Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1989 Oct;63(10):4370–4375. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.10.4370-4375.1989

Characterization of in vitro inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by purified recombinant CD4.

R A Byrn 1, I Sekigawa 1, S M Chamow 1, J S Johnson 1, T J Gregory 1, D J Capon 1, J E Groopman 1
PMCID: PMC251054  PMID: 2550671

Abstract

The first step in infection of human T cells with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is binding of viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 to its cellular receptor, CD4. The specificity of this interaction has led to the development of soluble recombinant CD4 (rCD4) as a potential antiviral and therapeutic agent. We have previously shown that crude preparations of rCD4 can indeed block infection of T cells by HIV type 1 (HIV-1). Here we present a more detailed analysis of this antiviral activity, using HIV-1 infection of the T lymphoblastoid cell line H9 as a model. Purified preparations of rCD4 blocked infection in this system at nanomolar concentrations; combined with the known affinity of the CD4-gp120 interaction, this finding suggests that the inhibition is simply due to competition for gp120 binding. As predicted, rCD4 had comparable activity against all strains of HIV-1 tested and significant activity against HIV-2. Higher concentrations of rCD4 blocked infection even after the virus had been adsorbed to the cells. These findings imply that the processes of viral adsorption and penetration require different numbers of gp120-CD4 interactions. Recombinant CD4 was able to prevent the spread of HIV infection in mixtures of uninfected and previously infected cells. Our studies support the notion that rCD4 is a potent antiviral agent, effective against a broad range of HIV-1 isolates, and demonstrate the value of purified rCD4 as an experimental tool for studying the mechanism of virus entry into cells.

Full text

PDF
4370

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Asjö B., Ivhed I., Gidlund M., Fuerstenberg S., Fenyö E. M., Nilsson K., Wigzell H. Susceptibility to infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) correlates with T4 expression in a parental monocytoid cell line and its subclones. Virology. 1987 Apr;157(2):359–365. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90278-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barré-Sinoussi F., Chermann J. C., Rey F., Nugeyre M. T., Chamaret S., Gruest J., Dauguet C., Axler-Blin C., Vézinet-Brun F., Rouzioux C. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science. 1983 May 20;220(4599):868–871. doi: 10.1126/science.6189183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bedinger P., Moriarty A., von Borstel R. C., 2nd, Donovan N. J., Steimer K. S., Littman D. R. Internalization of the human immunodeficiency virus does not require the cytoplasmic domain of CD4. Nature. 1988 Jul 14;334(6178):162–165. doi: 10.1038/334162a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Berger E. A., Fuerst T. R., Moss B. A soluble recombinant polypeptide comprising the amino-terminal half of the extracellular region of the CD4 molecule contains an active binding site for human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(7):2357–2361. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.7.2357. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Capon D. J., Chamow S. M., Mordenti J., Marsters S. A., Gregory T., Mitsuya H., Byrn R. A., Lucas C., Wurm F. M., Groopman J. E. Designing CD4 immunoadhesins for AIDS therapy. Nature. 1989 Feb 9;337(6207):525–531. doi: 10.1038/337525a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Clapham P. R., Weber J. N., Whitby D., McIntosh K., Dalgleish A. G., Maddon P. J., Deen K. C., Sweet R. W., Weiss R. A. Soluble CD4 blocks the infectivity of diverse strains of HIV and SIV for T cells and monocytes but not for brain and muscle cells. Nature. 1989 Jan 26;337(6205):368–370. doi: 10.1038/337368a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Clavel F., Guétard D., Brun-Vézinet F., Chamaret S., Rey M. A., Santos-Ferreira M. O., Laurent A. G., Dauguet C., Katlama C., Rouzioux C. Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS. Science. 1986 Jul 18;233(4761):343–346. doi: 10.1126/science.2425430. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dalgleish A. G., Beverley P. C., Clapham P. R., Crawford D. H., Greaves M. F., Weiss R. A. The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus. Nature. 1984 Dec 20;312(5996):763–767. doi: 10.1038/312763a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Deen K. C., McDougal J. S., Inacker R., Folena-Wasserman G., Arthos J., Rosenberg J., Maddon P. J., Axel R., Sweet R. W. A soluble form of CD4 (T4) protein inhibits AIDS virus infection. Nature. 1988 Jan 7;331(6151):82–84. doi: 10.1038/331082a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Fisher R. A., Bertonis J. M., Meier W., Johnson V. A., Costopoulos D. S., Liu T., Tizard R., Walker B. D., Hirsch M. S., Schooley R. T. HIV infection is blocked in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4. Nature. 1988 Jan 7;331(6151):76–78. doi: 10.1038/331076a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gallo R. C., Salahuddin S. Z., Popovic M., Shearer G. M., Kaplan M., Haynes B. F., Palker T. J., Redfield R., Oleske J., Safai B. Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science. 1984 May 4;224(4648):500–503. doi: 10.1126/science.6200936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Groopman J. E., Benz P. M., Ferriani R., Mayer K., Allan J. D., Weymouth L. A. Characterization of serum neutralization response to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1987 Spring;3(1):71–85. doi: 10.1089/aid.1987.3.71. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Guyader M., Emerman M., Sonigo P., Clavel F., Montagnier L., Alizon M. Genome organization and transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Nature. 1987 Apr 16;326(6114):662–669. doi: 10.1038/326662a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Ho D. D., Sarngadharan M. G., Hirsch M. S., Schooley R. T., Rota T. R., Kennedy R. C., Chanh T. C., Sato V. L. Human immunodeficiency virus neutralizing antibodies recognize several conserved domains on the envelope glycoproteins. J Virol. 1987 Jun;61(6):2024–2028. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.6.2024-2028.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hussey R. E., Richardson N. E., Kowalski M., Brown N. R., Chang H. C., Siliciano R. F., Dorfman T., Walker B., Sodroski J., Reinherz E. L. A soluble CD4 protein selectively inhibits HIV replication and syncytium formation. Nature. 1988 Jan 7;331(6151):78–81. doi: 10.1038/331078a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Jameson B. A., Rao P. E., Kong L. I., Hahn B. H., Shaw G. M., Hood L. E., Kent S. B. Location and chemical synthesis of a binding site for HIV-1 on the CD4 protein. Science. 1988 Jun 3;240(4857):1335–1339. doi: 10.1126/science.2453925. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kim S. Y., Byrn R., Groopman J., Baltimore D. Temporal aspects of DNA and RNA synthesis during human immunodeficiency virus infection: evidence for differential gene expression. J Virol. 1989 Sep;63(9):3708–3713. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.3708-3713.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Klatzmann D., Champagne E., Chamaret S., Gruest J., Guetard D., Hercend T., Gluckman J. C., Montagnier L. T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV. Nature. 1984 Dec 20;312(5996):767–768. doi: 10.1038/312767a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kowalski M., Potz J., Basiripour L., Dorfman T., Goh W. C., Terwilliger E., Dayton A., Rosen C., Haseltine W., Sodroski J. Functional regions of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Science. 1987 Sep 11;237(4820):1351–1355. doi: 10.1126/science.3629244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Landau N. R., Warton M., Littman D. R. The envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus binds to the immunoglobulin-like domain of CD4. Nature. 1988 Jul 14;334(6178):159–162. doi: 10.1038/334159a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Lasky L. A., Nakamura G., Smith D. H., Fennie C., Shimasaki C., Patzer E., Berman P., Gregory T., Capon D. J. Delineation of a region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 glycoprotein critical for interaction with the CD4 receptor. Cell. 1987 Sep 11;50(6):975–985. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90524-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Levy J. A., Hoffman A. D., Kramer S. M., Landis J. A., Shimabukuro J. M., Oshiro L. S. Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS. Science. 1984 Aug 24;225(4664):840–842. doi: 10.1126/science.6206563. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Lundin K., Nygren A., Arthur L. O., Robey W. G., Morein B., Ramstedt U., Gidlund M., Wigzell H. A specific assay measuring binding of 125I-Gp 120 from HIV to T4+/CD4+ cells. J Immunol Methods. 1987 Feb 26;97(1):93–100. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(87)90110-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. McClure M. O., Sattentau Q. J., Beverley P. C., Hearn J. P., Fitzgerald A. K., Zuckerman A. J., Weiss R. A. HIV infection of primate lymphocytes and conservation of the CD4 receptor. Nature. 1987 Dec 3;330(6147):487–489. doi: 10.1038/330487a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. McDougal J. S., Kennedy M. S., Sligh J. M., Cort S. P., Mawle A., Nicholson J. K. Binding of HTLV-III/LAV to T4+ T cells by a complex of the 110K viral protein and the T4 molecule. Science. 1986 Jan 24;231(4736):382–385. doi: 10.1126/science.3001934. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. McDougal J. S., Mawle A., Cort S. P., Nicholson J. K., Cross G. D., Scheppler-Campbell J. A., Hicks D., Sligh J. Cellular tropism of the human retrovirus HTLV-III/LAV. I. Role of T cell activation and expression of the T4 antigen. J Immunol. 1985 Nov;135(5):3151–3162. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Nygren A., Bergman T., Matthews T., Jörnvall H., Wigzell H. 95- and 25-kDa fragments of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120 bind to the CD4 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Sep;85(17):6543–6546. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.17.6543. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Poiesz B. J., Ruscetti F. W., Gazdar A. F., Bunn P. A., Minna J. D., Gallo R. C. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7415–7419. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Richardson N. E., Brown N. R., Hussey R. E., Vaid A., Matthews T. J., Bolognesi D. P., Reinherz E. L. Binding site for human immunodeficiency virus coat protein gp120 is located in the NH2-terminal region of T4 (CD4) and requires the intact variable-region-like domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(16):6102–6106. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.16.6102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Sattentau Q. J., Dalgleish A. G., Weiss R. A., Beverley P. C. Epitopes of the CD4 antigen and HIV infection. Science. 1986 Nov 28;234(4780):1120–1123. doi: 10.1126/science.2430333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Schneider J., Kaaden O., Copeland T. D., Oroszlan S., Hunsmann G. Shedding and interspecies type sero-reactivity of the envelope glycopolypeptide gp120 of the human immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol. 1986 Nov;67(Pt 11):2533–2538. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-67-11-2533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Smith D. H., Byrn R. A., Marsters S. A., Gregory T., Groopman J. E., Capon D. J. Blocking of HIV-1 infectivity by a soluble, secreted form of the CD4 antigen. Science. 1987 Dec 18;238(4834):1704–1707. doi: 10.1126/science.3500514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Stein B. S., Gowda S. D., Lifson J. D., Penhallow R. C., Bensch K. G., Engleman E. G. pH-independent HIV entry into CD4-positive T cells via virus envelope fusion to the plasma membrane. Cell. 1987 Jun 5;49(5):659–668. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90542-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Traunecker A., Lüke W., Karjalainen K. Soluble CD4 molecules neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Nature. 1988 Jan 7;331(6151):84–86. doi: 10.1038/331084a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Vujcic L. K., Shepp D. H., Klutch M., Wells M. A., Hendry R. M., Wittek A. E., Krilov L., Quinnan G. V., Jr Use of a sensitive neutralization assay to measure the prevalence of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 1988 May;157(5):1047–1050. doi: 10.1093/infdis/157.5.1047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES