Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Netherlands Heart Journal logoLink to Netherlands Heart Journal
. 2002 Apr;10(4):189-192, 193-197.

C-reactive protein as a pro-inflammatory mediator in cardiovascular disease by its ability to activate complement: additional proof and hypothetical mechanisms

WK Lagrand, R Nijmeijer, HWM Niessen, CA Visser, WTh Hermens, CE Hack
PMCID: PMC2499743  PMID: 25696089

Abstract

This study was financially supported by the Netherlands Heart Foundation, grant numbers 93-119 and 97-088. Dr. Niessen is a recipient of the Dr. E. Dekker programme of the Netherlands Heart Foundation (D99025).

Keywords: myocardial infarction, myocardial ischaemia, inflammation, inflammatory mediators, C-reactive protein

Full text

PDF
189

Images in this article

193Figure 2
on p.193
193Figure 3
on p.193
196Figure 5
on p.196

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Amsterdam E. A., Stahl G. L., Pan H. L., Rendig S. V., Fletcher M. P., Longhurst J. C. Limitation of reperfusion injury by a monoclonal antibody to C5a during myocardial infarction in pigs. Am J Physiol. 1995 Jan;268(1 Pt 2):H448–H457. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1995.268.1.H448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baltz M. L., de Beer F. C., Feinstein A., Munn E. A., Milstein C. P., Fletcher T. C., March J. F., Taylor J., Bruton C., Clamp J. R. Phylogenetic aspects of C-reactive protein and related proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;389:49–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb22125.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Baumann H., Gauldie J. The acute phase response. Immunol Today. 1994 Feb;15(2):74–80. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90137-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Crowl R. M., Stoller T. J., Conroy R. R., Stoner C. R. Induction of phospholipase A2 gene expression in human hepatoma cells by mediators of the acute phase response. J Biol Chem. 1991 Feb 5;266(4):2647–2651. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. DeWood M. A., Spores J., Notske R., Mouser L. T., Burroughs R., Golden M. S., Lang H. T. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1980 Oct 16;303(16):897–902. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198010163031601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dreyer W. J., Michael L. H., Nguyen T., Smith C. W., Anderson D. C., Entman M. L., Rossen R. D. Kinetics of C5a release in cardiac lymph of dogs experiencing coronary artery ischemia-reperfusion injury. Circ Res. 1992 Dec;71(6):1518–1524. doi: 10.1161/01.res.71.6.1518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Fourcade O., Simon M. F., Viodé C., Rugani N., Leballe F., Ragab A., Fournié B., Sarda L., Chap H. Secretory phospholipase A2 generates the novel lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid in membrane microvesicles shed from activated cells. Cell. 1995 Mar 24;80(6):919–927. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90295-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Griselli M., Herbert J., Hutchinson W. L., Taylor K. M., Sohail M., Krausz T., Pepys M. B. C-reactive protein and complement are important mediators of tissue damage in acute myocardial infarction. J Exp Med. 1999 Dec 20;190(12):1733–1740. doi: 10.1084/jem.190.12.1733. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hack C. E., Wolbink G. J., Schalkwijk C., Speijer H., Hermens W. T., van den Bosch H. A role for secretory phospholipase A2 and C-reactive protein in the removal of injured cells. Immunol Today. 1997 Mar;18(3):111–115. doi: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01002-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Heuertz R. M., Piquette C. A., Webster R. O. Rabbits with elevated serum C-reactive protein exhibit diminished neutrophil infiltration and vascular permeability in C5a-induced alveolitis. Am J Pathol. 1993 Jan;142(1):319–328. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hill J. H., Ward P. A. The phlogistic role of C3 leukotactic fragments in myocardial infarcts of rats. J Exp Med. 1971 Apr 1;133(4):885–900. doi: 10.1084/jem.133.4.885. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hugo F., Hamdoch T., Mathey D., Schäfer H., Bhakdi S. Quantitative measurement of SC5b-9 and C5b-9(m) in infarcted areas of human myocardium. Clin Exp Immunol. 1990 Jul;81(1):132–136. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05303.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ito B. R., Roth D. M., Engler R. L. Thromboxane A2 and peptidoleukotrienes contribute to the myocardial ischemia and contractile dysfunction in response to intracoronary infusion of complement C5a in pigs. Circ Res. 1990 Mar;66(3):596–607. doi: 10.1161/01.res.66.3.596. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Jiang H., Robey F. A., Gewurz H. Localization of sites through which C-reactive protein binds and activates complement to residues 14-26 and 76-92 of the human C1q A chain. J Exp Med. 1992 May 1;175(5):1373–1379. doi: 10.1084/jem.175.5.1373. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. KUSHNER I., KAPLAN M. H. Studies of acute phase protein. I. An immunohistochemical method for the localization of Cx-reactive protein in rabbits. Association with necrosis in local inflammatory lesions. J Exp Med. 1961 Dec 1;114:961–974. doi: 10.1084/jem.114.6.961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. KUSHNER I., RAKITA L., KAPLAN M. H. Studies of acute-phase protein. II. Localization of Cx-reactive protein in heart in induced myocardial infarction in rabbits. J Clin Invest. 1963 Feb;42:286–292. doi: 10.1172/JCI104715. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kilpatrick J. M., Volanakis J. E. Molecular genetics, structure, and function of C-reactive protein. Immunol Res. 1991;10(1):43–53. doi: 10.1007/BF02918166. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lagrand W. K., Niessen H. W., Nijmeijer R., Hack C. E. Role for complement as an intermediate between C-reactive protein and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression? Circulation. 2001 Aug 28;104(9):E46–E46. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.104.9.e46. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Lagrand W. K., Niessen H. W., Wolbink G. J., Jaspars L. H., Visser C. A., Verheugt F. W., Meijer C. J., Hack C. E. C-reactive protein colocalizes with complement in human hearts during acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1997 Jan 7;95(1):97–103. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.1.97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lagrand W. K., Visser C. A., Hermens W. T., Niessen H. W., Verheugt F. W., Wolbink G. J., Hack C. E. C-reactive protein as a cardiovascular risk factor: more than an epiphenomenon? Circulation. 1999 Jul 6;100(1):96–102. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.100.1.96. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Libby P., Maroko P. R., Bloor C. M., Sobel B. E., Braunwald E. Reduction of experimental myocardial infarct size by corticosteroid administration. J Clin Invest. 1973 Mar;52(3):599–607. doi: 10.1172/JCI107221. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Makrides S. C. Therapeutic inhibition of the complement system. Pharmacol Rev. 1998 Mar;50(1):59–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Maroko P. R., Carpenter C. B., Chiariello M., Fishbein M. C., Radvany P., Knostman J. D., Hale S. L. Reduction by cobra venom factor of myocardial necrosis after coronary artery occlusion. J Clin Invest. 1978 Mar;61(3):661–670. doi: 10.1172/JCI108978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Narkates A. J., Volanakis J. E. C-reactive protein binding specificities: artificial and natural phospholipid bilayers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;389:172–182. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb22135.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Niessen H. W., Lagrand W. K., Visser C. A., Meijer C. J., Hack C. E. Upregulation of ICAM-1 on cardiomyocytes in jeopardized human myocardium during infarction. Cardiovasc Res. 1999 Mar;41(3):603–610. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(98)00236-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Nijmeijer R., Lagrand W. K., Visser C. A., Meijer C. J., Niessen H. W., Hack C. E. CRP, a major culprit in complement-mediated tissue damage in acute myocardial infarction? Int Immunopharmacol. 2001 Mar;1(3):403–414. doi: 10.1016/s1567-5769(00)00044-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Pasceri V., Willerson J. T., Yeh E. T. Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation. 2000 Oct 31;102(18):2165–2168. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.102.18.2165. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Pinckard R. N., O'Rourke R. A., Crawford M. H., Grover F. S., McManus L. M., Ghidoni J. J., Storrs S. B., Olson M. S. Complement localization and mediation of ischemic injury in baboon myocardium. J Clin Invest. 1980 Nov;66(5):1050–1056. doi: 10.1172/JCI109933. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Pruzanski W., Vadas P. Phospholipase A2--a mediator between proximal and distal effectors of inflammation. Immunol Today. 1991 May;12(5):143–146. doi: 10.1016/S0167-5699(05)80042-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Redl H., Schlag G., Schiesser A., Davies J. Tumor necrosis factor is a mediator of phospholipase release during bacteremia in baboons. Am J Physiol. 1993 Jun;264(6 Pt 2):H2119–H2123. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1993.264.6.H2119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Rossen R. D., Swain J. L., Michael L. H., Weakley S., Giannini E., Entman M. L. Selective accumulation of the first component of complement and leukocytes in ischemic canine heart muscle. A possible initiator of an extra myocardial mechanism of ischemic injury. Circ Res. 1985 Jul;57(1):119–130. doi: 10.1161/01.res.57.1.119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Vigushin D. M., Pepys M. B., Hawkins P. N. Metabolic and scintigraphic studies of radioiodinated human C-reactive protein in health and disease. J Clin Invest. 1993 Apr;91(4):1351–1357. doi: 10.1172/JCI116336. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Volanakis J. E. Complement activation by C-reactive protein complexes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;389:235–250. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb22140.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Volanakis J. E., Wirtz K. W. Interaction of C-reactive protein with artificial phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Nature. 1979 Sep 13;281(5727):155–157. doi: 10.1038/281155a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Weisman H. F., Bartow T., Leppo M. K., Marsh H. C., Jr, Carson G. R., Concino M. F., Boyle M. P., Roux K. H., Weisfeldt M. L., Fearon D. T. Soluble human complement receptor type 1: in vivo inhibitor of complement suppressing post-ischemic myocardial inflammation and necrosis. Science. 1990 Jul 13;249(4965):146–151. doi: 10.1126/science.2371562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Wolbink G. J., Brouwer M. C., Buysmann S., ten Berge I. J., Hack C. E. CRP-mediated activation of complement in vivo: assessment by measuring circulating complement-C-reactive protein complexes. J Immunol. 1996 Jul 1;157(1):473–479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Yasuda M., Takeuchi K., Hiruma M., Iida H., Tahara A., Itagane H., Toda I., Akioka K., Teragaki M., Oku H. The complement system in ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1990 Jan;81(1):156–163. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.81.1.156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. del Balzo U. H., Levi R., Polley M. J. Cardiac dysfunction caused by purified human C3a anaphylatoxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Feb;82(3):886–890. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.3.886. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Netherlands Heart Journal are provided here courtesy of Springer

RESOURCES