Similar to the testes, male accessory sex glands are also vulnerable to environmental endocrine disruptors with adverse effects in adulthood. The developing prostate gland is particularly sensitive to estrogens and high-dose exposures during a critical developmental window results in intraepithelial prostatic neoplasia (PIN) in adult rodent models. Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant leached from plastics and expoxy resins, has estrogenic activity. Although neonatal exposure to environmentally relevant doses of BPA produced no prostate pathology in the adult rat, we asked whether it would sensitize the adult prostate to estrogenic exposures. Relative estrogen levels rise in the aging male and adult estrogen exposures can be carcinogenic to the prostate gland. To test this possibility, newborn rats were exposed to a low-dose of BPA (10 µg/kgBW) or to a low dose (0.1 µg/kg BW) or high dose 2.5 mg/kg BW) of estradiol on days 1, 3 and 5 of life. In adulthood (day 90), the animals were given prolonged estradiol (E) exposure with normal levels of testosterone via T+E implants or empty capsules for 16 weeks. Prostates were examined histologically at 7 months. Rats treated neonatally to high-dose estradiol with or without adult T+E had a high PIN incidence and score. While low-dose neonatal estradiol exposure alone mildly increased the PIN incidence/score, neonatal BPA alone had no pathologic alteration in the aged prostate. However, rats exposed neonatally to BPA followed by T+E in adulthood showed a significantly higher PIN incidence and score compared to controls, rats exposed only to BPA neonatally or those given only T+E in adulthood (1). The PIN incidence and lesions in rats given BPA with adult T+E appeared similar to rats treated neonatally with high-dose estradiol. Thus the present findings suggest that an environmentally relevant dose of BPA may increase the susceptibility of the prostate gland to carcinogenesis following additional adult exposures.
To determine whether neonatal exposures to estradiol or BPA may be mediated through epigenetic mechanisms, we screened these prostate tissues for global DNA methylation changes. Over 30 gene candidates were cloned that showed consistent methylation changes as a result of neonatal E or BPA exposures. Phosphodisesterase type 4, variant 4 (PDE4D4), the enzyme involved in degrading cAMP and regulating the cellular levels of this key cell signaling molecule, was identified as a novel imprinted gene (1). In normal prostates, the 5’ CpG island of PDE4D4 is gradually hypermethylated and the gene is silenced with aging. Following neonatal BPA or estradiol exposure, PDE4D4 showed early and persistent hypomethylation of its 5’ CpG island resulting in elevated PDE4D4 gene expression in the adult prostates. HPCAL, a gene which drives cAMP production, exhibited a specific methylation and expression alteration in neonatal BPA animals with aging. Together, these findings indicate that the prostate epigenome is permanently altered by early exposures to BPA resulting in changes in gene expression. We hypothesize that this epigenetic alteration may be a molecular underpinning that leads to heightened predisposition to prostate carcinogenesis with aging. (funded by NIEHS-ES12281)
Footnotes
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References
- 1.Ho S-M, Tang W-Y, Belmonte J, Prins GS. Developmental exposure to estradiol or bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and epigenetically regulates phosphodiesterase 4. Cancer Research. 2006;66:5624–5632. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0516. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]