Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1986 Aug;59(2):420–427. doi: 10.1128/jvi.59.2.420-427.1986

Adenovirus type 12 E1A protein expressed in Escherichia coli is functional upon transfer by microinjection or protoplast fusion into mammalian cells.

B Krippl, O Andrisani, N Jones, H Westphal, M Rosenberg, B Ferguson
PMCID: PMC253092  PMID: 2942704

Abstract

We efficiently expressed, in Escherichia coli, and purified the protein product encoded by the human adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) 13S mRNA. The functional properties of the E1A protein were analyzed by introducing the protein by microinjection or protoplast fusion into living mammalian cells. We showed that the E. coli-expressed E1A protein induces gene expression of the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) E1A deletion mutant Ad5dl312. The purified E1A protein rapidly and quantitatively localized to the cell nucleus after microinjection into the cytoplasm. In addition, we raised high-titered monospecific antibodies to the purified Ad12 E1A protein. Using deleted forms of an adenovirus type 2 and Ad5 hybrid (Ad2/5) E1A protein, we showed that all of the epitopes conserved between Ad2/5 E1A and Ad12 E1A protein that are recognized by the Ad12 E1A-specific antiserum map to within the first exon-encoded amino-terminal half of the protein.

Full text

PDF
420

Images in this article

422Image
on p.422
423Image
on p.423
423Image
on p.423
424Image
on p.424
425Image
on p.425
425Image
on p.425

