Skip to main content
PMC home page
The Ulster Medical Journal logoLink to The Ulster Medical Journal
. 1986 Oct;55(2):97–111.

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in medicine

C S McKinstry
PMCID: PMC2448351  PMID: 3811023

Abstract

Using the technique of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, MR, MRI), the first images displaying pathology in humans were published in 1980.1 Since then, there has been a rapid extension in the use of the technique, with an estimated 225 machines in use in the USA at the end of 1985.2 Considerable enthusiasm has been expressed for this new imaging technique,3 although awareness of its high cost in the present economic climate has led to reservations being expressed in other quarters.2 The aim of this article is to give an outline of the present state of NMR, and indicate some possible future developments.

Full text

PDF

Images in this article

98Fig 1
on p.98
100Fig 2
on p.100
100Fig 3(a)
on p.100
100Fig 3 (b)
on p.100
101Fig 4
on p.101
101Fig 5
on p.101
102Fig 6
on p.102
102Fig 7 (a)
on p.102
102Fig 7 (b)
on p.102
103Fig 8
on p.103
104Fig 9
on p.104
104Fig 10
on p.104

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aboulezz A. O., Sartor K., Geyer C. A., Gado M. H. Position of cerebellar tonsils in the normal population and in patients with Chiari malformation: a quantitative approach with MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 Nov-Dec;9(6):1033–1036. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198511000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alger J. R., Shulman R. G. Metabolic applications of high-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Br Med Bull. 1984 Apr;40(2):160–164. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Amparo E. G., Higgins C. B., Hricak H., Sollitto R. Aortic dissection: magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology. 1985 May;155(2):399–406. doi: 10.1148/radiology.155.2.3983390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bailes D. R., Gilderdale D. J., Bydder G. M., Collins A. G., Firmin D. N. Respiratory ordered phase encoding (ROPE): a method for reducing respiratory motion artefacts in MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 Jul-Aug;9(4):835–838. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bailes D. R., Young I. R., Thomas D. J., Straughan K., Bydder G. M., Steiner R. E. NMR imaging of the brain using spin-echo sequences. Clin Radiol. 1982 Jul;33(4):395–414. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(82)80307-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Been M., Smith M. A., Ridgeway J. P., Brydon J. W., Douglas R. H., Kean D. M., Best J. J., Muir A. L. Characterisation of acute myocardial infarction by gated magnetic resonance imaging. Lancet. 1985 Aug 17;2(8451):348–350. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92494-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Borkowski G. P., Buonocore E., George C. R., Go R. T., O'Donovan P. B., Meaney T. F. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging in the evaluation of the liver: a preliminary experience. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1983 Oct;7(5):768–774. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198310000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bradley W. G., Jr, Waluch V. Blood flow: magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology. 1985 Feb;154(2):443–450. doi: 10.1148/radiology.154.2.3966131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bradley W. G., Jr, Waluch V., Yadley R. A., Wycoff R. R. Comparison of CT and MR in 400 patients with suspected disease of the brain and cervical spinal cord. Radiology. 1984 Sep;152(3):695–702. doi: 10.1148/radiology.152.3.6463251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Brady T. J., Rosen B. R., Pykett I. L., McGuire M. H., Mankin H. J., Rosenthal D. I. NMR imaging of leg tumors. Radiology. 1983 Oct;149(1):181–187. doi: 10.1148/radiology.149.1.6577518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brant-Zawadzki M., Badami J. P., Mills C. M., Norman D., Newton T. H. Primary intracranial tumor imaging: a comparison of magnetic resonance and CT. Radiology. 1984 Feb;150(2):435–440. doi: 10.1148/radiology.150.2.6691098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Brant-Zawadzki M., Fein G., Van Dyke C., Kiernan R., Davenport L., de Groot J. MR imaging of the aging brain: patchy white-matter lesions and dementia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1985 Sep-Oct;6(5):675–682. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Brant-Zawadzki M., Norman D., Newton T. H., Kelly W. M., Kjos B., Mills C. M., Dillon W., Sobel D., Crooks L. E. Magnetic resonance of the brain: the optimal screening technique. Radiology. 1984 Jul;152(1):71–77. doi: 10.1148/radiology.152.1.6729138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bryan P. J., Butler H. E., LiPuma J. P., Haaga J. R., El Yousef S. J., Resnick M. I., Cohen A. M., Malviya V. K., Nelson A. D., Clampitt M. NMR scanning of the pelvis: initial experience with a 0.3 T system. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983 Dec;141(6):1111–1118. doi: 10.2214/ajr.141.6.1111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bryant D. J., Payne J. A., Firmin D. N., Longmore D. B. Measurement of flow with NMR imaging using a gradient pulse and phase difference technique. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1984 Aug;8(4):588–593. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198408000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Budinger T. F. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in vivo studies: known thresholds for health effects. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1981 Dec;5(6):800–811. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198112000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bydder G. M., Brown J., Niendorf H. P., Young I. R. Enhancement of cervical intraspinal tumors in MR imaging with intravenous gadolinium-DTPA. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 Sep-Oct;9(5):847–851. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198509000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bydder G. M., Butsen P. C., Harman R. R., Gilderdale D. J., Young I. R. Use of spherical receiver coils in MR imaging of the brain. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 Mar-Apr;9(2):413–414. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198503000-00042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bydder G. M., Curati W. L., Gadian D. G., Hall A. S., Harman R. R., Butsen P. R., Gilderdale D. J., Young I. R. Use of closely coupled receiver coils in MR imaging: practical aspects. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 Sep-Oct;9(5):987–996. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198509000-00034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bydder G. M., Kingsley D. P., Brown J., Niendorf H. P., Young I. R. MR imaging of meningiomas including studies with and without gadolinium-DTPA. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 Jul-Aug;9(4):690–697. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198507010-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bydder G. M., Steiner R. E., Blumgart L. H., Khenia S., Young I. R. MR imaging of the liver using short TI inversion recovery sequences. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 Nov-Dec;9(6):1084–1089. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198511000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Bydder G. M., Steiner R. E., Young I. R., Hall A. S., Thomas D. J., Marshall J., Pallis C. A., Legg N. J. Clinical NMR imaging of the brain: 140 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982 Aug;139(2):215–236. doi: 10.2214/ajr.139.2.215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Carr D. H., Brown J., Bydder G. M., Steiner R. E., Weinmann H. J., Speck U., Hall A. S., Young I. R. Gadolinium-DTPA as a contrast agent in MRI: initial clinical experience in 20 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984 Aug;143(2):215–224. doi: 10.2214/ajr.143.2.215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Carr D. H., Brown J., Bydder G. M., Weinmann H. J., Speck U., Thomas D. J., Young I. R. Intravenous chelated gadolinium as a contrast agent in NMR imaging of cerebral tumours. Lancet. 1984 Mar 3;1(8375):484–486. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92852-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Chafetz N. I., Genant H. K., Moon K. L., Helms C. A., Morris J. M. Recognition of lumbar disk herniation with NMR. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983 Dec;141(6):1153–1156. doi: 10.2214/ajr.141.6.1153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Cohen A. M., Creviston S., LiPuma J. P., Bryan P. J., Lieberman J., Haaga J. R., Alfidi R. J. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the mediastinum and hili: early impressions of its efficacy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983 Dec;141(6):1163–1169. doi: 10.2214/ajr.141.6.1163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Cohen M. D., Klatte E. C., Baehner R., Smith J. A., Martin-Simmerman P., Carr B. E., Provisor A. J., Weetman R. M., Coates T., Siddiqui A. Magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow disease in children. Radiology. 1984 Jun;151(3):715–718. doi: 10.1148/radiology.151.3.6585859. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Crooks L. E., Ortendahl D. A., Kaufman L., Hoenninger J., Arakawa M., Watts J., Cannon C. R., Brant-Zawadzki M., Davis P. L., Margulis A. R. Clinical efficiency of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology. 1983 Jan;146(1):123–128. doi: 10.1148/radiology.146.1.6849032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Damadian R., Goldsmith M., Minkoff L. NMR in cancer: XVI. FONAR image of the live human body. Physiol Chem Phys. 1977;9(1):97-100, 108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Davidson H. D., Steiner R. E. Magnetic resonance imaging in infections of the central nervous system. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1985 Jul-Aug;6(4):499–504. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Di Chiro G., Doppman J. L., Dwyer A. J., Patronas N. J., Knop R. H., Bairamian D., Vermess M., Oldfield E. H. Tumors and arteriovenous malformations of the spinal cord: assessment using MR. Radiology. 1985 Sep;156(3):689–697. doi: 10.1148/radiology.156.3.4040644. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Dinsmore R. E., Wismer G. L., Miller S. W., Thompson R., Johnston D. L., Liu P., Okada R. D., Saini S., Brady T. J. Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart using image planes oriented to cardiac axes: experience with 100 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Dec;145(6):1177–1183. doi: 10.2214/ajr.145.6.1177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Doyle F. H., Gore J. C., Pennock J. M., Bydder G. M., Orr J. S., Steiner R. E., Young I. R., Burl M., Clow H., Gilderdale D. J. Imaging of the brain by nuclear magnetic resonance. Lancet. 1981 Jul 11;2(8237):53–57. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)90408-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Doyle F. H., Pennock J. M., Banks L. M., McDonnell M. J., Bydder G. M., Steiner R. E., Young I. R., Clarke G. J., Pasmore T., Gilderdale D. J. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the liver: initial experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982 Feb;138(2):193–200. doi: 10.2214/ajr.138.2.193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Edelstein W. A., Hutchison J. M., Smith F. W., Mallard J., Johnson G., Redpath T. W. Human whole-body NMR tomographic imaging: normal sections. Br J Radiol. 1981 Feb;54(638):149–151. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-54-638-149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. El Yousef S. J., Duchesneau R. H., Alfidi R. J., Haaga J. R., Bryan P. J., LiPuma J. P. Magnetic resonance imaging of the breast. Work in progress. Radiology. 1984 Mar;150(3):761–766. doi: 10.1148/radiology.150.3.6695077. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Felix R., Schörner W., Laniado M., Niendorf H. P., Claussen C., Fiegler W., Speck U. Brain tumors: MR imaging with gadolinium-DTPA. Radiology. 1985 Sep;156(3):681–688. doi: 10.1148/radiology.156.3.4040643. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fisher M. R., Hricak H., Crooks L. E. Urinary bladder MR imaging. Part I. Normal and benign conditions. Radiology. 1985 Nov;157(2):467–470. doi: 10.1148/radiology.157.2.4048457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Fisher M. R., Hricak H., Tanagho E. A. Urinary bladder MR imaging. Part II. Neoplasm. Radiology. 1985 Nov;157(2):471–477. doi: 10.1148/radiology.157.2.4048458. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Fisher M. R., Wall S. D., Hricak H., McCarthy S., Kerlan R. K. Hepatic vascular anatomy on magnetic resonance imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Apr;144(4):739–746. doi: 10.2214/ajr.144.4.739. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Flannigan B. D., Bradley W. G., Jr, Mazziotta J. C., Rauschning W., Bentson J. R., Lufkin R. B., Hieshima G. B. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brainstem: normal structure and basic functional anatomy. Radiology. 1985 Feb;154(2):375–383. doi: 10.1148/radiology.154.2.3966125. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Fletcher B. D., Jacobstein M. D., Nelson A. D., Riemenschneider T. A., Alfidi R. J. Gated magnetic resonance imaging of congenital cardiac malformations. Radiology. 1984 Jan;150(1):137–140. doi: 10.1148/radiology.150.1.6689753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Glazer G. M., Gross B. H., Aisen A. M., Quint L. E., Francis I. R., Orringer M. B. Imaging of the pulmonary hilum: a prospective comparative study in patients with lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Aug;145(2):245–248. doi: 10.2214/ajr.145.2.245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Han J. S., Kaufman B., Alfidi R. J., Yeung H. N., Benson J. E., Haaga J. R., El Yousef S. J., Clampitt M. E., Bonstelle C. T., Huss R. Head trauma evaluated by magnetic resonance and computed tomography: a comparison. Radiology. 1984 Jan;150(1):71–77. doi: 10.1148/radiology.150.1.6689790. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Han J. S., Kaufman B., El Yousef S. J., Benson J. E., Bonstelle C. T., Alfidi R. J., Haaga J. R., Yeung H., Huss R. G. NMR imaging of the spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983 Dec;141(6):1137–1145. doi: 10.2214/ajr.141.6.1137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Hawkes R. C., Holland G. N., Moore W. S., Worthington B. S. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomography of the brain: a preliminary clinical assessment with demonstration of pathology. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1980 Oct;4(5):577–586. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198010000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Heelan R. T., Martini N., Westcott J. W., Bains M. S., Watson R. C., Caravelli J. F., Berkmen Y. M., Henschke C. I., McCormack P. M., McCaughan B. C. Carcinomatous involvement of the hilum and mediastinum: computed tomographic and magnetic resonance evaluation. Radiology. 1985 Jul;156(1):111–115. doi: 10.1148/radiology.156.1.4001396. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Heiken J. P., Lee J. K., Dixon W. T. Fatty infiltration of the liver: evaluation by proton spectroscopic imaging. Radiology. 1985 Dec;157(3):707–710. doi: 10.1148/radiology.157.3.2997837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Heiken J. P., Lee J. K., Glazer H. S., Ling D. Hepatic metastases studied with MR and CT. Radiology. 1985 Aug;156(2):423–427. doi: 10.1148/radiology.156.2.4011905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Herfkens R. J., Higgins C. B., Hricak H., Lipton M. J., Crooks L. E., Lanzer P., Botvinick E., Brundage B., Sheldon P. E., Kaufman L. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the cardiovascular system: normal and pathologic findings. Radiology. 1983 Jun;147(3):749–759. doi: 10.1148/radiology.147.3.6601813. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Hinshaw W. S., Bottomley P. A., Holland G. N. Radiographic thin-section image of the human wrist by nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature. 1977 Dec 22;270(5639):722–723. doi: 10.1038/270722a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hricak H., Alpers C., Crooks L. E., Sheldon P. E. Magnetic resonance imaging of the female pelvis: initial experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983 Dec;141(6):1119–1128. doi: 10.2214/ajr.141.6.1119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Hricak H., Crooks L., Sheldon P., Kaufman L. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the kidney. Radiology. 1983 Feb;146(2):425–432. doi: 10.1148/radiology.146.2.6849088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Hricak H., Demas B. E., Williams R. D., McNamara M. T., Hedgcock M. W., Amparo E. G., Tanagho E. A. Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and staging of renal and perirenal neoplasms. Radiology. 1985 Mar;154(3):709–715. doi: 10.1148/radiology.154.3.3969475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hricak H., Williams R. D., Moon K. L., Jr, Moss A. A., Alpers C., Crooks L. E., Kaufman L. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the kidney: renal masses. Radiology. 1983 Jun;147(3):765–772. doi: 10.1148/radiology.147.3.6844612. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Hricak H., Williams R. D., Spring D. B., Moon K. L., Jr, Hedgcock M. W., Watson R. A., Crooks L. E. Anatomy and pathology of the male pelvis by magnetic resonance imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983 Dec;141(6):1101–1110. doi: 10.2214/ajr.141.6.1101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Hueftle M. G., Han J. S., Kaufman B., Benson J. E. MR imaging of brain stem gliomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 Mar-Apr;9(2):263–267. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198503000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Itai Y., Ohtomo K., Furui S., Yamauchi T., Minami M., Yashiro N. Noninvasive diagnosis of small cavernous hemangioma of the liver: advantage of MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Dec;145(6):1195–1199. doi: 10.2214/ajr.145.6.1195. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Kneeland J. B., Knowles R. J., Cahill P. T. Multi-section multi-echo pulse magnetic resonance techniques: optimization in a clinical setting. Radiology. 1985 Apr;155(1):159–162. doi: 10.1148/radiology.155.1.3975397. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kucharczyk W., Brant-Zawadzki M., Sobel D., Edwards M. B., Kelly W. M., Norman D., Newton T. H. Central nervous system tumors in children: detection by magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology. 1985 Apr;155(1):131–136. doi: 10.1148/radiology.155.1.3975390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Lanzer P., Botvinick E. H., Schiller N. B., Crooks L. E., Arakawa M., Kaufman L., Davis P. L., Herfkens R., Lipton M. J., Higgins C. B. Cardiac imaging using gated magnetic resonance. Radiology. 1984 Jan;150(1):121–127. doi: 10.1148/radiology.150.1.6227934. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Lawler G. A., Pennock J. M., Steiner R. E., Jenkins W. J., Sherlock S., Young I. R. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging in Wilson disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1983 Feb;7(1):1–8. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198302000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Lee B. C., Herzberg L., Zimmerman R. D., Deck M. D. MR imaging of cerebral vascular malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1985 Nov-Dec;6(6):863–870. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Lee B. C., Kneeland J. B., Cahill P. T., Deck M. D. MR recognition of supratentorial tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1985 Nov-Dec;6(6):871–878. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Leung A. W., Bydder G. M., Steiner R. E., Bryant D. J., Young I. R. Magnetic resonance imaging of the kidneys. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984 Dec;143(6):1215–1227. doi: 10.2214/ajr.143.6.1215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Levene M. I., Whitelaw A., Dubowitz V., Bydder G. M., Steiner R. E., Randell C. P., Young I. R. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in children. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982 Sep 18;285(6344):774–776. doi: 10.1136/bmj.285.6344.774. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Lieberman J. M., Alfidi R. J., Nelson A. D., Botti R. E., Moir T. W., Haaga J. R., Kopiwoda S., Miraldi F. D., Cohen A. M., Butler H. E. Gated magnetic resonance imaging of the normal and diseased heart. Radiology. 1984 Aug;152(2):465–470. doi: 10.1148/radiology.152.2.6739817. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Mansfield P., Maudsley A. A. Medical imaging by NMR. Br J Radiol. 1977 Mar;50(591):188–194. doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-50-591-188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Mansfield P. Real-time echo-planar imaging by NMR. Br Med Bull. 1984 Apr;40(2):187–190. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071970. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Maravilla K. R., Weinreb J. C., Suss R., Nunnally R. L. Magnetic resonance demonstration of multiple sclerosis plaques in the cervical cord. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Feb;144(2):381–385. doi: 10.2214/ajr.144.2.381. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. McCarthy S. M., Filly R. A., Stark D. D., Hricak H., Brant-Zawadzki M. N., Callen P. W., Higgins C. B. Obstetrical magnetic resonance imaging: fetal anatomy. Radiology. 1985 Feb;154(2):427–432. doi: 10.1148/radiology.154.2.3966129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. McCarthy S. M., Stark D. D., Filly R. A., Callen P. W., Hricak H., Higgins C. B. Obstetrical magnetic resonance imaging: maternal anatomy. Radiology. 1985 Feb;154(2):421–425. doi: 10.1148/radiology.154.2.3966128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. McNamara M. T., Higgins C. B., Schechtmann N., Botvinick E., Lipton M. J., Chatterjee K., Amparo E. G. Detection and characterization of acute myocardial infarction in man with use of gated magnetic resonance. Circulation. 1985 Apr;71(4):717–724. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.71.4.717. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Mikhael M. A., Ciric I. S., Wolff A. P. Differentiation of cerebellopontine angle neuromas and meningiomas with MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 Sep-Oct;9(5):852–856. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198509000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Moon K. L., Jr, Genant H. K., Helms C. A., Chafetz N. I., Crooks L. E., Kaufman L. Musculoskeletal applications of nuclear magnetic resonance. Radiology. 1983 Apr;147(1):161–171. doi: 10.1148/radiology.147.1.6828722. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Moss A. A., Goldberg H. I., Stark D. B., Davis P. L., Margulis A. R., Kaufman L., Crooks L. E. Hepatic tumors: magnetic resonance and CT appearance. Radiology. 1984 Jan;150(1):141–147. doi: 10.1148/radiology.150.1.6316416. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Norman D., Mills C. M., Brant-Zawadzki M., Yeates A., Crooks L. E., Kaufman L. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord and canal: potentials and limitations. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983 Dec;141(6):1147–1152. doi: 10.2214/ajr.141.6.1147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Pech P., Haughton V. M. Lumbar intervertebral disk: correlative MR and anatomic study. Radiology. 1985 Sep;156(3):699–701. doi: 10.1148/radiology.156.3.4023228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Peterman S. B., Steiner R. E., Bydder G. M., Thomas D. J., Tobias J. S., Young I. R. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR), (MRI), of brain stem tumours. Neuroradiology. 1985;27(3):202–207. doi: 10.1007/BF00344488. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Pojunas K., Williams A. L., Daniels D. L., Haughton V. M. Syringomyelia and hydromyelia: magnetic resonance evaluation. Radiology. 1984 Dec;153(3):679–683. doi: 10.1148/radiology.153.3.6494463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Poon P. Y., McCallum R. W., Henkelman M. M., Bronskill M. J., Sutcliffe S. B., Jewett M. A., Rider W. D., Bruce A. W. Magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate. Radiology. 1985 Jan;154(1):143–149. doi: 10.1148/radiology.154.1.2578070. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Pykett I. L., Newhouse J. H., Buonanno F. S., Brady T. J., Goldman M. R., Kistler J. P., Pohost G. M. Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology. 1982 Apr;143(1):157–168. doi: 10.1148/radiology.143.1.7038763. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Radda G. K., Bore P. J., Rajagopalan B. Clinical aspects on 31P NMR spectroscopy. Br Med Bull. 1984 Apr;40(2):155–159. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071962. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Schenck J. F., Hart H. R., Jr, Foster T. H., Edelstein W. A., Bottomley P. A., Redington R. W., Hardy C. J., Zimmerman R. A., Bilaniuk L. T. Improved MR imaging of the orbit at 1.5 T with surface coils. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 May;144(5):1033–1036. doi: 10.2214/ajr.144.5.1033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Scotti G., Scialfa G., Colombo N., Landoni L. MR imaging of intradural extramedullary tumors of the cervical spine. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 Nov-Dec;9(6):1037–1041. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198511000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Sheldon J. J., Siddharthan R., Tobias J., Sheremata W. A., Soila K., Viamonte M., Jr MR imaging of multiple sclerosis: comparison with clinical and CT examinations in 74 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Nov;145(5):957–964. doi: 10.2214/ajr.145.5.957. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Sipponen J. T., Kaste M., Ketonen L., Sepponen R. E., Katevuo K., Sivula A. Serial nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging in patients with cerebral infarction. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1983 Aug;7(4):585–589. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Smith F. W., Mallard J. R., Reid A., Hutchison J. M. Nuclear magnetic resonance tomographic imaging in liver disease. Lancet. 1981 May 2;1(8227):963–966. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91731-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Smith M. A. The technology of magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Radiol. 1985 Nov;36(6):553–559. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(85)80232-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Stark D. D., Felder R. C., Wittenberg J., Saini S., Butch R. J., White M. E., Edelman R. R., Mueller P. R., Simeone J. F., Cohen A. M. Magnetic resonance imaging of cavernous hemangioma of the liver: tissue-specific characterization. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Aug;145(2):213–222. doi: 10.2214/ajr.145.2.213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Stark D. D., McCarthy S. M., Filly R. A., Callen P. W., Hricak H., Parer J. T. Intrauterine growth retardation: evaluation by magnetic resonance. Work in progress. Radiology. 1985 May;155(2):425–427. doi: 10.1148/radiology.155.2.3885309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Stark D. D., Moss A. A., Goldberg H. I., Davis P. L., Federle M. P. Magnetic resonance and CT of the normal and diseased pancreas: a comparative study. Radiology. 1984 Jan;150(1):153–162. doi: 10.1148/radiology.150.1.6689755. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Steinberg E. P., Sisk J. E., Locke K. E. X-ray CT and magnetic resonance imagers. Diffusion patterns and policy issues. N Engl J Med. 1985 Oct 3;313(14):859–864. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198510033131405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Vermess M., Bernstein R. M., Bydder G. M., Steiner R. E., Young I. R., Hughes G. R. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of the brain in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1983 Jun;7(3):461–467. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198306000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Vermess M., Leung A. W., Bydder G. M., Steiner R. E., Blumgart L. H., Young I. R. MR imaging of the liver in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 Jul-Aug;9(4):749–754. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198507010-00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Webb W. R., Jensen B. G., Sollitto R., de Geer G., McCowin M., Gamsu G., Moore E. Bronchogenic carcinoma: staging with MR compared with staging with CT and surgery. Radiology. 1985 Jul;156(1):117–124. doi: 10.1148/radiology.156.1.4001397. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Weinreb J. C., Lowe T., Cohen J. M., Kutler M. Human fetal anatomy: MR imaging. Radiology. 1985 Dec;157(3):715–720. doi: 10.1148/radiology.157.3.3903856. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Williams D. M., Cho K. J., Aisen A. M., Eckhauser F. E. Portal hypertension evaluated by MR imaging. Radiology. 1985 Dec;157(3):703–706. doi: 10.1148/radiology.157.3.4059557. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Young I. R., Burl M., Clarke G. J., Hall A. S., Pasmore T., Collins A. G., Smith D. T., Orr J. S., Bydder G. M., Doyle F. H. Magnetic resonance properties of hydrogen: imaging the posterior fossa. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981 Nov;137(5):895–901. doi: 10.2214/ajr.137.5.895. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Young I. R., Bydder G. M., Hall A. S., Steiner R. E., Worthington B. S., Hawkes R. C., Holland G. N., Moore W. S. The role of NMR imaging in the diagnosis and management of acoustic neuroma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1983 May-Jun;4(3):223–224. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Young I. R., Hall A. S., Pallis C. A., Legg N. J., Bydder G. M., Steiner R. E. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 1981 Nov 14;2(8255):1063–1066. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91273-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Young I. R., Randell C. P., Kaplan P. W., James A., Bydder G. M., Steiner R. E. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging in white matter disease of the brain using spin-echo sequences. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1983 Apr;7(2):290–294. doi: 10.1097/00004728-198304000-00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Zimmer W. D., Berquist T. H., McLeod R. A., Sim F. H., Pritchard D. J., Shives T. C., Wold L. E., May G. R. Bone tumors: magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography. Radiology. 1985 Jun;155(3):709–718. doi: 10.1148/radiology.155.3.4001374. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Ulster Medical Journal are provided here courtesy of Ulster Medical Society

RESOURCES