Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1989 Jun;63(6):2857–2860. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.6.2857-2860.1989

Identification of a region within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat that is essential for transactivation by the hepatitis B virus gene X.

J S Twu 1, C A Rosen 1, W A Haseltine 1, W S Robinson 1
PMCID: PMC250800  PMID: 2724417

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X-gene product activates transcription of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene under control of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR). To identify a cis-acting regulatory sequence within the HIV-1 LTR which is responsive to the HBV X-gene trans-activating function, we examined the effects of HBV X-gene expression in cells with a series of LTR/CAT deletion mutants. A region of the HIV-1 LTR containing the previously identified kappa B-like enhancer element was found to be responsive to HBV X-gene activation, and this effect was independent of, and additive with, the effect of the HIV-1 tat-III protein on CAT expression. Since kappa B-like enhancer sequences are known to regulate transcription of a variety of viruses and cellular genes, our results suggest that the X gene could activate such a gene during HBV infection and replication.

Full text

PDF

Images in this article

2858Image
on p.2858
2859Image
on p.2859

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ahmad N., Venkatesan S. Nef protein of HIV-1 is a transcriptional repressor of HIV-1 LTR. Science. 1988 Sep 16;241(4872):1481–1485. doi: 10.1126/science.3262235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baldwin A. S., Jr, Sharp P. A. Binding of a nuclear factor to a regulatory sequence in the promoter of the mouse H-2Kb class I major histocompatibility gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;7(1):305–313. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.1.305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Boshart M., Weber F., Jahn G., Dorsch-Häsler K., Fleckenstein B., Schaffner W. A very strong enhancer is located upstream of an immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus. Cell. 1985 Jun;41(2):521–530. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80025-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248–254. doi: 10.1006/abio.1976.9999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chiu R., Imagawa M., Imbra R. J., Bockoven J. R., Karin M. Multiple cis- and trans-acting elements mediate the transcriptional response to phorbol esters. Nature. 1987 Oct 15;329(6140):648–651. doi: 10.1038/329648a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dinter H., Chiu R., Imagawa M., Karin M., Jones K. A. In vitro activation of the HIV-1 enhancer in extracts from cells treated with a phorbol ester tumor promoter. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 20;6(13):4067–4071. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02752.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Emorine L., Kuehl M., Weir L., Leder P., Max E. E. A conserved sequence in the immunoglobulin J kappa-C kappa intron: possible enhancer element. Nature. 1983 Aug 4;304(5925):447–449. doi: 10.1038/304447a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Feng S., Holland E. C. HIV-1 tat trans-activation requires the loop sequence within tar. Nature. 1988 Jul 14;334(6178):165–167. doi: 10.1038/334165a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gendelman H. E., Phelps W., Feigenbaum L., Ostrove J. M., Adachi A., Howley P. M., Khoury G., Ginsberg H. S., Martin M. A. Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequence by DNA viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(24):9759–9763. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.24.9759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Goodbourn S., Zinn K., Maniatis T. Human beta-interferon gene expression is regulated by an inducible enhancer element. Cell. 1985 Jun;41(2):509–520. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80024-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Harada S., Koyanagi Y., Nakashima H., Kobayashi N., Yamamoto N. Tumor promoter, TPA, enhances replication of HTLV-III/LAV. Virology. 1986 Oct 30;154(2):249–258. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90451-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Israël A., Kimura A., Kieran M., Yano O., Kanellopoulos J., Le Bail O., Kourilsky P. A common positive trans-acting factor binds to enhancer sequences in the promoters of mouse H-2 and beta 2-microglobulin genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(9):2653–2657. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.9.2653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kaufman J. D., Valandra G., Roderiquez G., Bushar G., Giri C., Norcross M. A. Phorbol ester enhances human immunodeficiency virus-promoted gene expression and acts on a repeated 10-base-pair functional enhancer element. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Oct;7(10):3759–3766. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Laure F., Zagury D., Saimot A. G., Gallo R. C., Hahn B. H., Brechot C. Hepatitis B virus DNA sequences in lymphoid cells from patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Science. 1985 Aug 9;229(4713):561–563. doi: 10.1126/science.2410981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Leung K., Nabel G. J. HTLV-1 transactivator induces interleukin-2 receptor expression through an NF-kappa B-like factor. Nature. 1988 Jun 23;333(6175):776–778. doi: 10.1038/333776a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Mitchell P. J., Wang C., Tjian R. Positive and negative regulation of transcription in vitro: enhancer-binding protein AP-2 is inhibited by SV40 T antigen. Cell. 1987 Sep 11;50(6):847–861. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90512-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Mosca J. D., Bednarik D. P., Raj N. B., Rosen C. A., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A., Hayward G. S., Pitha P. M. Activation of human immunodeficiency virus by herpesvirus infection: identification of a region within the long terminal repeat that responds to a trans-acting factor encoded by herpes simplex virus 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(21):7408–7412. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.21.7408. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Noonan C. A., Yoffe B., Mansell P. W., Melnick J. L., Hollinger F. B. Extrachromosomal sequences of hepatitis B virus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Aug;83(15):5698–5702. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.15.5698. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Rosen C. A., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A. The location of cis-acting regulatory sequences in the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) long terminal repeat. Cell. 1985 Jul;41(3):813–823. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80062-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Seto E., Yen T. S., Peterlin B. M., Ou J. H. Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by the hepatitis B virus X protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(21):8286–8290. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.21.8286. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Twu J. S., Robinson W. S. Hepatitis B virus X gene can transactivate heterologous viral sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Mar;86(6):2046–2050. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.6.2046. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Twu J. S., Schloemer R. H. Transcriptional trans-activating function of hepatitis B virus. J Virol. 1987 Nov;61(11):3448–3453. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.11.3448-3453.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Wigler M., Pellicer A., Silverstein S., Axel R. Biochemical transfer of single-copy eucaryotic genes using total cellular DNA as donor. Cell. 1978 Jul;14(3):725–731. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90254-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Zagury D., Bernard J., Leonard R., Cheynier R., Feldman M., Sarin P. S., Gallo R. C. Long-term cultures of HTLV-III--infected T cells: a model of cytopathology of T-cell depletion in AIDS. Science. 1986 Feb 21;231(4740):850–853. doi: 10.1126/science.2418502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES