Abstract
Clinical vascular disease occurs as the result of the chronic development of atherosclerosis, often with acute occlusive thrombus formation as the final event. Both atherosclerotic and thrombotic disorders are complex processes resulting from genetic and environmental interactions. We review genes currently implicated as risk factors and the approaches for identifying novel genetic risk factors.
Full text
PDF







Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Arbustini E., Grasso M., Fasani R., Klersy C., Diegoli M., Porcu E., Banchieri N., Fortina P., Danesino C., Specchia G. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene deletion allele is independently and strongly associated with coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Br Heart J. 1995 Dec;74(6):584–591. doi: 10.1136/hrt.74.6.584. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brenn T. Genetic and environmental effects on coronary heart disease risk factors in northern Norway. The cardiovascular disease study in Finnmark. Ann Hum Genet. 1994 Oct;58(Pt 4):369–379. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1994.tb00733.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brown M. S., Goldstein J. L. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science. 1986 Apr 4;232(4746):34–47. doi: 10.1126/science.3513311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cambien F., Poirier O., Lecerf L., Evans A., Cambou J. P., Arveiler D., Luc G., Bard J. M., Bara L., Ricard S. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature. 1992 Oct 15;359(6396):641–644. doi: 10.1038/359641a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Conroy R. M., Mulcahy R., Hickey N., Daly L. Is a family history of coronary heart disease an independent coronary risk factor? Br Heart J. 1985 Apr;53(4):378–381. doi: 10.1136/hrt.53.4.378. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Davies J. L., Kawaguchi Y., Bennett S. T., Copeman J. B., Cordell H. J., Pritchard L. E., Reed P. W., Gough S. C., Jenkins S. C., Palmer S. M. A genome-wide search for human type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes. Nature. 1994 Sep 8;371(6493):130–136. doi: 10.1038/371130a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dawson S. J., Wiman B., Hamsten A., Green F., Humphries S., Henney A. M. The two allele sequences of a common polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene respond differently to interleukin-1 in HepG2 cells. J Biol Chem. 1993 May 25;268(15):10739–10745. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dawson S., Hamsten A., Wiman B., Henney A., Humphries S. Genetic variation at the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 locus is associated with altered levels of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991 Jan-Feb;11(1):183–190. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.11.1.183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eriksson P., Kallin B., van 't Hooft F. M., Båvenholm P., Hamsten A. Allele-specific increase in basal transcription of the plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 gene is associated with myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Mar 14;92(6):1851–1855. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.6.1851. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evans A. E., Poirier O., Kee F., Lecerf L., McCrum E., Falconer T., Crane J., O'Rourke D. F., Cambien F. Polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene in subjects who die from coronary heart disease. Q J Med. 1994 Apr;87(4):211–214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Friedlander Y., Kark J. D., Stein Y. Family history of myocardial infarction as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. Br Heart J. 1985 Apr;53(4):382–387. doi: 10.1136/hrt.53.4.382. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hamsten A., de Faire U., Walldius G., Dahlén G., Szamosi A., Landou C., Blombäck M., Wiman B. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1987 Jul 4;2(8549):3–9. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)93050-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lindpaintner K., Pfeffer M. A., Kreutz R., Stampfer M. J., Grodstein F., LaMotte F., Buring J., Hennekens C. H. A prospective evaluation of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphism and the risk of ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 16;332(11):706–711. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199503163321103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meade T. W., Ruddock V., Stirling Y., Chakrabarti R., Miller G. J. Fibrinolytic activity, clotting factors, and long-term incidence of ischaemic heart disease in the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet. 1993 Oct 30;342(8879):1076–1079. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92062-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Muller D. W. Gene therapy for cardiovascular disease. Br Heart J. 1994 Oct;72(4):309–312. doi: 10.1136/hrt.72.4.309. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nelson R. G., Sievers M. L., Knowler W. C., Swinburn B. A., Pettitt D. J., Saad M. F., Liebow I. M., Howard B. V., Bennett P. H. Low incidence of fatal coronary heart disease in Pima Indians despite high prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Circulation. 1990 Mar;81(3):987–995. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.81.3.987. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Panahloo A., Mohamed-Ali V., Lane A., Green F., Humphries S. E., Yudkin J. S. Determinants of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 activity in treated NIDDM and its relation to a polymorphism in the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene. Diabetes. 1995 Jan;44(1):37–42. doi: 10.2337/diab.44.1.37. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rigat B., Hubert C., Alhenc-Gelas F., Cambien F., Corvol P., Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest. 1990 Oct;86(4):1343–1346. doi: 10.1172/JCI114844. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rissanen A. M., Nikkilä E. A. Identification of the high-risk groups in familial coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 1984 Oct;53(1):37–46. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(84)90103-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schildkraut J. M., Myers R. H., Cupples L. A., Kiely D. K., Kannel W. B. Coronary risk associated with age and sex of parental heart disease in the Framingham Study. Am J Cardiol. 1989 Sep 15;64(10):555–559. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90477-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shea S., Ottman R., Gabrieli C., Stein Z., Nichols A. Family history as an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984 Oct;4(4):793–801. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(84)80408-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Slack J., Evans K. A. The increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease in first degree relatives of 121 men and 96 women with ischaemic heart disease. J Med Genet. 1966 Dec;3(4):239–257. doi: 10.1136/jmg.3.4.239. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Spielman R. S., McGinnis R. E., Ewens W. J. Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Am J Hum Genet. 1993 Mar;52(3):506–516. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thompson S. G., Kienast J., Pyke S. D., Haverkate F., van de Loo J. C. Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 9;332(10):635–641. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199503093321003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tiret L., Kee F., Poirier O., Nicaud V., Lecerf L., Evans A., Cambou J. P., Arveiler D., Luc G., Amouyel P. Deletion polymorphism in angiotensin-converting enzyme gene associated with parental history of myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1993 Apr 17;341(8851):991–992. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91075-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tiret L., Rigat B., Visvikis S., Breda C., Corvol P., Cambien F., Soubrier F. Evidence, from combined segregation and linkage analysis, that a variant of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene controls plasma ACE levels. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Jul;51(1):197–205. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wagner R. W. The state of the art in antisense research. Nat Med. 1995 Nov;1(11):1116–1118. doi: 10.1038/nm1195-1116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ye S., Green F. R., Scarabin P. Y., Nicaud V., Bara L., Dawson S. J., Humphries S. E., Evans A., Luc G., Cambou J. P. The 4G/5G genetic polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene is associated with differences in plasma PAI-1 activity but not with risk of myocardial infarction in the ECTIM study. Etude CasTemoins de I'nfarctus du Mycocarde. Thromb Haemost. 1995 Sep;74(3):837–841. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
