Table 1.
Clinical data, EEG, MRI of the brain, serum and CSF glucose concentration
| Id | G | Age (yr) | E | PED | EEG | MRI | PET | SG (mg/dl) | CSF G (mg/dl) | Ratio CSF G/SG (Nl > 0.60) | AED ever used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A.II.2 | F | 70 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | |
| A.III.4 | F | 57 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | |
| A.III.6 | M | 53 | + | + | Nl | Nl | Y | 86 | 47 | 0.55 | PB, PHT, LTG, LEV, CLB |
| A.III.8 | M | 50 | − | + | Nl | Nl | Y | 80 | 43 | 0.54 | VPA |
| A.III.16 | F | 46 | + | + | GS | Nl | Y | 83 | 41 | 0.49 | VPA, TPM |
| A.III.17 | M | 43 | + | + | GSW, GS, PS | Nl | Y | 87 | 50 | 0.57 | VPA, LEV, CBZ, PHT |
| A.III.19 | F | 42 | − | + | / | / | Y | 105 | 49 | 0.47 | N |
| A.III.20 | F | 34 | − | + | GSW | Nl | / | / | / | VPA | |
| A.III.21 | F | 34 | U | + | S LFr | / | / | / | / | VPA | |
| A.III.22 | M | 47 | + | + | / | / | / | / | / | VPA, PHT | |
| A.III.23 | M | 46 | − | + | Nl | / | / | / | / | CBZ, LTG, PHT | |
| A.III.24 | M | 44 | + | + | GSp, Nl BG | Nl | Y | 86 | 41 | 0.48 | VPA, PHT, LEV |
| A.IV.5 | M | 30 | − | − | Nl | / | / | / | / | N | |
| A.IV.9 | F | 30 | + | + | GSW, GSp, Nl BG | Nl | Y | 85 | 41 | 0.48 | VPA, CBZ, TPM |
| A.IV.10 | M | 30 | + | + | GSW, PS, Nl BG | Nl | / | / | / | VPA, CBZ, PHT | |
| A.IV.11 | F | 20 | + | − | GSW, Sp, PS, Nl BG | Nl | Y | 65 | 34 | 0.52 | VPA, ESM, LTG, CLB |
| A.IV.12 | F | 15 | + | + | GSW, Nl BG | Nl | Y | 78 | 38 | 0.49 | VPA, LTG |
| A.IV.18 | F | 16 | + | − | Nl | Nl | Y | 76 | 41 | 0.54 | VPA |
| A.IV.20 | F | 13 | − | + | Nl | Nl | Y | 75 | 40 | 0.53 | VPA |
| A.IV.21 | M | 14 | − | + | S L | / | Y | 81 | 48 | 0.59 | VPA |
| A.V.1 | F | 7 | + | + | 3 Hz GSW, TA during HV, Nl BG | Nl | / | / | / | CBZ, VPA, LTG | |
| A.V.2 | F | 5 | + | − | Nl | / | / | / | / | N | |
| B.01a | F | 23 | + | + | S LT | Nl | Y | 83 | 41 | 0.49 | VPA, LTG |
| C.01 | M | 22 | − | + | Nl | Nl | Y | 94 | 45 | 0.48 | VPA, GBP |
| C.03 | M | 47 | − | + | / | / | 107 | 64 | 0.60 | / | |
| D.01 | F | 22 | + | + | Nl | / | / | / | / | N | |
| Range | 65–107 | 34–64 | 0.47–0.60 | ||||||||
| Mean ± SD | 85 ± 11 | 44 ± 7 | 0.52 ± 0.04 |
aOnly patient with abnormal neuronal examination (Mild ataxia, dysarthria, deep tendon reflexes L > R, Babinski sign L).
Id = identification; G = gender; F = female; M = male; yr = years; / = information not available; Nl = normal; L = left; R = right; E = epilepsy; U = unknown; + = yes; − = no; EEG = electroencephalogram; GSW = generalized spike wave; GS = generalized slowing; PS = polyspikes; GSp = generalized spikes; S = slowing; Sp = spikes; Fr = frontal; T = temporal; BG = background; TA = typical absence; HV = hyperventilation; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; PET = positron emission tomography; SG = serum glucose concentration; CSF G = cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration; AED = antiepileptic drug; VPA = valproate; PB = phenobarbital; PHT = phenytoin; LTG = lamotrigine; LEV = levetiracetam; CLB = clobazam; TPM = topiramate; CBZ = carbamazepine; GBP = gabapentin; ESM = ethosuximide.