Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1990 Apr;64(4):1817–1820. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.4.1817-1820.1990

The Epstein-Barr virus BRLF1 immediate-early gene product transactivates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat by a mechanism which is enhancer independent.

E B Quinlivan 1, E Holley-Guthrie 1, E C Mar 1, M S Smith 1, S Kenney 1
PMCID: PMC249321  PMID: 2157062

Abstract

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early gene product, BRLF1, transactivates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat. BRLF1-induced transactivation of HIV-1 promoter constructs is accompanied by an increase in plasmid mRNA and is reporter gene independent. Previously, BRLF1 transactivation of EBV promoters has been mapped to regions which function as enhancer elements. Deletional analysis demonstrates that BRLF1 transactivation of the HIV-1 promoter does not require the HIV-1 enhancer. Thus, the EBV BRLF1 gene product may transactivate by at least two different mechanisms, one mechanism involving certain enhancer elements and another mechanism which is enhancer independent.

Full text

PDF

Images in this article

1818Image
on p.1818

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Albrecht M. A., DeLuca N. A., Byrn R. A., Schaffer P. A., Hammer S. M. The herpes simplex virus immediate-early protein, ICP4, is required to potentiate replication of human immunodeficiency virus in CD4+ lymphocytes. J Virol. 1989 May;63(5):1861–1868. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.5.1861-1868.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baer R., Bankier A. T., Biggin M. D., Deininger P. L., Farrell P. J., Gibson T. J., Hatfull G., Hudson G. S., Satchwell S. C., Séguin C. DNA sequence and expression of the B95-8 Epstein-Barr virus genome. Nature. 1984 Jul 19;310(5974):207–211. doi: 10.1038/310207a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Casareale D., Sinangil F., Hedeskog M., Ward W., Volsky D. J., Sonnabend J. Establishment of retrovirus-, Epstein-Barr virus-positive B-lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from individuals at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS Res. 1983 1984;1(4):253–270. doi: 10.1089/aid.1.1983.1.253. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chavrier P., Gruffat H., Chevallier-Greco A., Buisson M., Sergeant A. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early promoter DR contains a cis-acting element responsive to the EBV transactivator EB1 and an enhancer with constitutive and inducible activities. J Virol. 1989 Feb;63(2):607–614. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.2.607-614.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chevallier-Greco A., Gruffat H., Manet E., Calender A., Sergeant A. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DR enhancer contains two functionally different domains: domain A is constitutive and cell specific, domain B is transactivated by the EBV early protein R. J Virol. 1989 Feb;63(2):615–623. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.2.615-623.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chevallier-Greco A., Manet E., Chavrier P., Mosnier C., Daillie J., Sergeant A. Both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded trans-acting factors, EB1 and EB2, are required to activate transcription from an EBV early promoter. EMBO J. 1986 Dec 1;5(12):3243–3249. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04635.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cho M. S., Jeang K. T., Hayward S. D. Localization of the coding region for an Epstein-Barr virus early antigen and inducible expression of this 60-kilodalton nuclear protein in transfected fibroblast cell lines. J Virol. 1985 Dec;56(3):852–859. doi: 10.1128/jvi.56.3.852-859.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Davis M. G., Kenney S. C., Kamine J., Pagano J. S., Huang E. S. Immediate-early gene region of human cytomegalovirus trans-activates the promoter of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(23):8642–8646. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8642. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Farrell P. J., Rowe D. T., Rooney C. M., Kouzarides T. Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 trans-activator specifically binds to a consensus AP-1 site and is related to c-fos. EMBO J. 1989 Jan;8(1):127–132. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03356.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Gimble J. M., Duh E., Ostrove J. M., Gendelman H. E., Max E. E., Rabson A. B. Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with induction of a nuclear factor that binds to the NF-kappa B/core enhancer sequence. J Virol. 1988 Nov;62(11):4104–4112. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.11.4104-4112.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hardwick J. M., Lieberman P. M., Hayward S. D. A new Epstein-Barr virus transactivator, R, induces expression of a cytoplasmic early antigen. J Virol. 1988 Jul;62(7):2274–2284. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.7.2274-2284.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kenney S., Holley-Guthrie E., Mar E. C., Smith M. The Epstein-Barr virus BMLF1 promoter contains an enhancer element that is responsive to the BZLF1 and BRLF1 transactivators. J Virol. 1989 Sep;63(9):3878–3883. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.3878-3883.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kenney S., Kamine J., Holley-Guthrie E., Lin J. C., Mar E. C., Pagano J. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BZLF1 immediate-early gene product differentially affects latent versus productive EBV promoters. J Virol. 1989 Apr;63(4):1729–1736. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.4.1729-1736.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kenney S., Kamine J., Holley-Guthrie E., Mar E. C., Lin J. C., Markovitz D., Pagano J. The Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early gene product, BMLF1, acts in trans by a posttranscriptional mechanism which is reporter gene dependent. J Virol. 1989 Sep;63(9):3870–3877. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.3870-3877.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kenney S., Kamine J., Markovitz D., Fenrick R., Pagano J. An Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early gene product trans-activates gene expression from the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1652–1656. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.5.1652. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kikuta H., Taguchi Y., Tomizawa K., Kojima K., Kawamura N., Ishizaka A., Sakiyama Y., Matsumoto S., Imai S., Kinoshita T. Epstein-Barr virus genome-positive T lymphocytes in a boy with chronic active EBV infection associated with Kawasaki-like disease. Nature. 1988 Jun 2;333(6172):455–457. doi: 10.1038/333455a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lieberman P. M., O'Hare P., Hayward G. S., Hayward S. D. Promiscuous trans activation of gene expression by an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded early nuclear protein. J Virol. 1986 Oct;60(1):140–148. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.1.140-148.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Manet E., Gruffat H., Trescol-Biemont M. C., Moreno N., Chambard P., Giot J. F., Sergeant A. Epstein-Barr virus bicistronic mRNAs generated by facultative splicing code for two transcriptional trans-activators. EMBO J. 1989 Jun;8(6):1819–1826. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03576.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Markovitz D. M., Kenney S., Kamine J., Smith M. S., Davis M., Huang E. S., Rosen C., Pagano J. S. Disparate effects of two herpesvirus [corrected] immediate-early gene trans-activators on the HIV-1 LTR. Virology. 1989 Dec;173(2):750–754. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90591-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. McKnight S. L., Kingsbury R. Transcriptional control signals of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. Science. 1982 Jul 23;217(4557):316–324. doi: 10.1126/science.6283634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Mosca J. D., Bednarik D. P., Raj N. B., Rosen C. A., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A., Hayward G. S., Pitha P. M. Activation of human immunodeficiency virus by herpesvirus infection: identification of a region within the long terminal repeat that responds to a trans-acting factor encoded by herpes simplex virus 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(21):7408–7412. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.21.7408. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Nabel G. J., Rice S. A., Knipe D. M., Baltimore D. Alternative mechanisms for activation of human immunodeficiency virus enhancer in T cells. Science. 1988 Mar 11;239(4845):1299–1302. doi: 10.1126/science.2830675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Nabel G., Baltimore D. An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells. Nature. 1987 Apr 16;326(6114):711–713. doi: 10.1038/326711a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ostrove J. M., Leonard J., Weck K. E., Rabson A. B., Gendelman H. E. Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus by herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol. 1987 Dec;61(12):3726–3732. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.12.3726-3732.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Rooney C. M., Rowe D. T., Ragot T., Farrell P. J. The spliced BZLF1 gene of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transactivates an early EBV promoter and induces the virus productive cycle. J Virol. 1989 Jul;63(7):3109–3116. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.7.3109-3116.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Rosen C. A., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A. The location of cis-acting regulatory sequences in the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) long terminal repeat. Cell. 1985 Jul;41(3):813–823. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80062-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Sixbey J. W., Nedrud J. G., Raab-Traub N., Hanes R. A., Pagano J. S. Epstein-Barr virus replication in oropharyngeal epithelial cells. N Engl J Med. 1984 May 10;310(19):1225–1230. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198405103101905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Sodroski J., Rosen C., Wong-Staal F., Salahuddin S. Z., Popovic M., Arya S., Gallo R. C., Haseltine W. A. Trans-acting transcriptional regulation of human T-cell leukemia virus type III long terminal repeat. Science. 1985 Jan 11;227(4683):171–173. doi: 10.1126/science.2981427. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Takada K., Shimizu N., Sakuma S., Ono Y. trans activation of the latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome after transfection of the EBV DNA fragment. J Virol. 1986 Mar;57(3):1016–1022. doi: 10.1128/jvi.57.3.1016-1022.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Toneguzzo F., Hayday A. C., Keating A. Electric field-mediated DNA transfer: transient and stable gene expression in human and mouse lymphoid cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Feb;6(2):703–706. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.2.703. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Urier G., Buisson M., Chambard P., Sergeant A. The Epstein-Barr virus early protein EB1 activates transcription from different responsive elements including AP-1 binding sites. EMBO J. 1989 May;8(5):1447–1453. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03527.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Wong K. M., Levine A. J. Characterization of proteins encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus transactivator gene BMLF1. Virology. 1989 Jan;168(1):101–111. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90408-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Wong K. M., Levine A. J. Identification and mapping of Epstein-Barr virus early antigens and demonstration of a viral gene activator that functions in trans. J Virol. 1986 Oct;60(1):149–156. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.1.149-156.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES