Skip to main content
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1989 Nov;63(11):4814–4823. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.11.4814-4823.1989

A GC-box motif upstream of the B19 parvovirus unique promoter is important for in vitro transcription.

M C Blundell 1, C R Astell 1
PMCID: PMC251119  PMID: 2795719

Abstract

Nucleotides upstream of the B19 parvovirus P6 promoter affect in vitro transcription in HeLa cell nuclear extracts. Comparison of the relative transcriptional strengths of equimolar mixes of plasmids containing the intact upstream sequence and plasmids containing deletions within these nucleotides identified several regions that affect transcription in vitro. A fragment containing two of five GC-box motifs which correspond to high-affinity SP1-binding sites was shown, by using a gel shift assay, to bind a HeLa cell factor (or factors). DNase I, methylation interference, and methylation protection footprinting demonstrated that the HeLa cell factor(s) bound to one of the two GC-box motifs within this fragment. Mutation of this GC box abolished factor binding and significantly reduces in vitro transcription from the P6 promoter. These results suggest that the B19 parvovirus promoter includes a complex regulatory region containing multiple sequences which affect promoter strength and that the GC-box motif is a major controlling sequence for in vitro transcription.

Full text

PDF
4814

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Astell C. R., Thomson M., Merchlinsky M., Ward D. C. The complete DNA sequence of minute virus of mice, an autonomous parvovirus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Feb 25;11(4):999–1018. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.4.999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Becerra S. P., Koczot F., Fabisch P., Rose J. A. Synthesis of adeno-associated virus structural proteins requires both alternative mRNA splicing and alternative initiations from a single transcript. J Virol. 1988 Aug;62(8):2745–2754. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.8.2745-2754.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Becerra S. P., Rose J. A., Hardy M., Baroudy B. M., Anderson C. W. Direct mapping of adeno-associated virus capsid proteins B and C: a possible ACG initiation codon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(23):7919–7923. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.23.7919. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Blundell M. C., Beard C., Astell C. R. In vitro identification of a B19 parvovirus promoter. Virology. 1987 Apr;157(2):534–538. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90296-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Briggs M. R., Kadonaga J. T., Bell S. P., Tjian R. Purification and biochemical characterization of the promoter-specific transcription factor, Sp1. Science. 1986 Oct 3;234(4772):47–52. doi: 10.1126/science.3529394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cassinotti P., Weitz M., Tratschin J. D. Organization of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid gene: mapping of a minor spliced mRNA coding for virus capsid protein 1. Virology. 1988 Nov;167(1):176–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cereghini S., Raymondjean M., Carranca A. G., Herbomel P., Yaniv M. Factors involved in control of tissue-specific expression of albumin gene. Cell. 1987 Aug 14;50(4):627–638. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90036-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dignam J. D., Lebovitz R. M., Roeder R. G. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 11;11(5):1475–1489. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.5.1475. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Doerig C., Beard P., Hirt B. A transcriptional promoter of the human parvovirus B19 active in vitro and in vivo. Virology. 1987 Apr;157(2):539–542. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90297-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Dorn A., Bollekens J., Staub A., Benoist C., Mathis D. A multiplicity of CCAAT box-binding proteins. Cell. 1987 Sep 11;50(6):863–872. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90513-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Dush M. K., Sikela J. M., Khan S. A., Tischfield J. A., Stambrook P. J. Nucleotide sequence and organization of the mouse adenine phosphoribosyltransferase gene: presence of a coding region common to animal and bacterial phosphoribosyltransferases that has a variable intron/exon arrangement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(9):2731–2735. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.9.2731. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Dynan W. S., Tjian R. The promoter-specific transcription factor Sp1 binds to upstream sequences in the SV40 early promoter. Cell. 1983 Nov;35(1):79–87. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90210-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Fletcher C., Heintz N., Roeder R. G. Purification and characterization of OTF-1, a transcription factor regulating cell cycle expression of a human histone H2b gene. Cell. 1987 Dec 4;51(5):773–781. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90100-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Guggenheimer R. A., Stillman B. W., Nagata K., Tamanoi F., Hurwitz J. DNA sequences required for the in vitro replication of adenovirus DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 May;81(10):3069–3073. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.10.3069. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hardy S., Shenk T. Adenoviral control regions activated by E1A and the cAMP response element bind to the same factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jun;85(12):4171–4175. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.12.4171. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Jalinot P., Wintzerith M., Gaire M., Hauss C., Egly J. M., Kédinger C. Purification and functional characterization of a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer element within the adenovirus early EIIa promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(8):2484–2488. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.8.2484. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Jones K. A., Kadonaga J. T., Luciw P. A., Tjian R. Activation of the AIDS retrovirus promoter by the cellular transcription factor, Sp1. Science. 1986 May 9;232(4751):755–759. doi: 10.1126/science.3008338. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Jones K. A., Kadonaga J. T., Rosenfeld P. J., Kelly T. J., Tjian R. A cellular DNA-binding protein that activates eukaryotic transcription and DNA replication. Cell. 1987 Jan 16;48(1):79–89. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90358-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Jones K. A., Tjian R. Sp1 binds to promoter sequences and activates herpes simplex virus 'immediate-early' gene transcription in vitro. Nature. 1985 Sep 12;317(6033):179–182. doi: 10.1038/317179a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Jones K. A., Yamamoto K. R., Tjian R. Two distinct transcription factors bind to the HSV thymidine kinase promoter in vitro. Cell. 1985 Sep;42(2):559–572. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90113-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Jongeneel C. V., Sahli R., McMaster G. K., Hirt B. A precise map of splice junctions in the mRNAs of minute virus of mice, an autonomous parvovirus. J Virol. 1986 Sep;59(3):564–573. doi: 10.1128/jvi.59.3.564-573.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kadonaga J. T., Carner K. R., Masiarz F. R., Tjian R. Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA binding domain. Cell. 1987 Dec 24;51(6):1079–1090. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90594-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Kunkel T. A., Roberts J. D., Zakour R. A. Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection. Methods Enzymol. 1987;154:367–382. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)54085-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Labow M. A., Hermonat P. L., Berns K. I. Positive and negative autoregulation of the adeno-associated virus type 2 genome. J Virol. 1986 Oct;60(1):251–258. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.1.251-258.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Leegwater P. A., van Driel W., van der Vliet P. C. Recognition site of nuclear factor I, a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein from HeLa cells that stimulates adenovirus DNA replication. EMBO J. 1985 Jun;4(6):1515–1521. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03811.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. McGrogan M., Simonsen C. C., Smouse D. T., Farnham P. J., Schimke R. T. Heterogeneity at the 5' termini of mouse dihydrofolate reductase mRNAs. Evidence for multiple promoter regions. J Biol Chem. 1985 Feb 25;260(4):2307–2314. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. McKnight S. L., Kingsbury R. C., Spence A., Smith M. The distal transcription signals of the herpesvirus tk gene share a common hexanucleotide control sequence. Cell. 1984 May;37(1):253–262. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90321-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. McKnight S. L., Kingsbury R. Transcriptional control signals of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. Science. 1982 Jul 23;217(4557):316–324. doi: 10.1126/science.6283634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Melton D. W., Konecki D. S., Brennand J., Caskey C. T. Structure, expression, and mutation of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):2147–2151. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.2147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Montminy M. R., Bilezikjian L. M. Binding of a nuclear protein to the cyclic-AMP response element of the somatostatin gene. Nature. 1987 Jul 9;328(6126):175–178. doi: 10.1038/328175a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Morgan W. R., Ward D. C. Three splicing patterns are used to excise the small intron common to all minute virus of mice RNAs. J Virol. 1986 Dec;60(3):1170–1174. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.3.1170-1174.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Ozawa K., Ayub J., Hao Y. S., Kurtzman G., Shimada T., Young N. Novel transcription map for the B19 (human) pathogenic parvovirus. J Virol. 1987 Aug;61(8):2395–2406. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.8.2395-2406.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Ozawa K., Ayub J., Kajigaya S., Shimada T., Young N. The gene encoding the nonstructural protein of B19 (human) parvovirus may be lethal in transfected cells. J Virol. 1988 Aug;62(8):2884–2889. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.8.2884-2889.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Ozawa K., Kurtzman G., Young N. Replication of the B19 parvovirus in human bone marrow cell cultures. Science. 1986 Aug 22;233(4766):883–886. doi: 10.1126/science.3738514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Pintel D., Dadachanji D., Astell C. R., Ward D. C. The genome of minute virus of mice, an autonomous parvovirus, encodes two overlapping transcription units. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Feb 25;11(4):1019–1038. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.4.1019. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Pruijn G. J., van Driel W., van der Vliet P. C. Nuclear factor III, a novel sequence-specific DNA-binding protein from HeLa cells stimulating adenovirus DNA replication. Nature. 1986 Aug 14;322(6080):656–659. doi: 10.1038/322656a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Rawlins D. R., Rosenfeld P. J., Wides R. J., Challberg M. D., Kelly T. J., Jr Structure and function of the adenovirus origin of replication. Cell. 1984 May;37(1):309–319. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90327-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Raymondjean M., Cereghini S., Yaniv M. Several distinct "CCAAT" box binding proteins coexist in eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Feb;85(3):757–761. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.3.757. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Rhode S. L., 3rd Construction of a genetic switch for inducible trans-activation of gene expression in eucaryotic cells. J Virol. 1987 May;61(5):1448–1456. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.5.1448-1456.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rhode S. L., 3rd, Paradiso P. R. Parvovirus genome: nucleotide sequence of H-1 and mapping of its genes by hybrid-arrested translation. J Virol. 1983 Jan;45(1):173–184. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.1.173-184.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Rhode S. L., 3rd, Richard S. M. Characterization of the trans-activation-responsive element of the parvovirus H-1 P38 promoter. J Virol. 1987 Sep;61(9):2807–2815. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.9.2807-2815.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Rhode S. L., 3rd trans-Activation of parvovirus P38 promoter by the 76K noncapsid protein. J Virol. 1985 Sep;55(3):886–889. doi: 10.1128/jvi.55.3.886-889.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Scheidereit C., Heguy A., Roeder R. G. Identification and purification of a human lymphoid-specific octamer-binding protein (OTF-2) that activates transcription of an immunoglobulin promoter in vitro. Cell. 1987 Dec 4;51(5):783–793. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90101-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Shade R. O., Blundell M. C., Cotmore S. F., Tattersall P., Astell C. R. Nucleotide sequence and genome organization of human parvovirus B19 isolated from the serum of a child during aplastic crisis. J Virol. 1986 Jun;58(3):921–936. doi: 10.1128/jvi.58.3.921-936.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. SivaRaman L., Subramanian S., Thimmappaya B. Identification of a factor in HeLa cells specific for an upstream transcriptional control sequence of an EIA-inducible adenovirus promoter and its relative abundance in infected and uninfected cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Aug;83(16):5914–5918. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.16.5914. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. SivaRaman L., Thimmappaya B. Two promoter-specific host factors interact with adjacent sequences in an EIA-inducible adenovirus promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Sep;84(17):6112–6116. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.17.6112. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Srivastava A., Lusby E. W., Berns K. I. Nucleotide sequence and organization of the adeno-associated virus 2 genome. J Virol. 1983 Feb;45(2):555–564. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.2.555-564.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Strauss F., Varshavsky A. A protein binds to a satellite DNA repeat at three specific sites that would be brought into mutual proximity by DNA folding in the nucleosome. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):889–901. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90424-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Svaren J., Inagami S., Lovegren E., Chalkley R. DNA denatures upon drying after ethanol precipitation. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Nov 11;15(21):8739–8754. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.21.8739. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Tattersall P., Shatkin A. J., Ward D. C. Sequence homology between the structural polypeptides of minute virus of mice. J Mol Biol. 1977 Apr 25;111(4):375–394. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(77)80060-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Tratschin J. D., Tal J., Carter B. J. Negative and positive regulation in trans of gene expression from adeno-associated virus vectors in mammalian cells by a viral rep gene product. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Aug;6(8):2884–2894. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.8.2884. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Trempe J. P., Carter B. J. Alternate mRNA splicing is required for synthesis of adeno-associated virus VP1 capsid protein. J Virol. 1988 Sep;62(9):3356–3363. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.9.3356-3363.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Valerio D., Duyvesteyn M. G., Dekker B. M., Weeda G., Berkvens T. M., van der Voorn L., van Ormondt H., van der Eb A. J. Adenosine deaminase: characterization and expression of a gene with a remarkable promoter. EMBO J. 1985 Feb;4(2):437–443. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03648.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Ward B., Dabrowiak J. C. Stability of DNase I in footprinting experiments. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Sep 12;16(17):8724–8724. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.17.8724. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Wingender E. Compilation of transcription regulating proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Mar 25;16(5):1879–1902. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.5.1879. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Zoller M. J., Smith M. Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis: a simple method using two oligonucleotide primers and a single-stranded DNA template. Methods Enzymol. 1987;154:329–350. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)54083-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES