Preoperative apolipoprotein CI levels correlate positively with the proinflammatory response in patients experiencing endotoxemia following elective cardiac surgery

Abstract

Objective

Experimental models show that apolipoprotein CI (apoCI) binds and enhances the inflammatory response to endotoxin. We studied in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB) and experiencing endotoxemia during reperfusion whether plasma apoCI levels correlate with the inflammatory response and perioperative cytokine release.

Design

Prospective, observational, clinical cohort study.

Setting

Operating room (OR) and intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital.

Patients

One hundred fifty-nine consecutive patients > 18 years of age (66% males (n = 105), median age 65 and 67 years for males and females, respectively) undergoing elective cardiothoracic surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Interventions

None.

Measurements

Baseline apoCI, apoCIII, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and perioperative endotoxin and TNF-α levels were determined.

Results

High preoperative plasma apoCI, but not apoCIII, levels were associated (p < 0.05) with increased perioperative levels of TNF-α in patients experiencing endotoxemia. This association was not observed in patients without endotoxemia.

Conclusion

High plasma apoCI is positively related to proinflammatory response in patients experiencing endotoxemia and confirms the observations in animal models.

Introduction

The host response to bacterial invasion requires recognition of pathogens. In Gram-negative bacterial infection, endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), a component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall, is a powerful stimulator of the host inflammatory reaction. Endotoxin elicits this response by binding to a cell surface receptor composed of at least three distinct proteins—CD14, Toll­like receptor­4 (TLR4) and MD­2 [1, 2]—and triggers release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α.

We and others have shown that apolipoproteins modulate the host inflammatory response to endotoxin [3]. Functionally, apolipoproteins are surface proteins on circulating lipoprotein particles and regulate the metabolism and trafficking of these particles. Experimental studies have shown that apolipoproteins are involved in the modulation of inflammatory processes and protection against infections agents [4–9]. Recently, we showed that apolipoprotein CI (apoCI) binds to endotoxin and stimulates the endotoxin-induced inflammatory response by macrophages in vitro and in vivo in mice [10, 11]. The apoCI-mediated enhanced anti-bacterial attack was essential to protect mice against mortality from Gram-negative bacterial sepsis. ApoCIII, which is structurally closely related to apoCI and has a similar distribution over lipoproteins, did not appear to bind endotoxin and did not alter the endotoxin-induced inflammatory response [10]. These experimental findings were further supported by a study in elderly in which high plasma apoCI levels are associated with a lower risk of mortality from infection [12, 13]; however, the relation between plasma levels of apoCI and the inflammatory response to endotoxemia in humans has not been studied systematically.

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces a variable systemic inflammatory response that may progress from a relatively mild to a severe and potentially life-threatening situation [14]. Previously, we demonstrated an association between the occurrence of perioperative endotoxemia and the postoperative inflammatory response, suggesting endotoxin as etiologic factor in the cytokine release in patients undergoing CPB [15]. Splanchnic ischemia and gut reperfusion injury occurs frequently during the procedure and subsequent disturbance in gut barrier function, marked by translocation of endotoxin to the systemic circulation, has been documented [14, 16, 17].

We postulate that apoCI is a significant determinant of the endotoxin-induced inflammatory response in these patients and assessed the relation between preoperative apoCI plasma levels and the perioperative cytokine activation in patients experiencing endotoxemia. To indicate that a potential relation between apoCI and TNF-α is not merely a reflection of lipid or apolipoprotein levels, we compare our findings with those on total cholesterol, triglycerides and apoCIII.

Materials and methods

The study was performed at the Leiden University Medical Center, an 800­bed secondary and tertiary referral hospital. To be eligible for enrolment, patients had to be aged 18 years or older and being scheduled for elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass between 1 July 1998 and 30 December 1999. We obtained institutional approval from the local medical ethics committee (protocol no. P168/96). Each patient gave a written, informed consent. One hundred fifty-nine consecutive patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with CPB were studied, which has been extensively described previously [18, 19].

Sample collection

Briefly, blood samples were collected from each patient before anaesthetic induction (time point 1), on aorta declamping (time point 2), 30 min into body reperfusion (i.e. 30 min after termination of extra corporal perfusion, time point 3), and at ICU admission (approximately 2 h after surgery, time point 4) [18, 19].

Endotoxin and TNF-alpha measurements

Blood for endotoxin determination was collected in pyrogen-free tubes and platelet-rich plasma was prepared by centrifugation. Endotoxin was determined by a quantitative photometric assay with end-point measurement. The assay's lower detection limit for endotoxin was 3.0 pg/ml [20]. Endotoxin concentrations ≥ 5 pg/ml were considered to indicate endotoxemia [20, 21]. Blood for determination of TNF-a was collected in pyrogen-free ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes and immersed in ice. Plasma was prepared by centrifugation at 3000 g for 5–10 min at 4°C and stored at −70°C. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations were determined with a standard ELISA technique. The lower detection limit for TNF-α was 0.1 pg/ml [18, 19].

Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoprotein measurements

Plasma apoCI and apoCIII levels were assayed using sandwich ELISAs specific for human apoCI [13] and apoCIII [22], as described. For both ELISAs the inter-assay coefficient of variance is typically less than 10%, while the intra-assay coefficient of variance is typically less than 7% (apoCI) and 5% (apoCIII). No cross-reactivity of the used antibodies is observed with other apolipoproteins. Total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were determined using commercially available kits (Roche Diagnostics Cholesterol Reagent and Triglyceride Reagent, respectively; Roche Diagnostics, Almere, The Netherlands).

Analysis of data

Correlations were assessed non­parametrically using Spearman correlation test, comparisons between groups were made using Kruskal–Wallis test, individual groups were compared by the Mann–Whitney U-test, unless indicated otherwise. Statistical significance was tested two tailed, with α set at 0.05.

Results

Patient characteristics

We studied 159 consecutive patients undergoing elective cardiothoracic surgery with CPB. The patient characteristics have been described previously [18]. Surgical procedures were extensive; 19 patients (12%) underwent coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) combined with valve replacement, 87 patients (55%) underwent CABG only and 48 patients (30%) underwent valve replacement only (Table 1). Five patients (3%) underwent other surgical procedures, mainly aortic surgery (Table 1).

Table 1.

Characteristics of 159 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; ICU, intensive care unit; MOF, multiple organ dysfunction

Variables	Values
Preoperative data
Age (years)	65 (56–72)
Weight (kg)	78 (68–88)
Males, n (%)	106 (67)
Active smoker, n (%)	31 (20)
Diabetes (types I and II), n (%)	19 (12)
ASA score, n (%)
≤ 2	12 (8)
3	88 (55)
≥ 4	9 (6)
Unknown	50 (32)
Type of operation
CABG only, n (%)	87 (55)
Valve replacement only, n (%)	48 (30)
CABG and valve replacement, n (%)	19 (12)
Other, n (%)	5 (3)
Perioperative data
Operation time (min)	240 (183–285)
Perfusion time (min)	116 (85–141)
Aorta clamp time (min)	71 (49–90)
Lowest temperature (°C)	29 (28–31)
Postoperative data
Days on ventilator	1 (1–2)
ICU stay (days)	3 (2–5)
MOF, n (%)	6 (3.8)
Hospital stay (days)	11 (9–15)
Fatalities, n (%)	14 (9)

Median values and interquartile range in parentheses

Correlation between preoperative cholesterol, triglyceride, apoCI and apoCIII levels and perioperative TNF-alpha release

Data on cholesterol, triglycerides, apoCI and apoCIII were available for 148 patients. Perioperative TNF-α levels were available for 112, 106, 108 and 110 patients for time points 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Endotoxin levels for time points 2 and/or 3 were available for 143 patients.

The relationship between perioperative endotoxemia and cytokine release in these 159 patients has been described previously [18, 19]. Briefly, we found that perioperative endotoxemia was positively correlated with subsequent TNF­α release. In the current analysis we assessed correlations between preoperative plasma levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, apoCI and apoCIII with perioperative TNF-α plasma concentrations.

In patients with significant endotoxemia (endotoxin level ≥ 5 pg/ml at time points 2 and/or 3; n = 85) we observed a significant correlation between preoperative apoCI and cholesterol levels and TNF-α concentrations at time points 2–4 (the latter for apoCI only), whereas no such correlation could be observed with preoperative apoCIII and triglyceride levels (Table 2). No significant correlations were observed in patients without endotoxemia as defined by an endotoxin level < 5 pg/ml at both time points 2 and 3 (n = 58; Table 2).

Table 2.

Correlation coefficient between preoperative lipid/apolipoprotein level and TNF-α concentration at consecutive time points perioperatively. Time points 2–4 correspond with aorta declamping, 30 min into body reperfusion (i.e. 30 min after termination of extra-corporal perfusion) and admission to the ICU (approximately 2 h after surgery), respectively. Significant correlations were observed between cholesterol and TNF-α in endotoxemia-positive patients at time points 2 and 3, and ApoCI and TNF-α in endotoxemia-positive patients at time points 2–4

Variables	Time point 2	Time point 3	Time point 4
Endotoxemia positive	n = 63	n = 65	n = 65
Cholesterol	0.434***	0.259*	0.174
Triglycerides	0.133	0.236	0.237
ApoCI	0.305*	0.351**	0.425***
ApoCIII	−0.106	0.062	0.077
Endotoxemia negative	n = 36	n = 35	n = 35
Cholesterol	0.186	0.074	−0.329
Triglycerides	0.214	0.037	−0.153
ApoCI	0.299	0.157	−0.330
ApoCIII	−0.161	−0.060	−0.068

^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001 (Spearman correlation test)

To visualize the apoCI data we split the endotoxemia-positive and endotoxemia-negative patients into three equally large groups (tertiles) according to their preoperative plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, apoCI and apoCIII levels (tertiles), and plotted these against the TNF-α concentration at the four time points. High preoperative apoCI levels were markedly associated with increased TNF-α concentration at time points 2–4 in endotoxemia-positive patients (Fig. 1a), but not in endotoxemia-negative patients (Fig. 1b). No associations were found with preoperative apoCIII levels (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Perioperative TNF-α concentration in patients experiencing endotoxemia (a) and those without (b) according to preoperative apoCI and apoCIII tertiles (1 = lowest tertile, 2 = intermediate tertile, 3 = highest tertile). The p-values were calculated using Kruskal–Wallis test

Discussion

The main finding of the present study is that in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) high plasma apoCI levels are correlated with an enhanced proinflammatory response in patients experiencing endotoxemia as compared with patients without endotoxemia. This characteristic is not shared among all apolipoproteins or lipids, since this observation did not hold for apoCIII or triglyceride levels and TNF-α levels. Although at some time points a correlation with cholesterol was found as well, these correlations are less pronounced and consistent. On the contrary, the proinflammatory response in patients without endotoxemia was not correlated with apoCI levels. This finding suggests a role for apoCI in enhancing the host response to bacterial products involved in pathogen recognition.

To our knowledge, this is the first study indicating this relationship between plasma levels of apoCI and the inflammatory response to endotoxemia in humans in vivo. This finding is relevant for understanding mechanisms by which the host mounts a swift response to invading micro-organisms in the early phase of infection. An early proinflammatory cytokine response to invading pathogens is crucial for containment and elimination of the bacteria, whereas in a latter phase a high proinflammatory response is often harmful and may lead to tissue damage and organ failure. In Gram-negative bacterial infection, endotoxin (LPS) is a powerful stimulator of the host inflammatory reaction through activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway.

Previously, we demonstrated in mice that apoCI binds to endotoxin and enhances the endotoxin-induced proinflammatory response, thereby invigorating host response mechanisms. Based on our current findings, apoCI may also enhance the endotoxin-induced proinflammatory response in humans. Moreover, combined with our previous observation that subjects with high plasma apoCI levels at baseline are less prone to mortality from infection during a 5-year follow-up [13], these findings support a beneficial role for apoCI in the handling of infections in humans. High plasma apoCI levels may protect against bacterial invasion by enhancing the proinflammatory response directed towards endotoxin, in line with our experimental studies.

With respect to this study and methodology, several issues need to be considered. The cut-off level of endotoxin concentration indicating significant endotoxemia is somewhat arbitrary; however, it is based on previous studies and has been prospectively evaluated [20, 21]. Furthermore, the criterion used is substantiated by our previous findings in these patients, in which we observed significantly higher cytokine concentrations in patients with endotoxemia, according to this criterion, as compared with those without. These clinical data confirm the rationale to dichotomise the group according to endotoxemia. In the current study we assessed TNF­α as measure of the proinflammatory cytokine response. TNF­α plays a central role in the proinflammatory cytokine cascade. The findings would suggest a similar elevation of other proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-6, IL-1), although we did not measure these mediators here. An other limitation of our study is that the findings cannot be directly extrapolated to patients with Gram-negative infection: our model is not an infection model in the sense of live, multiplicating micro-organisms invading the host. However, naturally occurring endotoxemia mimics invasive Gram-negative infection and enabled us to study the in vivo interaction between microbial products and the host. Furthermore, our study was small, making the power to detect possible differences in clinical outcome small. Further prospective studies are now underway to make these analyses possible.