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Allan M., Zhu J. D., Montague P., Paul J. Differential response of multiple epsilon-globin cap sites to cis- and trans-acting controls. Cell. 1984 Sep;38(2):399–407. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90495-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Berger S. L., Folk W. R. Differential activation of RNA polymerase III-transcribed genes by the polyomavirus enhancer and the adenovirus E1A gene products. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Feb 25;13(4):1413–1428. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1413. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Berk A. J., Lee F., Harrison T., Williams J., Sharp P. A. Pre-early adenovirus 5 gene product regulates synthesis of early viral messenger RNAs. Cell. 1979 Aug;17(4):935–944. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90333-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bernards R., Schrier P. I., Houweling A., Bos J. L., van der Eb A. J., Zijlstra M., Melief C. J. Tumorigenicity of cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 by evasion of T-cell immunity. 1983 Oct 27-Nov 2Nature. 305(5937):776–779. doi: 10.1038/305776a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bernards R., de Leeuw M. G., Vaessen M. J., Houweling A., van der Eb A. J. Oncogenicity by adenovirus is not determined by the transforming region only. J Virol. 1984 Jun;50(3):847–853. doi: 10.1128/jvi.50.3.847-853.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Borrelli E., Hen R., Chambon P. Adenovirus-2 E1A products repress enhancer-induced stimulation of transcription. Nature. 1984 Dec 13;312(5995):608–612. doi: 10.1038/312608a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ferguson B., Jones N., Richter J., Rosenberg M. Adenovirus E1a gene product expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli is functional. Science. 1984 Jun 22;224(4655):1343–1346. doi: 10.1126/science.6374895. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Ferguson B., Krippl B., Andrisani O., Jones N., Westphal H., Rosenberg M. E1A 13S and 12S mRNA products made in Escherichia coli both function as nucleus-localized transcription activators but do not directly bind DNA. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Oct;5(10):2653–2661. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.10.2653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gaynor R. B., Feldman L. T., Berk A. J. Transcription of class III genes activated by viral immediate early proteins. Science. 1985 Oct 25;230(4724):447–450. doi: 10.1126/science.2996135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Gaynor R. B., Hillman D., Berk A. J. Adenovirus early region 1A protein activates transcription of a nonviral gene introduced into mammalian cells by infection or transfection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Feb;81(4):1193–1197. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.4.1193. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gaynor R. B., Tsukamoto A., Montell C., Berk A. J. Enhanced expression of adenovirus transforming proteins. J Virol. 1982 Oct;44(1):276–285. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.1.276-285.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Green M. R., Treisman R., Maniatis T. Transcriptional activation of cloned human beta-globin genes by viral immediate-early gene products. Cell. 1983 Nov;35(1):137–148. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90216-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Guilfoyle R. A., Osheroff W. P., Rossini M. Two functions encoded by adenovirus early region 1A are responsible for the activation and repression of the DNA-binding protein gene. EMBO J. 1985 Mar;4(3):707–713. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03687.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Harlow E., Franza B. R., Jr, Schley C. Monoclonal antibodies specific for adenovirus early region 1A proteins: extensive heterogeneity in early region 1A products. J Virol. 1985 Sep;55(3):533–546. doi: 10.1128/jvi.55.3.533-546.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hoeffler W. K., Roeder R. G. Enhancement of RNA polymerase III transcription by the E1A gene product of adenovirus. Cell. 1985 Jul;41(3):955–963. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80076-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Houweling A., van den Elsen P. J., van der Eb A. J. Partial transformation of primary rat cells by the leftmost 4.5% fragment of adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology. 1980 Sep;105(2):537–550. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90054-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Jochemsen A. G., Bos J. L., van der Eb A. J. The first exon of region E1a genes of adenoviruses 5 and 12 encodes a separate functional protein domain. EMBO J. 1984 Dec 1;3(12):2923–2927. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02233.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Jones N., Shenk T. An adenovirus type 5 early gene function regulates expression of other early viral genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Aug;76(8):3665–3669. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.8.3665. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kao H. T., Nevins J. R. Transcriptional activation and subsequent control of the human heat shock gene during adenovirus infection. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Nov;3(11):2058–2065. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.11.2058. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kimelman D., Lucher L. A., Brackmann K. H., Symington J. S., Ptashne M., Green M. Synthesis in Escherichia coli of human adenovirus type 12 transforming proteins encoded by early region 1A 13S mRNA and 12S mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Oct;81(20):6300–6304. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.20.6300. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Kimelman D., Miller J. S., Porter D., Roberts B. E. E1a regions of the human adenoviruses and of the highly oncogenic simian adenovirus 7 are closely related. J Virol. 1985 Feb;53(2):399–409. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.2.399-409.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kingston R. E., Baldwin A. S., Sharp P. A. Transcription control by oncogenes. Cell. 1985 May;41(1):3–5. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90049-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Krippl B., Ferguson B., Jones N., Rosenberg M., Westphal H. Mapping of functional domains in adenovirus E1A proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Nov;82(22):7480–7484. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.22.7480. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Krippl B., Ferguson B., Rosenberg M., Westphal H. Functions of purified E1A protein microinjected into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Nov;81(22):6988–6992. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.22.6988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Lucher L. A., Kimelman D., Symington J. S., Brackmann K. H., Cartas M. A., Thornton H., Green M. Identification of adenovirus 12-encoded E1A tumor antigens synthesized in infected and transformed mammalian cells and in Escherichia coli. J Virol. 1984 Oct;52(1):136–144. doi: 10.1128/jvi.52.1.136-144.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Lucher L. A., Loewenstein P. M., Green M. Phosphorylation in vitro of Escherichia coli-produced 235R and 266R tumor antigens encoded by human adenovirus type 12 early transformation region 1A. J Virol. 1985 Oct;56(1):183–193. doi: 10.1128/jvi.56.1.183-193.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Mott J. E., Grant R. A., Ho Y. S., Platt T. Maximizing gene expression from plasmid vectors containing the lambda PL promoter: strategies for overproducing transcription termination factor rho. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jan;82(1):88–92. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.1.88. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Nevins J. R. Mechanism of activation of early viral transcription by the adenovirus E1A gene product. Cell. 1981 Oct;26(2 Pt 2):213–220. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90304-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Perricaudet M., le Moullec J. M., Tiollais P., Pettersson U. Structure of two adenovirus type 12 transforming polypeptides and their evolutionary implications. Nature. 1980 Nov 13;288(5787):174–176. doi: 10.1038/288174a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Richter J. D., Young P., Jones N. C., Krippl B., Rosenberg M., Ferguson B. A first exon-encoded domain of E1A sufficient for posttranslational modification, nuclear-localization, and induction of adenovirus E3 promoter expression in Xenopus oocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8434–8438. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8434. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Rosenberg M., Ho Y. S., Shatzman A. The use of pKc30 and its derivatives for controlled expression of genes. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:123–138. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01009-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Rossini M. The role of adenovirus early region 1A in the regulation of early regions 2A and 1B expression. Virology. 1983 Nov;131(1):49–58. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90532-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Ruley H. E. Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture. Nature. 1983 Aug 18;304(5927):602–606. doi: 10.1038/304602a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Sandri-Goldin R. M., Goldin A. L., Levine M., Glorioso J. High-efficiency transfer of DNA into eukaryotic cells by protoplast fusion. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:402–411. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01030-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Schrier P. I., Bernards R., Vaessen R. T., Houweling A., van der Eb A. J. Expression of class I major histocompatibility antigens switched off by highly oncogenic adenovirus 12 in transformed rat cells. 1983 Oct 27-Nov 2Nature. 305(5937):771–775. doi: 10.1038/305771a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Scott M. O., Kimelman D., Norris D., Ricciardi R. P. Production of a monospecific antiserum against the early region 1A proteins of adenovirus 12 and adenovirus 5 by an adenovirus 12 early region 1A-beta-galactosidase fusion protein antigen expressed in bacteria. J Virol. 1984 Jun;50(3):895–903. doi: 10.1128/jvi.50.3.895-903.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Smith D. H., Kegler D. M., Ziff E. B. Vector expression of adenovirus type 5 E1a proteins: evidence for E1a autoregulation. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Oct;5(10):2684–2696. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.10.2684. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Stein R., Ziff E. B. HeLa cell beta-tubulin gene transcription is stimulated by adenovirus 5 in parallel with viral early genes by an E1a-dependent mechanism. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;4(12):2792–2801. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.12.2792. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Sugisaki H., Sugimoto K., Takanami M., Shiroki K., Saito I., Shimojo H., Sawada Y., Uemizu Y., Uesugi S., Fujinaga K. Structure and gene organization in the transformed Hind III-G fragment of Ad12. Cell. 1980 Jul;20(3):777–786. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90324-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Svensson C., Akusjärvi G. Adenovirus 2 early region 1A stimulates expression of both viral and cellular genes. EMBO J. 1984 Apr;3(4):789–794. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01886.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Tanaka K., Isselbacher K. J., Khoury G., Jay G. Reversal of oncogenesis by the expression of a major histocompatibility complex class I gene. Science. 1985 Apr 5;228(4695):26–30. doi: 10.1126/science.3975631. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Treisman R., Green M. R., Maniatis T. cis and trans activation of globin gene transcription in transient assays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Dec;80(24):7428–7432. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.24.7428. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Velcich A., Ziff E. Adenovirus E1a proteins repress transcription from the SV40 early promoter. Cell. 1985 Mar;40(3):705–716. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90219-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Velcich A., Ziff E. Gene regulation: repression of activators. Nature. 1984 Dec 13;312(5995):594–595. doi: 10.1038/312594b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Waldman A. S., Milman G. Transfer of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase synthesized in bacteria by a high-expression plasmid to tissue culture cells by protoplast fusion. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Aug;4(8):1644–1646. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.8.1644. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. van den Elsen P., de Pater S., Houweling A., van der Veer J., van der Eb A. The relationship between region E1a and E1b of human adenoviruses in cell transformation. Gene. 1982 May;18(2):175–185. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90115-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES