spahr P. F. It is Rous sarcoma virus protein P12 and not P19 that binds tightly to Rous sarcoma virus RNA. J Mol Biol. 1984 Mar 15;173(4):531–538. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90396-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Méric C., Goff S. P. Characterization of Moloney murine leukemia virus mutants with single-amino-acid substitutions in the Cys-His box of the nucleocapsid protein. J Virol. 1989 Apr;63(4):1558–1568. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.4.1558-1568.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Méric C., Gouilloud E., Spahr P. F. Mutations in Rous sarcoma virus nucleocapsid protein p12 (NC): deletions of Cys-His boxes. J Virol. 1988 Sep;62(9):3328–3333. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.9.3328-3333.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Nissen-Meyer J., Abraham A. K. Specificity of RNA binding by the structural protein (p10) of Friend murine leukemia virus. J Mol Biol. 1980 Sep 5;142(1):19–28. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(80)90203-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Norton P. A., Coffin J. M. Bacterial beta-galactosidase as a marker of Rous sarcoma virus gene expression and replication. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Feb;5(2):281–290. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.2.281. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Parsell D. A., Silber K. R., Sauer R. T. Carboxy-terminal determinants of intracellular protein degradation. Genes Dev. 1990 Feb;4(2):277–286. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.2.277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Poznansky M., Lever A., Bergeron L., Haseltine W., Sodroski J. Gene transfer into human lymphocytes by a defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vector. J Virol. 1991 Jan;65(1):532–536. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.532-536.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Pugatsch T., Stacey D. W. Identification of a sequence likely to be required for avian retroviral packaging. Virology. 1983 Jul 30;128(2):505–511. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90279-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Ramsay G., Hayman M. J. Analysis of cells transformed by defective leukemia virus OK10: production of noninfectious particles and synthesis of Pr76gag and an additional 200,000-dalton protein. Virology. 1980 Oct 15;106(1):71–81. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90222-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Roth M. J., Tanese N., Goff S. P. Gene product of Moloney murine leukemia virus required for proviral integration is a DNA-binding protein. J Mol Biol. 1988 Sep 5;203(1):131–139. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90097-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Schneider J., Kent S. B. Enzymatic activity of a synthetic 99 residue protein corresponding to the putative HIV-1 protease. Cell. 1988 Jul 29;54(3):363–368. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90199-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Schulein M., Burnette W. N., August J. T. Stoichiometry and specificity of binding of Rauscher oncovirus 10,000-dalton (p10) structural protein to nucleic acids. J Virol. 1978 Apr;26(1):54–60. doi: 10.1128/jvi.26.1.54-60.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Schwartzberg P., Colicelli J., Goff S. P. Construction and analysis of deletion mutations in the pol gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus: a new viral function required for productive infection. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):1043–1052. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90439-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Schwartzberg P., Colicelli J., Gordon M. L., Goff S. P. Mutations in the gag gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus: effects on production of virions and reverse transcriptase. J Virol. 1984 Mar;49(3):918–924. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.3.918-924.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Shields A., Witte W. N., Rothenberg E., Baltimore D. High frequency of aberrant expression of Moloney murine leukemia virus in clonal infections. Cell. 1978 Jul;14(3):601–609. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90245-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Sorge J., Ricci W., Hughes S. H. cis-Acting RNA packaging locus in the 115-nucleotide direct repeat of Rous sarcoma virus. J Virol. 1983 Dec;48(3):667–675. doi: 10.1128/jvi.48.3.667-675.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Steeg C. M., Vogt V. M. RNA-binding properties of the matrix protein (p19gag) of avian sarcoma and leukemia viruses. J Virol. 1990 Feb;64(2):847–855. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.2.847-855.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Studier F. W., Moffatt B. A. Use of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase to direct selective high-level expression of cloned genes. J Mol Biol. 1986 May 5;189(1):113–130. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90385-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Tomasselli A. G., Hui J. O., Sawyer T. K., Staples D. J., FitzGerald D. J., Chaudhary V. K., Pastan I., Heinrikson R. L. Interdomain hydrolysis of a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin by the human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jan 5;265(1):408–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Veronese F. D., Rahman R., Copeland T. D., Oroszlan S., Gallo R. C., Sarngadharan M. G. Immunological and chemical analysis of P6, the carboxyl-terminal fragment of HIV P15. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1987 Fall;3(3):253–264. doi: 10.1089/aid.1987.3.253. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Vlasuk G. P., Waxman L., Davis L. J., Dixon R. A., Schultz L. D., Hofmann K. J., Tung J. S., Schulman C. A., Ellis R. W., Bencen G. H. Purification and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) core precursor (p55) expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jul 15;264(20):12106–12112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Watanabe S., Temin H. M. Encapsidation sequences for spleen necrosis virus, an avian retrovirus, are between the 5' long terminal repeat and the start of the gag gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Oct;79(19):5986–5990. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.19.5986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Weiss R. B., Dunn D. M., Shuh M., Atkins J. F., Gesteland R. F. E. coli ribosomes re-phase on retroviral frameshift signals at rates ranging from 2 to 50 percent. New Biol. 1989 Nov;1(2):159–169. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Yanisch-Perron C., Vieira J., Messing J. Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors. Gene. 1985;33(1):103–119. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90120-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES