Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1986 Aug;59(2):276–283. doi: 10.1128/jvi.59.2.276-283.1986

A mouse c-myc retrovirus transforms established fibroblast lines in vitro and induces monocyte-macrophage tumors in vivo.

W R Baumbach, E J Keath, M D Cole
PMCID: PMC253076  PMID: 3016297

Abstract

Activation of the c-myc proto-oncogene, in the form of DNA rearrangements that lead to constitutive expression, has been implicated in the genesis of a wide range of tumors. Therefore, it is of great interest to determine the influence of c-myc oncogene activation on cellular growth control, especially in primary cells. To facilitate the efficient transfer of an activated c-myc oncogene, we developed a mouse retrovirus that contains the c-myc protein-coding sequences and which can be transmitted in the presence of a Moloney murine leukemia virus helper or established as a helper-free stock with a retrovirus-packaging cell line. The virus can transform established lines of mouse fibroblasts to anchorage-independent growth; the transformed cells are tumorigenic in nude mice. However, the virus was not capable of inducing foci of transformed cells on confluent monolayers. In addition to studies on established cell lines, the effect of the c-myc retrovirus on primary cells was examined. Infection of bone marrow cells gave rise to partially transformed mononuclear phagocytes which were entirely dependent upon an exogenous supply of the monocyte-specific colony-stimulating factor CSF-1 for proliferation. Infection in vivo induced monocyte-macrophage tumors with a latency period of 8 to 10 weeks.

Full text

PDF
276

Images in this article

278Image
on p.278
279Image
on p.279
279Image
on p.279
281Image
on p.281
282Image
on p.282

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alitalo K., Schwab M., Lin C. C., Varmus H. E., Bishop J. M. Homogeneously staining chromosomal regions contain amplified copies of an abundantly expressed cellular oncogene (c-myc) in malignant neuroendocrine cells from a human colon carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Mar;80(6):1707–1711. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.6.1707. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Armelin H. A., Armelin M. C., Kelly K., Stewart T., Leder P., Cochran B. H., Stiles C. D. Functional role for c-myc in mitogenic response to platelet-derived growth factor. Nature. 1984 Aug 23;310(5979):655–660. doi: 10.1038/310655a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bishop J. M. Cellular oncogenes and retroviruses. Annu Rev Biochem. 1983;52:301–354. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.001505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Blair D. G., Cooper C. S., Oskarsson M. K., Eader L. A., Vande Woude G. F. New method for detecting cellular transforming genes. Science. 1982 Dec 10;218(4577):1122–1125. doi: 10.1126/science.6293052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Blasi E., Mathieson B. J., Varesio L., Cleveland J. L., Borchert P. A., Rapp U. R. Selective immortalization of murine macrophages from fresh bone marrow by a raf/myc recombinant murine retrovirus. Nature. 1985 Dec 19;318(6047):667–670. doi: 10.1038/318667a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Byrne P. V., Guilbert L. J., Stanley E. R. Distribution of cells bearing receptors for a colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) in murine tissues. J Cell Biol. 1981 Dec;91(3 Pt 1):848–853. doi: 10.1083/jcb.91.3.848. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Collins S., Groudine M. Amplification of endogenous myc-related DNA sequences in a human myeloid leukaemia cell line. Nature. 1982 Aug 12;298(5875):679–681. doi: 10.1038/298679a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Corcoran L. M., Adams J. M., Dunn A. R., Cory S. Murine T lymphomas in which the cellular myc oncogene has been activated by retroviral insertion. Cell. 1984 May;37(1):113–122. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90306-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Erikson J., ar-Rushdi A., Drwinga H. L., Nowell P. C., Croce C. M. Transcriptional activation of the translocated c-myc oncogene in burkitt lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Feb;80(3):820–824. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.820. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Graf T., Beug H. Avian leukemia viruses: interaction with their target cells in vivo and in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978 Nov 17;516(3):269–299. doi: 10.1016/0304-419x(78)90011-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Guilbert L. J., Stanley E. R. Specific interaction of murine colony-stimulating factor with mononuclear phagocytic cells. J Cell Biol. 1980 Apr;85(1):153–159. doi: 10.1083/jcb.85.1.153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hayflick J., Seeburg P. H., Ohlsson R., Pfeifer-Ohlsson S., Watson D., Papas T., Duesberg P. H. Nucleotide sequence of two overlapping myc-related genes in avian carcinoma virus OK10 and their relation to the myc genes of other viruses and the cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(9):2718–2722. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.9.2718. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ho M. K., Springer T. A. Mac-1 antigen: quantitative expression in macrophage populations and tissues, and immunofluorescent localization in spleen. J Immunol. 1982 May;128(5):2281–2286. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Keath E. J., Caimi P. G., Cole M. D. Fibroblast lines expressing activated c-myc oncogenes are tumorigenic in nude mice and syngeneic animals. Cell. 1984 Dec;39(2 Pt 1):339–348. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90012-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Keath E. J., Kelekar A., Cole M. D. Transcriptional activation of the translocated c-myc oncogene in mouse plasmacytomas: similar RNA levels in tumor and proliferating normal cells. Cell. 1984 Jun;37(2):521–528. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90382-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kelekar A., Cole M. D. Tumorigenicity of fibroblast lines expressing the adenovirus E1a, cellular p53, or normal c-myc genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Jan;6(1):7–14. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.1.7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Koren H. S., Handwerger B. S., Wunderlich J. R. Identification of macrophage-like characteristics in a cultured murine tumor line. J Immunol. 1975 Feb;114(2 Pt 2):894–897. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kriegler M., Perez C. F., Hardy C., Botchan M. Transformation mediated by the SV40 T antigens: separation of the overlapping SV40 early genes with a retroviral vector. Cell. 1984 Sep;38(2):483–491. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90503-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Little C. D., Nau M. M., Carney D. N., Gazdar A. F., Minna J. D. Amplification and expression of the c-myc oncogene in human lung cancer cell lines. Nature. 1983 Nov 10;306(5939):194–196. doi: 10.1038/306194a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Mann R., Mulligan R. C., Baltimore D. Construction of a retrovirus packaging mutant and its use to produce helper-free defective retrovirus. Cell. 1983 May;33(1):153–159. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90344-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Metcalf D., Moore M. A., Warner N. L. Colony formation in vitro by myelomonocytic leukemic cells. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1969 Oct;43(4):983–1001. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Osserman E. F., Lawlor D. P. Serum and urinary lysozyme (muramidase) in monocytic and monomyelocytic leukemia. J Exp Med. 1966 Nov 1;124(5):921–952. doi: 10.1084/jem.124.5.921. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Rapp U. R., Cleveland J. L., Brightman K., Scott A., Ihle J. N. Abrogation of IL-3 and IL-2 dependence by recombinant murine retroviruses expressing v-myc oncogenes. Nature. 1985 Oct 3;317(6036):434–438. doi: 10.1038/317434a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Raschke W. C., Baird S., Ralph P., Nakoinz I. Functional macrophage cell lines transformed by Abelson leukemia virus. Cell. 1978 Sep;15(1):261–267. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90101-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Reddy E. P., Reynolds R. K., Santos E., Barbacid M. A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene. Nature. 1982 Nov 11;300(5888):149–152. doi: 10.1038/300149a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Shen-Ong G. L., Keath E. J., Piccoli S. P., Cole M. D. Novel myc oncogene RNA from abortive immunoglobulin-gene recombination in mouse plasmacytomas. Cell. 1982 Dec;31(2 Pt 1):443–452. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90137-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Southern P. J., Berg P. Transformation of mammalian cells to antibiotic resistance with a bacterial gene under control of the SV40 early region promoter. J Mol Appl Genet. 1982;1(4):327–341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Steffen D. Proviruses are adjacent to c-myc in some murine leukemia virus-induced lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):2097–2101. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.2097. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Tabin C. J., Bradley S. M., Bargmann C. I., Weinberg R. A., Papageorge A. G., Scolnick E. M., Dhar R., Lowy D. R., Chang E. H. Mechanism of activation of a human oncogene. Nature. 1982 Nov 11;300(5888):143–149. doi: 10.1038/300143a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Taparowsky E., Suard Y., Fasano O., Shimizu K., Goldfarb M., Wigler M. Activation of the T24 bladder carcinoma transforming gene is linked to a single amino acid change. Nature. 1982 Dec 23;300(5894):762–765. doi: 10.1038/300762a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Taub R., Kirsch I., Morton C., Lenoir G., Swan D., Tronick S., Aaronson S., Leder P. Translocation of the c-myc gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in human Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(24):7837–7841. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.24.7837. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Tushinski R. J., Oliver I. T., Guilbert L. J., Tynan P. W., Warner J. R., Stanley E. R. Survival of mononuclear phagocytes depends on a lineage-specific growth factor that the differentiated cells selectively destroy. Cell. 1982 Jan;28(1):71–81. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90376-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Vennström B., Kahn P., Adkins B., Enrietto P., Hayman M. J., Graf T., Luciw P. Transformation of mammalian fibroblasts and macrophages in vitro by a murine retrovirus encoding an avian v-myc oncogene. EMBO J. 1984 Dec 20;3(13):3223–3229. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02282.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Watson D. K., Reddy E. P., Duesberg P. H., Papas T. S. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the chicken c-myc gene reveals homologous and unique coding regions by comparison with the transforming gene of avian myelocytomatosis virus MC29, delta gag-myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(8):2146–2150. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.8.2146. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Yam L. T., Li C. Y., Crosby W. H. Cytochemical identification of monocytes and granulocytes. Am J Clin Pathol. 1971 Mar;55(3):283–290. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/55.3.283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES