Sentinel Node Detection in Patients with Thyroid Carcinoma: A Meta-analysis

Abstract

Objective

This study was designed to review the diagnostic performance of sentinel node (SN) detection for assessment of the nodal status in thyroid carcinoma patients and to determine the technique (using blue dye or Technetium-99m colloid (^99mTc)) that demonstrated the highest success rate with regard to the detection rate and sensitivity.

Methods

A comprehensive computer literature search of studies published in English language through December 2007 and regarding SN procedures in patients with thyroid disorders was performed in MEDLINE. Pooled values regarding the SN detection rate and the pooled sensitivity values of the SN procedure were presented with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the different SN detection techniques.

Results

Ultimately, we identified 14 studies comprising a total of 457 patients. Of these, ten studies (n = 329 patients) used the blue dye technique with a pooled SN detection of 83% (95% CI, 79–87%). The remaining four studies (n = 128) used ^99mTc-colloid with a pooled SN detection of 96% (95% CI, 91–99%; p < 0.05 vs. blue dye technique).

Conclusion

In patients with suspected thyroid carcinoma, SN biopsy demonstrated a higher SN detection rate when ^99mTc was used (96%) instead of the blue dye technique (83%).

Introduction

Lymph node involvement is commonly detected in patients with thyroid cancer, reportedly up to 70% [1–3]. Furthermore, cervical lymph node metastases are a frequent cause of recurrent thyroid cancer [4]. However, the prognostic importance and role of elective lymphadenectomy in thyroid cancer is controversial. Nodal metastases are a significant risk factor for survival in patients with thyroid cancer [3]. Because this risk varies considerably between different age groups, the prognostic importance and role of elective lymphadenectomy are controversial. Hence, knowledge regarding the presence or absence of lymphatic metastases may be of interest in the staging procedure of patients with thyroid cancer. Systematic lymphadenectomy is a standard technique, which is currently used to detect lymphatic metastatic spread. Alternative techniques, including resection of macroscopic enlarged nodes, also are used. Heterogeneity with regard to removal of the lymph nodes may introduce bias during the staging of thyroid patients, thereby affecting the predictive value of staging classification procedures, including the presence of lymphatic metastatic spread. Furthermore, this heterogeneity in the lymph node removal may explain the controversy regarding the optimal procedure. Certain institutions perform routine lymph node dissection, whereas others refrain from routine dissection.

Recent studies suggested the use of sentinel node (SN) detection as a less invasive method for studying the lymphatic metastatic spread in patients with breast cancer, melanoma, cervical cancer, and thyroid carcinoma [5–8]. However, considerable variation has been reported between studies with regard to the success rates of these SN procedures in patients with thyroid cancer; for example, Dixon et al. reported SN detection in merely 65% of the patients, whereas others have reported 100% detection rates [9, 10]. In a recently concluded meta-analysis regarding SN detection in patients with cervical cancer, we observed that the use of radiotracers vs. the blue dye technique was an important factor that determined the success rate of SN detection [11].

This review and meta-analysis was designed to determine whether sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) can be identified accurately in patients with thyroid cancer with the injection of a radiotracer or a blue dye. Furthermore, we studied the effect of different detection techniques on the SN detection rate in these patients.

Methods

Study selection

A comprehensive computer literature search of studies published in English language and comprising human subjects was performed to identify articles related to the diagnostic performance of SN and thyroid carcinoma when compared with histopathological findings used as the reference standard.

MEDLINE database through December 2007 was searched for the following terms: “thyroid neoplasm”; “sentinel” as the medical subject headings (MeSH). The list of articles was supplemented by cross-checking the reference lists containing the identified articles. Review articles, letters, comments, conference proceedings, unpublished data, and case reports were excluded from this review.

We included studies that reported SN detection using the blue dye technique or a radiotracer in patients with suspected thyroid carcinoma. We used the above-mentioned inclusion and exclusion criteria [12, 13]. In short, only those studies that satisfied all of the following criteria were included: 1) minimum sample size of ten included patients; 2) the use of a radioactive tracer and/or blue dye during the SN procedure; 3) presence of “gold standard,” which was defined by the use of histopathological evaluation of surgically resected specimens, for sensitivity analysis; and 4) sufficient data to reassess sensitivity (number of true positives and false negatives) or the SN detection rate. The exclusion criterion was an overlap in the patient data (duplicate publication). In such cases, the more recent article with most patients was included with an adequate description of the study population.

Data analyses

The sensitivity of the SN procedure was determined from the number of true-positive (TP) and false-negative (FN) results obtained from individual studies. Studies that did not present patients with tumor-positive SNs were excluded from statistical pooling for the sensitivity analyses. However, these studies were included for pooling of the SN detection rate. Heterogeneities in the sensitivity and SN detection rate were tested by using the χ² test. Additionally, we performed subgroup analysis for the different SN detection techniques: one group comprised studies that used ^99mTc-colloid, and another group comprised studies that used the blue dye technique for SN detection. In the event of persisting heterogeneity between studies despite the subgroup analysis, we used the random effect model for statistical pooling of the data; on the other hand, a fixed effect model was implemented in the event of homogeneity. Pooled data are presented with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Finally, a Z-test was used to compare the pooled estimates of the values of sensitivity and SN detection rate obtained from the different SN detection techniques (blue dye or ^99mTc-colloid). P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Fourteen studies regarding SN were included to assess the SN detection rate in patients with a suspected thyroid carcinoma [9, 10, 14–25]. The present review comprised a total of 457 patients (Table 1). An intratumoral injection technique was used in the majority of the studies (10 of 14 studies), whereas a peritumoral injection technique was used in only four studies (Table 2).

Table 1.

Patient characteristics of the studies included for the present meta-analysis

Study	Year	n	Male/female ratio	Mean age (yr) [range]	Thyroid nodule (% malignant)	Mean tumor size (cm) [range]
Dixon et al. [9]	2000	40	5/35	42 [25–75]	33	[1–3.5]
Kelemen et al. [18]	1998	17	3/14	48 [22–68]	71	2 [0.8–4]
Haigh and Giuliano [19]	2000	38	–	–	45	–
Arch-Ferrer et al. [20]	2001	22	2/20	37	100	2.5
Takami et al. [21]	2003	68	8/60	42 [22–69]	100	1.9 [0.6–3.9]
Tsugawa et al. [22]	2001	38	8/30	48 [24–72]	100	1.3 [0.5–2.8 ]
Pelizzo et al. [16]	2001	29	8/21	44 [21–86]	100	1.8 [0.5–4]
Chow et al. [23]	2004	15	3/12	54 median [26–71]	100	–
Fukui et al. [24]	2001	22	3/19	53	100	1.3
Dzodic et al. [15]	2006	40	10/30	42 [23–57]	100	1.5 [median]
Sahin et al. [25]	2001	13	–	[30–49]	39	–
Stoeckli et al. [10]	2003	10	2/8	50 [20–74]	67	–
Pelizzo et al. [17]	2006	41	12/29	40 [21–68]	98	1.24 [0.5–3 ]
Carcoforo et al. [14]	2007	64	7/57	50	92	0.87

Table 2.

Methodology used in the studies included for the present meta-analysis

Study (year)	n	Tracer used	Tracer volume and dose	Injection site	Imaging SN	Histopathology	Method of surgery
Dixon et al. [9] (2000)	40	Isosulfan blue dye	0,18 ml (Max. 0.7 ml)	Intratumoral	–	Frozen section	Central or lateral modified lymph node (lnn) dissection (clinical indication)
Kelemen et al. [18] (1998)	17	Isosulfan blue dye	0.5 ml (0.1–0.8 ml)	Intratumoral	–	Frozen biopsy, standard HE technique, and IHC cytokeratin	Total thyroidectomy (n = 16), lobectomy (n = 1) Central lymph node dissection (n = 3, positive sn)
Haigh and Giuliano [19] (2000)	38	Isosulfan blue dye	0.5–1.0 ml	Intratumoral	–	HE (2 sections) IHC cytokeratin (2 additional sections, in case of negative HE)	Thyroidectomy
Arch-Ferrer et al. [20] (2001)	22	Isosulfan blue dye	0.5 ml	Intratumoral	–	HE, IHC-cytokeratin-7 only on HE negative SN	Total thyroidectomy Dissection lymph nodes ipsilateral central compartment
Takami et al. [21] (2003)	68	Isosulfan blue dye	0.3 ml	4 quadrant injection	–	HE staining	Subtotal thyroidectomy & central and modified ipsilateral lnn dissection (routine)
Tsugawa et al. [22] (2002)	38	Patent blue dye	0.2–0.5 ml	Intratumoral	–	HE	Lobectomy and isthmusectomy (n = 28)
							Total thyroidectomy (n = 10)
							Modified radical neck dissection, ipsilateral (n = 28)
							Modified radical neck dissection, bilateral (n = 8)
Pelizzo et al. [16] (2001)	29	Patent blue dye V (0.5%)	0.25 ml per cm tumor size	Intratumoral	–	Snap-frozen sampling	Total thyroidectomy
							Laterocervical lnn dissection (in case positive SN)
Chow et al. [23] (2004)	15	Patent blue dye V (2.5%)	0.5–1.0 ml	Intratumoral	–	Routine	Total thyroidectomy (n = 8)
							Hemithyroidectomy (n = 7)
							Central compartment lymphadenectomy (n = 15)
Fukui et al. [24] (2001)	22	Methylene blue dye	0.1 ml 4 quadrant	Peritumoral	–	0.2 mm sections, HE, IHC on all nodes	Subtotal thyroidectomy (n = 22)
							Modified radical neck dissection (n = 22)
Dzodic et al. [15] (2006)	40	Methylene blue dye	0.2 ml	Peritumoral	–	HE, IHC only on SN	Total thyroidectomy (n = 40),Node dissection central compartment (n = 40),SN biopsy (n = 37),Modified radical neck dissection (n = 9, positive node intraoperative)
Sahin et al. [25] (2001)	13	99mTc colloid	0.2 ml 15 MBq	Intratumoral	Dynamic and static imaging	Frozen section, IHC only on SN	ND
Stoeckli et al. [10] (2002)	10	99mTc sulfur colloid	0.2 ml20 MBq	Intratumorala	Dynamic and static imaging	Serial sectioning, HE and cytokeratin staining	SN resection, hemithyroidectomy
							No neck lnn dissection
Pelizzo et al. [17] (2006)	41	99mTc nanocolloid	0.1–0.2 ml 6 MBq	Intratumoral	Dynamic and static imaging	At least one section, HE IHC on all nodes	Thyroid surgery, SN resection (nodes >10% activity of the hottest lymph node) Lymphadenectomy of involved compartment of metastasis positive SN (intraoperative)
Carcoforo et al. [14] (2007)	64	99mTc nanocolloid	0.3 ml 120 MBq	Peritumoral (ultrasound guided)	Static	HE	Total thyroidectomy
							Probe guided SN detection
							Lymphadenectomy guided by inspection’/palpation

^aChange protocol, initial start with peritumoral injection and later intratumoral injection

ND not described, HE hematoxylin and eosin staining, IHC immunohistochemistry

There was considerable variance in the histopathological procedure among the studies included for the analyses. For example, eight studies mentioned the use of an immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique for lymph node evaluation. Of these, two studies implemented the IHC technique in the SN only, whereas the remaining studies implemented IHC in all the lymph nodes. Furthermore, only two studies described the number of sections or slice thickness prepared during the histopathological analysis.

Based on the technique used for SN detection, the studies were divided into the following two groups: four studies (n = 128 patients) used the ^99mTc-colloid technique; and ten studies (n = 329 patients) used the blue dye technique for the purpose of SN detection. The pooled SN detection rate for studies using blue dye was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.79–0.87) and it was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.91–0.99; p < 0.05) for studies using the ^99mTc-colloid (Fig. 1). Hence, the difference of detection rates was reaching a significant level and there was no overlap of the confidence intervals. Pooling of the sensitivity was performed for a total of six studies, which used the blue dye technique for SN detection; the pooled sensitivity was 0.873 (95% CI, 0.79–0.93). Accordingly, the false-negative rate was 12.7%. One of the four studies using ^99mTc-colloid reported a false-negative rate of 11.3%.

Fig. 1.

Plot of individual study values and pooled estimates of SN detection, including 95% confidence intervals

Discussion

The results of this meta-analysis indicate that studies using the technetium-labeled colloid (^99mTc-colloid) technique yielded an approximately 13% higher SN detection rate compared with those using the blue dye technique for SN detection. Hence, detection of SNs in patients with suspected thyroid carcinoma using a technetium-labeled colloid may be more effective compared with that obtained with the use of the blue dye technique. There are little data regarding the false-negative rate (FNR) for SN detection with the use of ^99mTc-colloid, only one study reported a FNR of 11.3% [14]. In contrast, the FNR for SN detection with the use of the blue dye technique was 12.7%. There was no meta-analysis possible of studies that used a combined technique of both blue dye and ^99mTc-colloid.

Presently, the surgical options for patients with thyroid carcinoma include total thyroidectomy or unilateral lobectomy. In addition, lymph node sampling may include no sampling, blind sampling, node picking of enlarged lymph nodes, and lymph node dissection. Obviously, differences in the surgical approaches may result in heterogeneity in the tumor classification. SN biopsy is a minimally invasive approach, and it offers a more standardized technique of lymph node assessment. Greater standardization in the evaluation technique renders more robustness to the prognostic value of lymph node metastasis in thyroid cancer patients. Furthermore, it may prompt a change in therapy in certain cases. For example, in institutions using unilateral lobectomy for the surgical treatment of small papillary thyroid carcinomas, the SN technique may offer additional prognostic value. Using the SN technique, it is possible to identify patients with lymph node metastasis. These patients with small carcinomas and SN metastasis may require total thyroidectomy followed by postoperative 131-iodide therapy (I-131 therapy) instead of unilateral lobectomy without any further treatment.

SN evaluation also might result in an alteration in the tumor staging of certain patients. Especially, introduction of the IHC technique for detection of tumor cells in the SNs might increase the number of patients with lymph node metastases. With the use of IHC, it is now possible to detect micrometastases, which would have remained undetected earlier [26]; thus, a more accurate evaluation regarding the nodal status can be performed. The detection of micrometastases using SNs may enable selection of patients for further surgery or I-131 therapy; however, it remains to be seen whether additional treatment, such as I-131, would improve survival in patients with single SN micrometastasis. More importantly, lymph node metastasis is not uncommon in patients with small thyroid carcinomas. Noguchi et al. [3] observed that 69% of the patients with thyroid lesions measuring <1 cm demonstrated nodal metastasis. Prospective studies are required to resolve the issue regarding the optimal treatment for patients with small papillary thyroid carcinoma and lymph node metastasis.

To facilitate a better prediction regarding the outcome for patients with thyroid cancer, several tumor staging classifications have been proposed. Furthermore, an accurate staging permits optimal stratification for new clinical studies. The National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Study (NTCTCS) staging classification registration of 1,607 patients was prospectively validated and showed relatively high accuracy in predicting the outcome of patients with thyroid cancer [27]. According to this staging classification, cervical lymph node metastases are of importance in classifying patients. Patients older than aged 45 years with cervical lymph node metastases were classified as stage III (high risk), whereas those younger than aged 45 years and demonstrating cervical lymph node metastases were considered as stage I (low risk) [27].

There are potential advantages of the SN technique, for example, reduced morbidity compared with elective lymph node dissection. Furthermore, it offers a standardized technique of lymph node evaluation. Although we reviewed a limited number of studies with a total of 457 patients, it seems that the use of ^99mTc-colloid enabled identification of SN in an additional 13% of the patients compared with those identified with the blue dye technique. Hence, for institutions considering the application of SN detection in patients with thyroid carcinoma, the use of ^99mTc-colloid for SN detection offers a potentially higher success rate in identifying SN. The use of blue dye technique for SN detection may be less successful due to transport of the blue dye to the parathyroid glands.

Considering the results of earlier techniques of SN detection in patients with melanoma and breast cancer, the combination of blue dye and ^99mTc-colloid might be a superior alternative. Indeed, Catarci et al. [28] successfully performed SN detection in all six patients using a combination of ^99mTc-colloid and blue dye. However, more and larger studies are necessary to assess the potential of the dual tracer approach in increased SN detection. Because we did not find any additional evidence regarding this method in the present literature, we could not perform a meta-analysis of this method.

Meta-analysis has certain limitations, and publication bias is a potential confounder. SN studies with negative results (low detection rates or high FNRs may have a lower publication rate compared with those with clearly positive results). Furthermore, the methodological quality varies amongst studies. For example, only 7 of the 14 studies that were included in this meta-analysis have reported FNR data. Future studies reporting SN detection in patients with thyroid cancer should include FNR data in their results. The FNR is the single most important quality item for the SN technique. High numbers of false-negative SN renders the specific technique unsuitable for routine practice. Indeed, the pooled value of the FNR of six studies that used blue dye is higher compared with those that included patients with breast cancer or melanoma. Hence, further improvements in the SN technique for patients with thyroid carcinoma should be considered before a routine application is established. Future studies should investigate demographic data and data regarding the tumor size should be included to study any potential population differences. Finally, future studies should carefully report the histopathological methods used. It is relatively simple to obtain these data, such as the number of sections through the SN; however, they are lacking in the majority of the studies.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that SN detection is possible in patients with thyroid cancer. The use of ^99mTc-colloid enables SN identification in 96% of the patients. However, the use of blue dye technique is probably associated with a lower SN detection rate compared with that obtained by the ^99mTc-colloid technique.

The theoretical advantages of the SN technique require further probing through clinical studies. Furthermore, more studies are required to identify the optimal SN detection technique, especially with regard to the FNR. Additionally, the clinical impact of SN detection with regard to the prognosis and treatment requires further attention in new clinical studies.