Therapeutic implications of transesophageal echocardiography after transthoracic echocardiography on acute stroke patients

Abstract

Background

The role of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the evaluation of acute stroke patients is still ill-defined. We conducted a prospective observational study to find the prevalence of TEE findings that indicate anticoagulation as beneficial, in acute ischemic stroke patients without indication for anticoagulation based on clinical, electrocardiographic and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) findings.

Methods

We prospectively studied all patients referred to our laboratory for TTE and TEE. Patients were excluded if the diagnosis was not acute ischemic stroke or if they had an indication for anticoagulation based on clinical, electrocardiographic, or TTE data. Patients with TEE findings that might indicate anticoagulation as beneficial were identified.

Results

A total of 84 patients with acute ischemic stroke and without indication for anticoagulation based on clinical and electrocardiographic or TTE data were included in the study. Findings indicating anticoagulation as beneficial were found in 32.1%: spontaneous echo contrast (1.2%), complex aortic atheroma (27.4%), thrombus (8.3%), and simultaneous patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm (2.4%).

Conclusions

The results of our study show that TEE can have therapy implications in 32.1% of ischemic stroke patients in sinus rhythm and with TTE with no indication for anticoagulation.

Introduction

The role of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the evaluation of acute stroke patients is still ill-defined (Adams et al 2003; Hack et al 2003).

While some studies conclude that TEE should be mandatory on all ischemic stroke patients, based on its cost-effectiveness (McNamara et al 1997) and sensitivity for findings that change clinical management (coumadin instead of aspirin) (Blum et al 2004), others find that TEE abnormalities are found mostly in patients already with clinical, electrocardiographic or transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) data that would justify anticoagulation, and are rare in patients with sinus rhythm and with a normal TTE (Leung et al 1995; Cabral et al 2001; Agmom and Khandheria 2002). As a consequence, the usefulness of TEE findings for the clinical management of ischemic stroke patients has been challenged, but not defined, with some authors defending TEE only on patients with abnormal TTE (Leung et al 1995), with a normal TTE (Nighoghossian 1995), on an individual patient basis (Cabral et al 2001), or questioning its usefulness in the management of any ischemic stroke patient (Warner and Momah 1996).

The aim of our study was to find the prevalence of TEE findings that indicate anticoagulation as beneficial, in acute ischemic stroke patients without indication for anticoagulation based on clinical, electrocardiographic, and TTE findings.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study, carried out from April 13, 2004 to October 11, 2005. The study was approved by our hospital ethics committee. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Patients

All patients referred to our laboratory simultaneously for TEE and TTE were enrolled in the study. Patients were excluded if the diagnosis was not acute ischemic stroke, or if they had an indication for anticoagulation based on clinical and electrocardiographic or TTE data.

The diagnosis of stroke was made by the referring physicians, based on clinical data and brain CT.

Echography

All the echographic studies were performed by the authors, on a Vivid 3 System, General Electric.

Transthoracic echocardiography was performed using a 2.5-MHz transducer for M-mode, 2D, and Doppler, according to the recommendations of the American Echocardiography Society (Henry et al 1980).

Transesophageal echocardiography was performed using a multiplane 3.5 to 6.5 MHz probe, according to standard protocols (Seward et al 1988). The presence of the following potential sources of embolism was specifically examined: (a) left atrial spontaneous echo contrast and thrombus; (b) atheroma in the thoracic aorta; (c) patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm; and (d) others, including valvular vegetations and intracardiac masses. Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast was diagnosed by the presence of characteristic dynamic smokelike swirling echo in the left atrium or the atrial appendage, distinct from background white noise due to excessive gain (Black et al 1991). Left atrial thrombus was diagnosed by the presence of an echodense mass in the left atrium or the left atrial appendage, distinct from the endocardium and the pectinate muscles of the left atrial appendage (Beppu et al 1984). The presence of atheroma in the thoracic aorta was examined. Atheroma that were mobile, pedunculated, or protruding ≥5 mm into the lumen were classified as complex atheroma (Karalis et al 1985; Katz et al 1992). All other sessile atheroma <5 mm in thickness were classified as simple atheroma. The interatrial septum was examined for patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, and atrial septal aneurysm. Color doppler, without and with Valsalva manoeuvre, and bubble contrast study with agitated saline, also without and with Valsalva manoeuvre, were performed in all patients to look for interatrial shunting. Bubbles appearing in the left atrium within three cardiac cycles or observed traversing the interatrial septum constituted a positive study for shunting. Atrial septal aneurysm was defined as a thin-walled area in the region of the fossa ovalis with a base of at least 1.5 cm and an excursion with the cardiac cycle of at least 1.5 cm (Hanley et al 1985). Care was taken to distinguish a true atrial septal aneurysm from a hypermobile interatrial septum.

Indications for anticoagulation

TTE findings that were considered to indicate anticoagulation as beneficial (Tribolet de Abreu et al 2005) were defined as: mitral valve stenosis with an enlarged (>55 mm) left atria, valve prosthesis, left ventricular systolic dysfunction (with an estimated ejection fraction <35%), dilated cardiopathy, previous myocardial infarction (with left ventricular wall dyskinesis), left atria or left ventricle masses.

TEE findings that were considered to indicate anticoagulation as beneficial were defined as: left atrial spontaneous echo contrast and thrombus (Blum et al 2004), complex aortic atheroma (Amarenco et al 1994; Jones et al 1995), simultaneous patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm (Mas et al 2001; Kizer et al 2005), thrombus on any heart chamber, valve, or the aorta.

Statistical analysis

The program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 12.0 for Windows was used as a database.

Results

During the study period, 143 patients were sent to our laboratory for both TTE and TEE. In addition to 28 repeated examinations, a total of 31 patients were excluded for nonstroke diagnosis and for indications of anticoagulation before the performance of transesophageal echocardiography (Figure 1), leaving 84 patients included in the study.

Figure 1.

Diagram of patient enrollment.

The baseline characteristics and risk factors of the study patients are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics and risk factors of the study patients

Characteristic/risk factor	Study patients (n = 84)
Age, years (mean ± SD)	58 ± 13
Male sex	50 (60%)
Hypertension	57 (68%)
Present smoking	23 (27%)
Hypercholesterolemia	30 (36%)
Diabetes mellitus	17 (20%)

A total of 27 (32.1%) patients had TEE findings that might indicate anticoagulation as beneficial (Table 2), three of which had more than one finding (left atrial spontaneous echo contrast and complex aortic atheroma [1 patient], thrombus in the aortic artery wall and complex aortic atheroma [2 patients]).

Table 2.

Transesophageal echocardiography findings indicating anticoagulation as beneficial

Finding	Number of patients (%)
Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast	1 (1.2%)
Thrombus	7 (8.3%)
Atrial septal aneurism	10 (11.9%)
Patent foramen ovale	3 (3.6%)
Simultaneous patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm	2 (2.4%)
Complex aortic atheroma	23 (27.4%)
Total patients with TEE findings indicating anticoagulation as beneficial	27 (32.1%)

Of the 7 patients with thrombus, 4 had thrombus in the aortic valve leaflets, and three patients had thrombus in the aortic artery wall.

Discussion

In our study, TEE had findings that might indicate anticoagulation as beneficial in 32.1% of our population of ischemic stroke patients, without other indications for anticoagulation by clinical, electrocardiographic or TTE data.

We found seven similar published studies (Leung et al 1995; Warner and Momah 1996; Palazzuoli 2000; Cabral et al 2001; Tatani 2001; Ward 2006; Harloff 2006; Table 3). Only one of them was prospective (Harloff 2006), three included patients without a previous TTE (Warner and Momah 1996; Palazzuoli 2000; Tatani 2001), and two included patients with atrial fibrilation (Warner and Momah 1996; Harloff 2006). Only two of the studies specified the number of patients who had simultaneous patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm (Tatani 2001; Harloff 2006). This fact is relevant, since anticoagulation is considered beneficial only in patients with both these abnormalities (Mas et al 2001; Kizer et al 2005).

Table 3.

Transesophageal findings in ischemic stroke patients

Study	Patients	Spontaneous echo contrast	Complex aortic atheroma	Thrombus	Inter atrial septum abnormalities (simultaneous PFO/aneurism)	Patients with indication for anticoagulation
Leung et al 1995	236	1%	4.6%	0	18% (not specified)	5.6%
Warner et al 1996	106 (30 with atrial fibrilation)	12.3%		1.9%		35%
Palazzuoli et al 2000	73	13%	11%	8%	19% (not specified)	32%
Cabral et al 2001	172		3.5%	1.2%	23% (not specified)	4.7%
Tatani et al 2001	69	27.5%	14.5%	4.3%	31.8% (5.8%)	46.3%
Ward et al 2006	245	3.7%	14.7%	2.4%	22.1% (not specified)	20.8%
Harloff et al 2006	503 (104 with atrial fibrilation)	11.5%	19.7%	7.2%	26.2% (9%)	30.6%
Present study, 2007	84	1.2%	27.4%	8.3%	(2.4%)	32.1%

The most recent of these studies, by Harloff and colleagues (2006), was a prospective study in which TEE was performed on 503 out of 564 consecutive ischemic stroke patients, including patients excluded from our study, such as patients already with indications for anticoagulation, as atrial fibrilation and other types of cardioembolic stroke, and patients with contraindications against oral anticoagulation. They found spontaneous echo contrast in 11.5%, complex aortic atheroma in 19.7%, thrombus in 7.2% and simultaneous patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm in 9%. They concluded that “TEE is indispensable in all patients being candidates for oral anticoagulation”.

Our study patients were a selected group who were referred for TEE by the attending physician. During our study, a total of 855 patients were admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or transient ischemic attack. Even if we consider 15% of these patients to have had an hemorrhagic stroke, the 143 patients in our study would represent approximately 20% of the remaining 727 patients. We cannot compensate for this bias.

Several TEE findings that might indicate anticoagulation as beneficial for secondary prophylaxis in ischemic stroke patients have been identified (Amarenco et al 1994; Jones et al 1995; Mas et al 2001; Blum et al 2004; Kizer et al 2005). The superiority of TEE over TTE for diagnosing these abnormalities has also been demonstrated (McNamara et al 1997; Blum et al 2004), and confirmed in our study. The prevalence of these abnormalities in a large unselected population of consecutive ischemic stroke patients has recently been studied by Harloff and colleagues (2006). Our results seem to confirm their findings, but on a more selected population of patients with no other indication for anticoagulation. Based on our study and on the study by Harloff and colleagues, we propose an algorithm for the use of ultrasonographic studies on ischemic stroke patients without contraindications for long term anticoagulation (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Proposed algorithm for the use of ultrasonographic studies on ischemic stroke patients.

The results of our study show that TEE can have therapy implications in 32.1% of ischemic stroke patients in sinus rhythm and with a previous TTE with no indication for anticoagulation.