Abstract
In vivo, the inferred circular retrovirus DNA precursor to the provirus contains two long terminal repeats (LTRs) in tandem. We studied the site-specific nicking of supercoiled DNA that contains tandem copies of avian retrovirus LTR DNA in vitro by using purified avian myeloblastosis virus pp32 endonuclease, Mg2+, and viral DNA substrates containing different LTR circle junction sequences. The results confirmed our previous observation that the pp32 protein generates two nicks, one in either viral DNA strand, each 2 nucleotides from the circle junction site. The specificity of nicking by pp32 was unchanged over an eight-fold range of protein concentration and with different avian retrovirus LTR circle junction substrates. These data are consistent with models which propose a role for the endonuclease in removal of two nucleotides from the LTR termini on integration of viral DNA in vivo.
Full text
PDFImages in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Colicelli J., Goff S. P. Mutants and pseudorevertants of Moloney murine leukemia virus with alterations at the integration site. Cell. 1985 Sep;42(2):573–580. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90114-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Copeland T. D., Grandgenett D. P., Oroszlan S. Amino acid sequence analysis of reverse transcriptase subunits from avian myeloblastosis virus. J Virol. 1980 Oct;36(1):115–119. doi: 10.1128/jvi.36.1.115-119.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Donehower L. A., Varmus H. E. A mutant murine leukemia virus with a single missense codon in pol is defective in a function affecting integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Oct;81(20):6461–6465. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.20.6461. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duyk G., Leis J., Longiaru M., Skalka A. M. Selective cleavage in the avian retroviral long terminal repeat sequence by the endonuclease associated with the alpha beta form of avian reverse transcriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Nov;80(22):6745–6749. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.22.6745. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duyk G., Longiaru M., Cobrinik D., Kowal R., deHaseth P., Skalka A. M., Leis J. Circles with two tandem long terminal repeats are specifically cleaved by pol gene-associated endonuclease from avian sarcoma and leukosis viruses: nucleotide sequences required for site-specific cleavage. J Virol. 1985 Nov;56(2):589–599. doi: 10.1128/jvi.56.2.589-599.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eisenman R. N., Mason W. S., Linial M. Synthesis and processing of polymerase proteins of wild-type and mutant avian retroviruses. J Virol. 1980 Oct;36(1):62–78. doi: 10.1128/jvi.36.1.62-78.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Golomb M., Grandgenett D. P. Endonuclease activity of purified RNA-directed DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus. J Biol Chem. 1979 Mar 10;254(5):1606–1613. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Golomb M., Grandgenett D. P., Mason W. Virus-coded DNA endonuclease from avian retrovirus. J Virol. 1981 May;38(2):548–555. doi: 10.1128/jvi.38.2.548-555.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grandgenett D. P., Vora A. C., Schiff R. D. A 32,000-dalton nucleic acid-binding protein from avian retravirus cores possesses DNA endonuclease activity. Virology. 1978 Aug;89(1):119–132. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90046-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grandgenett D. P., Vora A. C. Site-specific nicking at the avian retrovirus LTR circle junction by the viral pp32 DNA endonuclease. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Sep 11;13(17):6205–6221. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.17.6205. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hippenmeyer P. J., Grandgenett D. P. Mutants of the Rous sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase gene are nondefective in early replication events. J Biol Chem. 1985 Jul 15;260(14):8250–8256. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hippenmeyer P. J., Grandgenett D. P. Requirement of the avian retrovirus pp32 DNA binding protein domain for replication. Virology. 1984 Sep;137(2):358–370. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90228-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Knaus R. J., Hippenmeyer P. J., Misra T. K., Grandgenett D. P., Müller U. R., Fitch W. M. Avian retrovirus pp32 DNA binding protein. Preferential binding to the promoter region of long terminal repeat DNA. Biochemistry. 1984 Jan 17;23(2):350–359. doi: 10.1021/bi00297a026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leis J., Duyk G., Johnson S., Longiaru M., Skalka A. Mechanism of action of the endonuclease associated with the alpha beta and beta beta forms of avian RNA tumor virus reverse transcriptase. J Virol. 1983 Feb;45(2):727–739. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.2.727-739.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Misra T. K., Grandgenett D. P., Parsons J. T. Avian retrovirus pp32 DNA-binding protein. I. Recognition of specific sequences on retrovirus DNA terminal repeats. J Virol. 1982 Oct;44(1):330–343. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.1.330-343.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Olsen J. C., Swanstrom R. A new pathway in the generation of defective retrovirus DNA. J Virol. 1985 Dec;56(3):779–789. doi: 10.1128/jvi.56.3.779-789.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Panganiban A. T., Temin H. M. Circles with two tandem LTRs are precursors to integrated retrovirus DNA. Cell. 1984 Mar;36(3):673–679. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90347-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Panganiban A. T., Temin H. M. The retrovirus pol gene encodes a product required for DNA integration: identification of a retrovirus int locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Dec;81(24):7885–7889. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.24.7885. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Panganiban A. T., Temin H. M. The terminal nucleotides of retrovirus DNA are required for integration but not virus production. Nature. 1983 Nov 10;306(5939):155–160. doi: 10.1038/306155a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Samuel K. P., Papas T. S., Chirikjian J. G. DNA endonucleases associated with the avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Jun;76(6):2659–2663. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.6.2659. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schiff R. D., Grandgenett D. P. Partial phosphorylation in vivo of the avian retrovirus pp32 DNA endonuclease. J Virol. 1980 Dec;36(3):889–893. doi: 10.1128/jvi.36.3.889-893.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schwartzberg P., Colicelli J., Goff S. P. Construction and analysis of deletion mutations in the pol gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus: a new viral function required for productive infection. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):1043–1052. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90439-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Skalka A. M., Duyk G., Longiaru M., DeHaseth P., Terry R., Leis J. Integrative recombination--a role for the retroviral reverse transcriptase. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1984;49:651–659. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1984.049.01.073. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stromberg K., Hurley N. E., Davis N. L., Rueckert R. R., Fleissner E. Structural studies of avian myeloblastosis virus: comparison of polypeptides in virion and core component by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Virol. 1974 Feb;13(2):513–528. doi: 10.1128/jvi.13.2.513-528.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swanstrom R., DeLorbe W. J., Bishop J. M., Varmus H. E. Nucleotide sequence of cloned unintegrated avian sarcoma virus DNA: viral DNA contains direct and inverted repeats similar to those in transposable elements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jan;78(1):124–128. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.1.124. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]